Political system - it is a set of state, party and public bodies and organizations participating in the political life of the country.

It is a complex formation that ensures the existence of society as single organism, centrally controlled by political power. Depending on the time and place, the concept of a political system has a different content, since the significance of the components of the political system varies according to the type of political regime. In addition, the political system is defined as the interactions through which material and spiritual values are authoritatively distributed in society.

The systems approach in political science was first applied by D. Easton. He divided the main components of his model into "input" factors (demand and support) and "output" factors associated with the first feedback path. Requirements he divides by external, coming from the environment, and internal, coming from the system itself. Requirements are just the “source material” from which the final product is formed, called decisions. Another kind of incoming impulses - support. She performs in different forms ah: material, military service, observance of laws and directives of state power, respect for state symbols.

"Political science is the science of the functioning and life of political systems."

The concept of the political system of society

In modern political science, a systematic analysis of politics occupies a fundamental place. It is about presenting the political life of society as a kind of integral system, with its own laws and features of development. The knowledge of these laws enables the deepest understanding of politics, creates the necessary theoretical basis for improving the management of society, predicting its development.

What is the essence and significance of a systematic approach to politics?

Firstly, it allows you to form an understanding of politics as a kind of integrity, system, field, opens up the possibility of analysis different ways its interactions with the environment.

Secondly, it makes it possible to present politics specifically as a system of behavior and activities of people, determined by power-institutional and socio-cultural factors, which seems especially important in a comprehensive analysis of the political system of society.

The political system acts as the institutional and imperious basis of the political life of society, its organizing and guiding principle. This category allows us to bring together the main concepts that characterize his political life. The political system is a specific historical form of interaction between the subjects of politics, which organizes political affairs between them into a certain set, authoritatively streamlines, draws up and concludes political activity within certain boundaries.

The political system is a complex formation that ensures the existence of society as one organism, centrally controlled by political power, an extraordinary sphere in which political subjects realize their common and group interests through the embodiment of power or the struggle for its conquest and implementation.

The political system of a society is a holistic, ordered set of political institutions, political roles, relations, actions, principles of the political organization of society, subordinate to the code of political, social, legal, ideological, cultural norms, historical traditions and the political regime of a particular society.

The political system includes a company of political power, affairs between society and the state, characterizes the course of political actions, including institutionalization, the state political activity, the level of political creativity in society, the nature of the role in politics, non-institutional political relations. The political system ensures the integration of all parts of society and its very existence as one body centrally controlled by political power, the core of which is the government.

It interconnects political universities (government, political parties, organizations and movements) through a system of laws, traditions and political communication with classes, social groups, national-ethnic and other entities, controls the main directions of political activity of people, the development of political actions.

In some political science and legal publications, the concepts of “the political system of society” and “the political organization of society” are considered as similar. But there are also differences between them. The political organization of society is a set of political institutions and political and legal norms. The category “political system” is wider than the concept of “political organization”, which acts as a leading, power-organizing, but not the only structure within the political system of society, which also includes the phenomena of political consciousness, culture, communication, role in politics.

The political system of a society is its political activity organized in a special way. It is a directly historical form in which political activity is carried out. The content of political activity is not limited to the power activities of the country. It includes various forms of the political role of actors pursuing coinciding or divergent and contradictory goals; political activity, which is the processes of purposeful political domination and political role, different types actions of people aimed at ensuring, transforming and protecting the system of embodiment of power in society or opposing it.

The well-known Western political scientist D. Easton drew attention to the fact that politics is a system of interactions in any society, through which a noble or binding distribution of values in society is carried out and consolidated. Politics is “the vital activity of political systems”.

The political system of society as a form of political activity acts as an organization of its content, resulting from the interaction of political subjects. This outcome, determined by the correlation of socio-political forces at turning points in political history (revolutions, reforms), is legally fixed and constituted in the fundamental structures of this organization.

The category "political system of society" acts as a central, nodal concept of modern political science. Russian political scientist M.G. Anokhin wrote that “categories: the political system, its modernization, transformation, adaptation, changes have become one of the most common in political theory and practice”1.

The political system is a holistic, dynamic, integrated set of political subjects, structures and relations that express the interests of a wide range of social communities and forces, through which authoritative and authoritative decisions for a given society are made and implemented, its political management is carried out; reveals that directly-historical form of interaction between the subjects of politics, which organizes political affairs between them into a certain set, authoritatively streamlines, draws up and concludes their activities within certain boundaries.

It ensures the integration of societies, the effectiveness of its activities in the implementation of common goals, is a system of values and social institutions that organize the implementation of public power and communication of people in the state.

The political system is, on the one hand, a complex formation that ensures the existence of society as one organism, centrally controlled by political power, and on the other hand, the institutional form in which the subjects of politics realize their common and group interests through the embodiment of power or the struggle to conquer it. and implementation.

The category "political system" is at the center of the conceptual focus of political science; it is broader than the concept of "state", significantly complements the concept of "political management". The idea of a system presupposes fruitful theoretical approaches, because it emphasizes the interconnectedness of different parts of the political process and the correlation of the political system with other subsystems of society.

The political system is characterized by a number of specific features.

1. The supremacy of the political system in relation to other public spheres. It is with its help that political power is exercised in society. Decisions made within its framework are obligatory for the whole society and each of its subsystems. The main function of the political system is the mobilization of resources to achieve the goals set before society by its leading social class forces.

2. Conditionality or dependence on the nature of the public environment, the socio-economic structure of society.

3. Relative independence. It is also formalized to a certain extent, as matters within it are traditionally governed by legal and political norms.

Russian (M.G. Anokhin, F.M. Burlatsky, R.A. Matveev) and foreign (G. Almond, D. Easton, T. Tsurutani) researchers use different approaches to the study of the political system of society.

With the structural-functional approach, attention is focused on the disclosure of the main functions of political systems, the interaction of their parts and subsystems is analyzed. In the institutional case, the political system is considered primarily as a set of political institutions and institutions that organize political processes, its sociodynamics is taken into account. The “elitist” approach draws attention to the roles of elites concentrating power over economic resources, governance and the legal system. More fruitful to the study of the political system of society is the systems approach, which involves a comprehensive analysis of this paradox.

The political system of society consists of a number of structural parts, or, more precisely, the main subsystems: institutional, normative-regulatory, communicative, ideological (political consciousness), political-cultural, political role subsystem.

The structure of the political system of society:

1. Political universities form the material base, the basis of the entire structure of the political system, its power and control structures;

2. Political norms regulate political affairs within the existing political system;

3. Political affairs are the structural base of vertical and horizontal links between the elements of the political system;

4. Political consciousness mediates the process of creation and reproduction of all other parts of the political system;

5. Political culture determines the value-style dominants of development and requirements for the system;

6. Political communication structures the dissemination of relevant information;

7. The political role expresses the appropriate degree of support for the political system or opposition to it from the people.

When considering the political system in a different context, one can single out the power-management subsystem and the subsystem of the political role. The power-management subsystem carries out political management and management of the political system, the whole society, and the subsystem of the political role organizes political subjects who are not holders of power for political deeds. The political role subsystem, in turn, includes political activities to support the system, as well as the activities of the political opposition. Of course, the study of the structure and functions of the political system, its components requires the identification of its common features and features as a system.

In this regard, it should be noted that the system can be defined as "a set of parts that are in interaction." It does not matter which system owns a number of parameters. It consists of parts united by relationships of interdependence, the integrity formed by the totality of parts cannot be reduced to their sum, the interdependence between elements and the integrity formed by them obey laws that can be described in the definitions of logic, the system reacts as a whole to external stimuli and to change their own internal parts.

The political system of society is a holistic, complex, probabilistic and open system. The following is typical for her:

1. Adaptation. It is focused on establishing relationships between the system of action and its environment. Its essence lies in obtaining from the environment, from external systems, the resources it needs, their assimilation, change in matching needs, in the return of one's own goods in exchange. The system adapts to its environment and adapts it to its needs.

2. The pursuit of goals, which consists in determining the goals of the system, as well as ways and means of achieving them.

3. Integration, which consists in coordinating the parts of the system, in ensuring their consistency, in protecting the system from sudden changes and destruction.

4. Latency, designed to provide motivation for the subjects of the system, to inspire them to act in accordance with their norms and values.

The essence of the political system is more fully understood and revealed in the study of all its components and features of their functioning.

Functions of political systems

The political system acts as an integral entity, in the unity of all its components and parts. Despite the presence of nodes of contradictions, it is characterized by centro-force connections in the process of its own functioning.

The functions of the political system act in the form of forms and reactions to changes in its internal state and external environment, to internal impulses and external actions. They are methods for identifying and resolving emerging contradictions both between political systems and within the political system itself.

The political system solves the following problems:

Power-political mediation of social interests and interactions;

Expression, definition and coordination of the interests of individuals and their communities, designed to identify conflicting interests, to prevent, through the institutions of power and political role, a conflicting form of their resolution that threatens the integrity of the political system;

Political management, carried out on the basis of a more or less rational and fair comparison of interests, by the method of developing goals and programs for breaking up society;

Integrative, aimed at uniting into an integral system of political forces representing different interests, on the basis of counteracting environmental factors that threaten the safety and integrity of a given society;

Socially transformative, aimed at including people in purposeful activities and orienting them to the prevailing ideals.

The main functions of the political system of society:

Describes the goals and objectives of society, produces programs for its life;

Mobilizes society's resources to achieve the set goals;

Integrates all elements of society around common socio-political goals and values of the dominant ideology and political culture;

Manages political and communication activities;

Distributes values in society in accordance with the interests of maintaining a given system of belonging and power, carries out political development in accordance with its interests and its main political and cultural dominants;

Controls the implementation of laws and regulations, suppresses acts that violate political norms.

The political system of society is a holistic, complex, probabilistic and open system, characterized by self-organization, self-regulation, competence and adaptability. It has a number of options and features.

The extraction possibility of a political system is its ability to extract natural and human resources from society and the environment. This includes the involvement of people in politics as voters, civil servants, party and public activists, various actions of a socio-political nature. The political system exists insofar as society provides it with the necessary resources.

The regulatory capability of a political system is its ability to manage, regulate, coordinate the behavior and activities of individuals, groups and political institutions, to influence civil society. This is carried out not only by measures of direct coercion, but also through indirect mechanisms of action: taking into account traditions, public performance, sociocultural dominants.

The distributive possibility of a political system is its ability to redistribute the produced state product and ensure that the system provides individuals and social groups with various social benefits under certain conditions, patronize social and innovative programs for the development of society, etc.

The reactive ability of a political system is its reactive ability, thanks to which the system “responds” to the action of the environment, primarily to the demands put forward by individuals and groups.

In modern political science, the analysis of the functioning of the political system is carried out on the basis of an analytical model. In accordance with it, the political system has: “input” (what feeds this system), mechanisms and functions of its adaptation and preservation, as well as “output” (what it produces and how it develops).

The operation of the political system looks like this:

Model of activity of the political system of society

The functions of the "input" include: expression of interests (or articulation of interests, through which individuals and social groups determine their requirements for those who perceive decisions); aggregation of interests (summation and systematization, placement in a hierarchical order).

The adaptation and maintenance functions of the system include: political recruitment, the process by which personnel are selected and trained to play major political roles; political socialization - the assimilation by the individual of the socio-cultural parts of the environment; internalization of cultural models; development, inclusion in inner world personality social and political norms and standards.

The “output” functions include: development of norms; adoption of rules; application of norms in judicial and other procedures; political communication (the transfer of political information between the rulers and the governed, as between different elements of the system).

Synthesizing all the above functions of the political system, one can single out a general range of tasks that it must solve in society.

First, these are tasks of political management of society. Specifically, at the political level, goals and programs for the development of society are developed and determined, more or less the best coordination of the interests of various social forces is carried out. The solution to this problem (both in the case of the adoption of programs based on democratic procedures, and in the case of an authoritarian-administrative approach) is designed to ensure political stability and the development of society by identifying, formulating and protecting the dominant ideas about equality, justice and freedom. And through the implementation of the functions of adoption and implementation of rules (norms), the political system establishes the principles for the distribution of values (public wealth), determining the direction of their movement by the method of normative fixation of the prevailing ideas about justice.

Secondly, in solving the problems of political management of society, the political system must also solve the problems of expressing, defining and coordinating the interests of individuals and groups, warning (by identifying and coordinating) with the help of institutions of power and political role conflict situations and conflict forms of their resolution that threaten the integrity social system. This naturally asks for reduction, i.e.

Bringing the requirements in line with the capabilities of the system, taking into account and adequate expression of social interests in political decisions. In solving this set of tasks, a fundamental role belongs to the integrative function aimed at uniting socio-political forces representing different social interests into an integral system on the basis of counteracting the environment (environmental factors) that threaten the safety and integrity of this system. At the same time, integration can take place both on the basis of coercion (administrative coercion, political pressure, etc.) and on the basis of consent (consensus, compromise, support, etc.).

Thirdly, by involving people in socio-political activities and orienting them towards the dominant ideals and values, the political system serves as a means of transforming public relations, fulfills socially transformative tasks, specifically with the help of institutions of power and political role, routine, outdated forms and affairs are eliminated and favorable conditions for the progress of society.

Fourth, no matter what political system big size information and communication tasks. It receives and organizes the flows of external information, allowing it to perform purposeful interaction with the environment, in a timely manner to correctly respond to the changes taking place in it.

the study of the structure and functions of the political system, its components requires the identification of its features and features as a system that exists in the corresponding socio-cultural and civilizational environment. At the same time, it is important to take into account that no matter what system is a set of interdependent parts that are in assistance.

The political system differs from other systems of society in the following features: it is universal in terms of the coverage of a given society by its action, which applies to all its members; it claims ultimate control over the use of physical coercion; its right to make binding decisions is accepted as legitimate; its decisions are authoritative-imperious, bearing in themselves the power of legitimacy and the essential possibility that they will obey.

Typology and sociodynamics of political systems

The types of political systems are determined by the essential methods of their organization and functioning, and largely depend on the nature of political power and the political regime of society. A typology of the political systems of a society can be made on the basis of the use of various criteria.

So, if we take the formational, class (Marxist) approach as a basis, then we can single out the slave-owning, feudal, “Asian” (despotic government and communal property), bourgeois and state-socialist political systems. From the point of view of evolution, it is advisable to distinguish between traditional and modernized systems. Taking into account the historical features of the development of politics and parties - Anglo-American, European-continental, developing states.

more common is the typology of political systems according to the nature of power and the principles of organizing the political life of society. According to these criteria, three main types of political systems can be distinguished: democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian, as well as transitional between them.

The democratic type of political system is characterized by:

Wide involvement in politics of people, ensuring their rights and freedoms, high level life, the fundamental role of the developed middle class;

The role in the exercise of power of a wide range of persons and institutions of power; competitive form of political role and multi-party form of government;

Parliamentary method of expressing the will of the people, election and accountability legislatures power from top to bottom.

democratic political culture.

The mechanism of formation and functioning of institutions of a political system of a democratic type reduces the formal ability of the monopoly of some and the infringement of the rights of other social groups, political organizations to power. The law establishes equal rights for everyone.

The concentration of all political power in a single center for political decision-making;

The greatest expansion of the competence of the executive branch;

The limited political role of non-governmental parties and movements, as well as the curtailed power capabilities of lower bodies;

Uncontrolled use of power and firm control over the behavior of all segments of the population;

A solid implementation of the nomenclature principle, i.e. The placement and transfer of leading cadres at all levels at the behest of the highest authorities and their lack of accountability to the "bottom".

The centralization of power, the exclusion of the election of representative bodies, the restriction of the activities of opposition parties and organizations, the restriction of the rights and freedoms of people, etc. They are inevitable attributes of an authoritarian political system. The authoritarian nature of political culture is an essential spiritual feature and highlight of this type of political system.

The totalitarian type of political system is characterized by a firm regulation of the entire life of society as a whole, up to the type of life, behavior and thinking of each person.

The totalitarian type of political system characterizes:

Over-centralization of power and the establishment of a totalitarian authoritarian rule of one favorite or a narrow circle of persons (junta);

The mechanism of power structures on a one-party basis, headed by a single favorite, firm hierarchical subordination and severe discipline;

Subordination of all political institutions and power structures to the ruling party and its favorite;

Totalitarian regulation from one center of all economic life, the elimination of all forms of pluralism, opposition and any kind of autonomy in the system of power, interference in people's personal lives;

The imposition of a single official ideology on society, the suppression of any manifestations of dissent and criticism of management, complete party-political control and the most severe censorship in the media;

Socio-political demagogy, zeal for the spiritual brainwashing of the population, its conviction of the unity of the regime and society, the ruling elite and the masses, the party and the people.

The totalitarian political system of a society is impossible without the domination of a totalitarian political culture in it.

The typology of political systems is not limited to these three types. There is a wide range of variations within these types: for example, a democratic type of political system can be represented by an elitist-democratic, revolutionary-democratic and other forms; the authoritarian type can act in populist or presidential forms; totalitarian political systems can be both left-egalitarian (for example, Stalinist, Maoist) and right-oligarchic (pro-fascist) persuasion.

IN developing countries the existence of different transitional types of political systems is observed. Thus, in the political systems of a number of states in Asia and Africa, national democratic norms and structures are mixed with strong elements of authoritarianism. Authoritarian regimes in some developing countries often use democratic procedures. Monarchist political systems operate in some developing states. Some political scientists define the political system in Russia as a transitional one - from authoritarianism to democracy, others - as an authoritarian political system with some elements of democracy.

Formation, functioning and evolution of political systems various types, the transition from one type to another, their interaction with the environment (or with the environment) becomes like a political process. And the features of this process require a specific analysis of the state of these political systems, political regimes, forms of political governance and political role.

The political system moves through the change of different forms of its existence and social conditions, in interaction with which it is included. The course of this interaction determines the “chain” of its states, each of which is characterized by a certain dominant of political life. In this case, the dominant of political life is understood as the dominant trend, which is formed as a result of the interaction of political subjects regarding, for example, the development of the political strip of the country, the necessary model for the development of society and the organization of the political system, the reform of its power structure, the cause of socially significant events and problems domestic and foreign policy, etc.

In certain conditions, the hotbeds of tension caused by the crisis of political administration and power in general, the crisis of the dominant ideology and the official model of political culture, the aggravation of ethno-national and religious problems, etc. can act as a dominant in certain conditions. Any state of the political system is limited by time frames, while the moment of transition from one state to another can be considered as a special state, where the new dominant is not yet correctly expressed.

Literature:

1. Anokhin M.G. Political systems: adaptation, dynamics, sustainability. M., 1996.

2. Theory of politics. Tutorial. Under the editorship of B.A. Isaev. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.

3. Sharan P. Comparative political science / Per. from eng. M., 1992. Ch.1,2.

4. Political science. Textbook for higher students educational institutions. Under total ed. And N. Nysanbayeva. -Almaty, 1998.

5. Political science: Textbook for universities / Ed. M.A. Vasilika. M., 2004.

The problem of society, its organization and functioning has always occupied an important place in the research of scientists.

At a certain stage in the development of society, private property, classes and social groups appear, political ideas and theories are formed, and the need for leadership of society arises. This is how the political system of society is formed and historically develops.

The political system of society- ordered on the basis of law and other social norms a set of institutions (state bodies, political parties, movements, public organizations) within which the political life of society takes place and political power is exercised.

The term "political system of society" owes its origin to the wide development in the 60s of the twentieth century. system method of research (general theory of systems by L. von Bertalanffy) and the development on its basis of the theory of the social system (primarily in the works of T. Parsons, I. Merton, M. Levy and others). The focus of attention of Soviet social scientists and scientists from the socialist countries, this topic was later: from the second half of the 60s to the end of the 70s. If we look deeper into the history of science, then one of the founders of a systematic approach to politics was the outstanding ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, and the author of the first scientific definition of politics and attempts to practical application The English philosopher and thinker T. Hobbes is considered to analyze political reality.

Political system modern society is characterized by extreme complexity, a variety of structural elements, functional characteristics and relationships. It provides one of its subsystems along with economic, social, political and spiritual-ideological. There are many definitions of the political system of society.

In the domestic literature, a definition based on a functional approach has become widespread. The author of one of the first definitions, F.M. Burlatsky, understands the political system as "relatively closed system which ensures the integration of all elements of society and its very existence as a whole social organism centrally controlled by political power, the core of which is the state, expressing the interests of the economically dominant classes. "In this definition, the emphasis is on two points , of great importance for the disclosure and understanding of the political system: firstly , her intended purpose(integration as the main function) and secondly , the class essence of the system, which is identified by pointing to the nature of state power.

In Western political science, there are several directions in the interpretation of the political system of society - the American school, French and German.

American school(D. Easton, D. Deutsch, G. Almond) gives a broad interpretation of the political system of society, understanding it as a whole the way people behave when this system carries out an authoritarian (imperious) distribution of values.

french school(M. Duverger) identifies the political system with a political regime. Here the concept of the political system of society is narrowed, only one of its sides is taken.

German school(M. Weber, K. von Boime ) consider the political system as a state and its structure. But we cannot agree with this, because. the state is one of the elements of the political system.

In addition to these areas, there are many other models of the political system that characterize the political system as a political process, political behavior within certain communities - trade unions, firms, clubs, cities.

The two most rational definitions of a political system are:

1 political system of society - a system of institutions ( public institutions, political parties, public organizations), within the framework of the political life of society and the exercise of power;

2 political system of society - a set of political institutions and relations of a particular society.

With the development and complexity of life caused by socio-economic, scientific, technical, international factors, the political system is also changing. The political system is transforming and adapting to changes in society. At the same time, it affects environment, governing and regulating social force.

Like any orderly system for ensuring the life of society, the political system has an internal organization, structure.

The political system structurally consists of 4 elements:

1) political institutions;

2) the relationship between them;

3) political norms, consciousness, culture;

4) political activity, political process.

So, The political system is subdivided into subsystems: institutional, normative-cultural, functional and substantive. Considered in unity and integrity, they constitute a complex of interacting institutions and relations, reflected in consciousness, culture and realized in practical political activity.

The structure of the political system is determined either on the basis of a systematic approach, or from a structural-functional approach.

Subsystems in the structure of the political system of society: institutional, regulatory, functional, communicative, political-ideological, normative-cultural.

1. Institutional subsystem- "framework" of the political system of society, which includes state authorities, political parties, social movements, public organizations, the media, etc. A legal and regulatory framework is being created for the functioning of the entire political system, and the forms of its impact on other social systems are being determined. This is a combination of different content of political views, ideas, ideas, feelings of participants in the political life of society. She plays a key role in the political system.

2. Regulatory subsystem- legal and moral norms, traditions, customs, political views prevailing in society, affecting the political system.

3. Functional subsystem- these are the forms and directions of political activity, methods of exercising power. This finds a generalized expression in the concept of "political regime".

4. Communication subsystem covers all forms of interaction between various elements of the political system (classes, social groups, nations, individuals) regarding their participation in the organization, implementation and development of political power in connection with the development and implementation of certain policies, as well as between the political systems of different countries.

5. Political and ideological subsystem- a set of political views, ideas, theories and concepts, ideas of participants in the political life of society on the basis of which various socio-political institutions arise, form and develop. This subsystem plays a significant role in determining political goals and ways to achieve them.

Normative-cultural subsystem- an integrating factor of the political system, a complex of rooted samples (stereotypes) of political ideas, value orientations of political behavior that are typical for a given society; political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society.

Each of the subsystems has its own structure and is relatively independent. In specific conditions in each state, these subsystems function in specific forms.

Among political institutions, influencing the political process and political impact on society, it is necessary to highlight state and political parties. Adjacent to them are non-political institutions public associations and organizations, professional and creative unions and etc. The main purpose of political institutions is to represent the fundamental interests of various strata of society. The desire to organize and realize their political interests and goals is the main thing in the activity of political institutions.

The central institution of power in society is state. It is the state that is the official representative of the whole society; on its behalf, imperious decisions are made that are binding on society. The state ensures the political organization of society, and in this capacity it occupies a special place in the political system, giving it a kind of integrity and stability.

significant impact on society political parties, representing the interests of a part of the people and aiming to implement them by conquering state power or participating in its implementation, also political movements that do not aim to conquer state power, but to have influence over those who exercise it.

The political system also includes political relations. They represent varieties public relations, which reflect the connections that arise about political power, its conquest, organization and use. In the process of the functioning of society, political relations are mobile and dynamic. They determine the content and nature of the functioning of this political system.

An essential element of the political system are political norms and principles. They constitute the normative basis of social life. Norms regulate the activity of the political system and the nature of political relations, giving them orderliness and focus on stability. The content orientation of political norms and principles depends on the goals of social development, the level of development of civil society, the type of political regime, historical and cultural features of the political system. Through political norms and principles, certain social interests and political foundations are officially recognized and consolidated. With the help of these principles and norms, political and power cultures solve the problem of ensuring social dynamics within the framework of legality, bring their goals to the attention of society, and determine the model of behavior of participants in political life.

The elements of the political system are political consciousness and political culture. The reflection of political relations and interests, people's assessment of political phenomena are expressed in the form of certain concepts, ideas, views and theories, which together form political consciousness.

The political system of society arose to solve certain problems. Their solution finds expression in the functions of the political system.

Functions of the political system:

1. Political leadership of society- management of public affairs, goal setting - determination of goals, objectives and ways of development of society; organization of the company's activities to achieve goals and programs

2. Integrative function aimed at consolidating society as a whole; coordination of various interests of social communities and the state. This function is objectively determined by the existence of multidirectional, sometimes antagonistic in their manifestations, political processes, behind which are different political forces, the struggle of which is fraught with serious consequences for society.

3. Regulatory function- creation of a special subsystem of socio-political norms, adherence to which is recognized as the standard of socially acceptable behavior.

4. Mobilization function- ensures the maximum use of society's resources.

5. Distributive function is aimed at the distribution of resources, material and spiritual values among members of society.

6. Function of legitimization ensures the achievement of the necessary degree of compliance with real political life by official (generally accepted) legal and political norms. Interacting with the external environment, the political system performs following features:

7) The function of political communication- provides a connection between the elements of the political system, as well as between the system and the environment;

8) Supervisory function- control over compliance with the implementation of laws and regulations, suppression of actions that violate political norms; control of conflicts of interests of various social groups in order to preserve the unity and integrity of society.

9) Worldview function contributes to the development of a vision of political reality, the formation of citizenship, political culture, political beliefs, value orientations, political consciousness, the involvement of members of society in political activities.

10) Protective and stabilizing function ensures internal and external security and stability of the political system;

Definition 1

Political systems of society are systems of connected and interacting associations of people.

They are based on various forms of ownership, subdivided according to the interests and will of social classes, strata, groups, nations, exercising political power or fighting for its implementation within the framework of the law through state administration.

The structure of the political system

Definition 2

Political system includes the following components:

A group of political associations (the state, parties, public organizations and movements).
Political relationships formed between the structural links of the system.
Political customs and norms that organize the political life of the state.
Political consciousness, which reflects the ideology and psychology of society.
Political activity, including the actions and decisions of specific representatives of parties, members of political associations.

We can say that all 5 components are characterization of the political system.

In determining the political system, it is important human factor. People are material and spiritual beings endowed with reason. They just create politics, generate political ideas, create political norms and traditions, establish relationships, and so on. However, specific individuals themselves do not act as structural elements of the political system. Man is born a socio-biological, but not a political being. In this understanding, it is the “raw material” from which, under certain conditions, elements and the system arise in integrity.

Based on the materialistic understanding of history, we can draw a conclusion.

Conclusion 1

IN real life"political" requires a regular organizational design. In its development, the political becomes a reality, tangible only in specific materialized forms, organizations, institutions (the state, movements, political parties). An individual can be a citizen, a deputy, a member of a party or a public organization.

Political power

It acts as an essential factor and is implemented through several levels:

The power of specific political associations (parties, public and political organizations and movements). Implemented through organizational leadership structures. This is the institutional level, the most visible and real.
The next level is the coalition level, which reflects the power aspirations of either several socially homogeneous political organizations, or a bloc of political organizations, or a bloc of parties and associations with the interests of different social communities. Here, power is exercised through temporary or permanent bodies like a round table, a council of parliamentary factions.
The general political level, which focuses on the results of political consensus achieved in the rivalry and cooperation of various political forces. When reflecting these results in legal acts, political power coincides with state power and is implemented by the state. In other situations, it is carried out through political bodies, usually of a uniform nature (conferences of popular consent, domestic fronts etc.).

The concept and structure of the political system involves the use of the following criteria (depending on the sphere of life of society):

Political (the reality of public self-government, class division of political power).
Legal (democratic rights and freedoms of citizens, guarantees, legitimacy of political power, the level of law and order and legality).
Socio-economic (form and types of ownership of tools and means of production, the nature of the implementation of labor, the key principles of economic management).
Socio-structural (presence/absence of certain classes, layers).
Socio-cultural (the degree of education of society, the reality of the total development of the individual).

Conclusion 2

The political structure of a real society is due to the variety of certain criteria. And political events as a whole develop into a system characterized by a constant movement of a complex and dialectical purpose.

Classifications of the political system of society

Any political system “lives”, functions in time and space, since it is one of the main forms of movement of social class matter. Classification is carried out on various grounds.

Depending on the political regime, the political system can be democratic or totalitarian.

In accordance with the Marxist theory on the basis of the socio-economic formation, political systems are slave-owning, feudal, bourgeois, and socialist.

According to the geographical and territorial factor, European, Asian, North American and other regional systems can be distinguished. According to national, religious, linguistic, common and special features, belonging to Arab, Hindu, Muslim and other political systems is predetermined.

Within the system of a particular public, its structural links also act as specific political formations: the state, political parties, public groups and associations.

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Non-state educational institution of higher vocational education

"WEST URAL INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS AND LAW"

(NOU VPO ZUIEP)

FACULTY OF LAW

Direction jurisprudence

TEST

Subject: Political science

Topic: The concept and structure of the political system

Completed by: 2nd year student

Kazakov V.V.

Checked: Ph.D. docent

Kalsina A.A.

Perm - 2014

Introduction

1. The concept and structure of the political system

3. Functions of the political system

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The political system is one of the most important central courses in Political Science. It is the set of institutions, ideas, norms, and relationships by which political power operates.

The concept of "political system" is inseparable from the concept of "state", because is the main element of the structure of the political system. It is assumed that the emergence of a political system is connected both with the emergence of the state and with its not yet state formations. The political system is a large number of structures, subsystems and processes. All of them interact with other subsystems, such as economic, social, cultural and ideological.

It largely depends on the political system how society will respond to the growing needs of individuals, how it will adapt to the difficult and changing conditions of life. Thanks to the activity of political institutions, the fulfillment by people of special roles in politics, the political system is managed, its purposeful powers of authority in all spheres of human life in society.

The main purpose of the political system is to perform two functions:

1) distribute values in society;

2) to encourage the majority of members of society to accept this distribution as mandatory.

1. The concept and structure of the political system

The concept of political system

The political system is an ordered set of institutions, which is supported by the norms of positive law and other social regulators of society's behavior. The concept of a political system entered the scientific world in the second half of the 20th century, but it is also found in Aristotle's work "Politics".

The term "political system" is based on such scientific concepts as "politics" and "system". The second draws attention to the fact that we are really talking about the system, i.e. about integrity, and organic interaction of all structural elements. The structural component of the system can be considered both as a subsystem, but within the framework of the whole, and as a system that has its own components, specifics and organization.

The word "political" draws our attention to the nature of the system we are studying. It gives a definition of which particular sphere of human life we will consider. After all, in addition to the political sphere, there are economic, spiritual and social.

The political system, as it were, says that it is connected precisely with the political life of society, and with no other. This system is based on politics, political power, political relations. Politics is the main subject of the functioning of the political system.

At different times, different political scientists and scientists turned to the concept of a political system. This is how a number of theories and concepts appeared, reflecting their understanding of this concept.

T. Parsons believed that society interacts in four areas, respectively, includes four subsystems: political, economic, spiritual and social. Each of the subsystems performs its own functions. So the economic subsystem is aimed at meeting the needs of people in goods and services. Social ensures the maintenance of lifestyle, stability in society, the transfer of values to other generations. The political subsystem is aimed at satisfying collective interests and mobilizes resources. The spiritual is aimed at the integration of society, the preservation of solidarity between these elements.

G. Almond presents the political system both as an opportunity to carry out transformations in society to maintain stability, and as a set of elements dependent on each other.

D. Easton considers the political system as a mechanism for the functioning of political power in society regarding the distribution of values. This approach made it possible to determine in more detail the place of politics in the life of society.

K. Deutsch is the founder of cybernetic theory. He viewed the political system as a process of managing human efforts aimed at achieving goals. In turn, the system carries out the formulation and adjustment of the course for the implementation of public goals, by calculating the distance to the goal and the results of previous actions. The efficiency of the political system depended on the incoming information about the state of the surrounding world, as well as information that determines progress in the implementation of the goals set.

Thus, the political system can be understood as the characteristic relationship between society and the state. It is important to take into account that the political system is determined, first of all, by the nature of the state, whether it is a form of government (presidential or parliamentary type), a political regime (democratism, totalitarianism, despotism), or a type of state (republican or monarchical).

So, the political system is a special system for managing social processes, the structural components of which are organically interconnected with each other, and thanks to this, all social groups are influenced, maintains order, relying on state support.

2. The structure of the political system of society

The concept of a system implies the presence of structural elements (components) that are interdependent and dependent on each other. Any system, whether social, political or economic, regulates the relationship between its elements. So, depending on the functions performed, it is possible to distinguish such structural components that characterize various aspects of the system's activity:

1. Institutional component, also called organizational. It expresses the external manifestations of the political system of society, i.e. all the organizations included in it: the state, political associations, mass media. The core of the political system and the main political institution, concentrating the maximum strength and power, is the state. All these institutions correct social goals, direct them in the right direction, thereby carrying out political development.

The institutional component seems to be the most important, since it maintains the stability of the political system through the normative impact on society.

2. The regulatory component is a set of legal and political norms, i.e. means of regulating interaction with respect to the subjects of the political system. The regulatory component is formed by the norms developed by the state and aimed at controlling people's behavior within the framework of permissibility and prohibitions. Nomes are in the law, the basic law of the country - the Constitution, traditions. The historically established custom, principles and beliefs that have an impact on the political system can also be considered the basis.

3. The communicative component represents a set of relations that arise during the functioning of the political system. Basically, they arise between subjects about the exercise of political power. This component is based on the channels through which the government can receive information - commissions of inquiry, the media, magazines, newspapers, books, the Internet, i.e. all those tools designed for a huge audience, and which are used daily.

Basically, this component is aimed at winning, retaining, and maintaining the authority of a particular political power.

4. The ideological component is the political consciousness that dominates in a given society, with a given political ideology, system of views, ideas, and ideas. This component is based on political theories, political doctrines and political culture.

This structural component lies at the basis of political - public institutions, political norms, relations in the political system.

Thus, each of the components of the political system is important in its own way, since all elements are in unity and are closely interconnected. If you take any of the components of the political system, you can see that each has a structure, ways of expression, as well as signs of internal and external organization.

3. Functions of the political system

The political system, like any other, has a number of specific functions performed. Function - characterizes the manifestation of properties in a certain set of relations, and is aimed at maintaining the system's performance and maintaining it in steady state.

The main political function is leadership and governance of human society carried out by the government of the state. It consists in determining the goals and ways of social development, as well as ways to implement them.

Regulatory function aimed at establishing order and adopting the rules of political behavior, as well as relations between society and the state. Usually, this function is also associated with the system of values that exist or will be instilled in society. They are reflected in ideas, views and attitudes.

Mobilization function ensures the maximum use of human, material and spiritual resources in order to maintain and develop political power. political state society

educational function lies in the intellectual development of the individual, the expansion of political and life horizons through the acquisition of "fresh" political knowledge. Political culture has a special educational impact. Even in childhood, we receive attitudes that guide us all our lives. Similarly, political attitudes form a steady interest of citizens in the political life of the country.

Legitimation function is determined by the achievement of a certain level of trust in political power, as well as the compliance of real political power with society's expectations and legal norms.

Thus, the political system reflects the state of society, its attitude to the policy of the state. The basic needs of social groups are expressed through the political system. And thanks to the functions of the state is able to meet the needs of society. Having considered the main functions of the political system, one can judge its mechanisms of interaction with society. It is with the help of functions that the activity of the political system is manifested.

Conclusion

So, thanks to the political system in society, the prerequisites for the normal functioning of political power are created. The political system is fundamental not only political, but also social, economic, spiritual spheres of public life. The political system regulates the relationship between society and the state, as well as individual individuals in political interaction.

The main regulator of political relations are the rules of law. They were developed throughout the legal and political practice of states. And each state is its own political system, which has its own specific features.

Now the political system is presented as a combination of the state with other social elements that perform functions similar to political ones, since. political and social functions are closely intertwined. main function politics in any state is the seizure and retention of power and authority by the party or individual.

The political system is designed to ensure the active implementation of domestic and foreign policy, and is also aimed at the formation and implementation of the interests of individual groups and society as a whole.

Bibliography

1. Vengerov A.B. Theory of State and Law, 3rd ed. - M.: Jurisprudence, 2000.

2. Gadzhiev K.S. Introduction to political science. - M., 2008

3. Zerkin D.P. "Fundamentals of Political Science". - Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix", 2008

4. Manov G.N. State and political organization of society. - M.: Nauka, 1974.

5. Mukhaev R. T. Political science. - M., 1997

6. Mushtuk O.Z., Political science. - M., 2003

7. Panarin A.S. "Political science". M., Prospekt, 2009.

8. Political science: tutorial for universities / Responsible. ed. Radugin A.A. - M.: Center, 1999.

9. Popov P.B. "Political science". - St. Petersburg. - Chita, 2007

10. Soloviev A.I. Political science: political theory, political technologies. Textbook for university students / M., Aspect Press, 2005.

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The structure of the political system includes. The political system of society

The concept of the political system of society

The political system is characterized by a number of specific features.

Functions of political systems

Model of activity of the political system of society

Typology and sociodynamics of political systems

The structure of the political system

Political power

Classifications of the political system of society

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

1. The concept and structure of the political system

3. Functions of the political system

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

1. The concept and structure of the political system

The concept of political system

2. The structure of the political system of society

3. Functions of the political system

Conclusion

Bibliography

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