Social norms and values ​​sociology. Social values ​​and norms

Social norms and values, their role in modern society.

In order to exist in the social world, a person needs communication and cooperation with other people. But essential for the implementation of joint and purposeful action should be such a situation in which people have a common idea of ​​​​how to act correctly and how it is wrong, in which direction to apply their efforts. In the absence of such a vision, concerted action cannot be achieved. Thus, a person, as a social being, must create many generally accepted patterns of behavior in order to successfully exist in society, interacting with other individuals. Similar patterns of behavior of people in society that regulate this behavior in a certain direction are called social norms.

social norms - a set of requirements and expectations that a social community (group), organization, society imposes on its members in their relationships with each other, with social institutions in order to carry out activities (behavior) of the established pattern. These are universal, permanent prescriptions that require their practical implementation. Arise as a result of the need for certain behavior. The most important characteristic of a norm is its universal recognition and universality.

The social norm is one of the complex forms of expression social relations. It consists of many elements, each of which has different properties that can also change within a fairly wide range. The social norm embodies the public will, conscious social extreme importance. This is what distinguishes it from the so-called quasi-norms. The latter are most often of a rude, violent nature, fetter initiative, creativity.

The social norm fulfills following features . 1. Norms are designed to guide and 2. regulate people's behavior in different situations. The regulatory impact lies in the fact that the norm establishes boundaries, conditions, forms of behavior, the nature of relations, goals and ways to achieve them. 3. socializes the personality; 4. evaluates behavior; 5. Prescribes models of proper behavior. 6. A means of ensuring order.

main public purpose social norm should be formulated as the regulation of social relations and behavior of people. Regulation of relations through social norms ensures voluntary and conscious cooperation of people.

It is possible to distinguish the following norm groups: 1. By carriers: universal, norms O, group. 2. By field of activity: economic norms, political norms, cultural norms, legal norms. 3. There are formal and informal norms. 4. By the scale of action: general and local. 5. According to the way of providing: based on inner convictions, on public opinion, for coercion.

The main types of norms in order of increasing their social significance. 1. Customs are simply habitual, normal, most convenient and fairly widespread ways of group activity. New generations of people are adopting these social ways of life, partly through unconscious imitation, partly through conscious learning. At the same time, the new generation chooses from these methods what it considers necessary for life. 2. Moral standards- ideas about right and wrong behavior that require certain actions and prohibit others. At the same time, members of the social community where such moral norms operate share the belief that their violation brings disaster to the whole society. Members of another social community may, of course, feel that at least some of the group's moral norms are unreasonable. Moral norms are passed on to subsequent generations not as a system of practical benefits, but as a system of unshakable "sacred" absolutes. As a result, moral standards are firmly established and implemented automatically. 3. institutional norms- a set of specially developed norms and customs relating to the important aspects of the activities of the SRO, embodied in social institutions. four. Laws- these are simply reinforced and formalized moral norms that require strict implementation

Violation of the norms causes a specific and clear negative reaction on the part of O, its institutional forms, aimed at overcoming behavior deviating from the norm. Types of sanctions - negative or positive, ᴛ.ᴇ. punishment or reward. At the same time, normative systems are not frozen and forever data. As norms change, so do attitudes. Deviation from the norm is as natural as following them. Conformism - complete acceptance of the norm; deviation - deviation from it. Sharp deviations from the norm threaten the stability of O.

AT in general terms the process of formation and functioning of social norms can be conditionally represented as sequentially interconnected stages. First stage- ϶ᴛᴏ the emergence and constant development of norms. Second- understanding and assimilation by the individual of the system of social norms of society, social group, personality, in other words, this is the stage of inclusion of a person in society, his socialization. Third stage- real acts, concrete behavior of the individual. This stage is the central link in the mechanism of social and normative regulation. It is in practice that it is revealed how deeply social norms have entered the consciousness of the individual. fourth the stage of the process of functioning of the norm is the assessment and control of human behavior. At this stage, the degree of compliance or deviation from the norm is revealed.

Values- beliefs shared in O about the goals to which people should strive, and the basic means of achieving them. social values- significant ideas, phenomena and objects of reality from the point of view of their compliance with the needs and interests of O, groups, individuals.

Value is a goal in itself, it is sought for for its own sake, because she is ideal. This is what is valued, what is significant for a person, what determines the life guidelines of his behavior and is recognized by society as such. The value content of phenomena induces a person to activity. Constantly being in the world of alternatives, a person is forced to choose, the criteria for which are values.

Within the framework of Parsons' ʼʼstructural functionalismʼʼ, social order depends on the existence of common values ​​shared by all people, which are considered legitimate and obligatory, acting as a standard by which the goals of action are selected. The connection between the social system and the personality system is carried out through the internalization of values ​​in the process of socialization.

Values ​​change with the development of society. Οʜᴎ are formed on the basis of needs and interests, but do not copy them. Values ​​- ϶ᴛᴏ not a cast of needs and interests, but an ideal representation, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ do not always correspond to them.

Value Orientations- a product of the socialization of individuals, ᴛ.ᴇ. development of socio-political, moral, aesthetic ideals and immutable regulatory requirements for them as members of social groups, communities and society as a whole. ACs are internally conditioned, they are formed on the basis of correlation personal experience with the samples of culture prevailing in society and express their own idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe proper, they characterize life claims. Despite the ambiguous interpretation of the concept of "value orientations", all researchers agree that value orientations perform an important function of regulators of the social behavior of individuals.

Within the framework of ʼʼstructural functionalismʼʼ Parsons the social order depends on the existence of common values ​​shared by all people, which are considered legitimate and obligatory, acting as a standard by which the goals of action are selected. The connection between the social system and the personality system is carried out through the internalization of values ​​in the process of socialization.

Frankl showed that values ​​not only control actions, they play the role of the meanings of life and make up three classes: the values ​​of creativity; c. experiences (love); c. relations.

Classification of values. 1. Traditional (focused on the preservation and reproduction of established norms and goals of life) and modern (arise under the influence of changes in life). 2. Basic (they characterize the main orientations of people in life and basic areas of activity. They are formed in the process of primary socialization, then remaining fairly stable) and secondary. 3. Terminal (express the most important goals and ideals, meanings of life) and instrumental (approved in this O means to achieve goals). 4. Hierarchy from the lowest values ​​to the highest is possible.

N. I. Lapin offers his own classification of values, based on the following grounds:

By subject matter(spiritual and material, economic, social, political, etc.); By functional orientation(integrating and differentiating, approved and denied); According to the needs of individuals(vital, interactionist, socializational, life-meaning); By type of civilization(values ​​of societies of the traditional type, values ​​of societies of the modernity type, universal values).

Social norms and values, their role in modern society. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social norms and values, their role in modern society." 2017, 2018.

5 . Social norms and values. Social norms- universally recognized rules, patterns of behavior, standards of activity that ensure orderliness, sustainability and stability of social interaction between individuals and social groups. The set of norms in force in a particular community is complete system, the various elements of which are interdependent. Types of social norms: 1 .Legal norms express the balance of interests of all social groups, the individual and society, are established by the state and are protected by it from violations with the help of state coercion measures. 2 .Moral norms are formed in public opinion and they are also protected from violations. 3 .Corporate the norms are contained in the statutes and other documents of parties, public organizations, non-state commercial enterprises and organizations, etc., express the interests of the members of these associations, providing by the adopted statutes and other documents the order of work, the rights and obligations of their members. 4 .customs(customs, traditions) are established habits, psychological attitudes of people to act out of habit and cannot be assessed. 5 .religious norms are the norms contained in religious books and other documents of religious associations, which are obligatory for believers of one or another confession. Also social. Norms: on: -group habits- norms of small groups. They appear and continue to exist only in small groups (families, sports teams, friendly companies). - General rules- norms of large groups (society as a whole). These are manners, traditions, etiquette. Each social group has its own customs, rules of conduct, traditions. There are manners of behavior of older people, national customs. *Normativity of social. behavior is directly related to the role functions of a person in society as a whole, social. group. These functions are determined by his status in such a group. Social the norm instilled in an individual, group and society dictates the behavior that will be expected. Stereotypes are formed, a person's vision of his proper behavior.

Functions of social norms: - integration of individuals into groups, and groups into society; - regulation of the general course of socialization; - control of deviant behavior; -formation of models, standards of behavior.

Social norms perform their own functions depending on the capacity in which they manifest themselves: - as standards of behavior (rules, requirements, duties); - as expectations of behavior (stereotypes, reactions of other people). *Soc. norms are universal. The social norm, fixing any rule of behavior, affects not a specific individual, but all people in similar situations. For social norms are characteristic: - uncertainty of the addressee (to someone who is in a specific capacity, in specific conditions provided for by social norms); -universality of application (in acts of social relations, production, exchange, interaction of individuals); -multiple repetition (criterion of the historical process, denoting the pattern of development).

*Soc. the norm fixes the act of activity, which in practice has established itself in life. Therefore, committed actions become an unspoken rule. Social the norm determines the formation of the purposeful activity of each individual, which is determined by objective factors. These factors give social norms, the so-called "objective authority". Social norms also imply the relative freedom of human behavior, which each person feels when he acts in accordance with the social. rules, although he might have neglected them. At the same time, when a person violates the rules of conduct, he must be prepared to undergo a certain kind of sanctions, by applying which the society ensures that individuals respect the social rules. With the help of social norms society seeks to ensure the implementation of certain social functions. The exercise of these functions is of public interest. This public interest is not necessarily, in the full sense of the word, the interest of the predominant part of society. However, it is public in the sense that with the help of social. norms ensures the coordination and coordination of the actions of individuals in order to successfully unfold, first of all, the process of social production, which ensures the existence of society at a given stage of its development. Values- these are generally accepted beliefs about the goals that a person considers true and to which he should strive. Different cultures may favor different values ​​(heroism on the battlefield, artistic creativity, asceticism), and each society establishes what is and is not a value. Socialvalues- these are shared by society or the Radial group (ie, more or less universally recognized) beliefs about the goals that need to be achieved, and those basic ways and means that lead to these goals. Social values ​​answer the question: how to relate to what already exists, and to what can be. Among social values, economic, moral, political and aesthetic values ​​should be distinguished. These values ​​within the framework of a particular culture exist, first of all, as an integrity, a system. Value Functions: 1) desirable, preferable for a given social subject (individual, social community, society) state of social ties, content of ideas, artistic form, etc.; 2) criterion for evaluating real phenomena; 3) the meaning of purposeful activity; 4) regulators of social interactions; 5) internal incentives for activity. * In other words, value both orients a person in the world around him and induces and motivates him to take specific actions.

6. Society. Typology of society.Society- a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of social interaction and forms of association of people capable of creating tools of labor and using them in the labor process. In the broad sense of the word, it is a combination of all types of social interaction between people and forms of organizing their joint life, which have developed historically. The human community is called society. It is characterized by the fact that members of the community occupy a certain territory, conduct joint collective productive activities. There is a distribution of the jointly produced product in the community. The human community is called society. It is characterized by the fact that members of the community occupy a certain territory, conduct joint collective productive activities. There is a distribution of the jointly produced product in the community. American sociologistE. Shielsidentifies the following criteria for society:-it is not part of a larger system; -marriages are concluded between representatives of this association; -it is replenished mainly at the expense of the children of those people who are already its recognized representatives; - the association has a territory that it considers its own; -the society has its own name and its own history; - it has its own control system; - the association exists longer than the average life expectancy of an individual; - it is united by a common system of values ​​(customs, traditions, norms, laws, rules), which is called culture. General signs.-Hierarchy -Self-regulation -Openness -Information content -Self-determination (definability.) -Self-organization Closed and open society. Society - a group of people, not formally organized, but having common interests and values. Open and closed society - concepts introduced by K. Popper to describe the cultural, historical and political systems characteristic of various societies at different stages of their development.

Closed society - according to K. Popper - a type of society characterized by a static social structure, limited mobility, inability to innovate, traditionalism, dogmatic authoritarian ideology (there is a system when most members of society willingly accept the values ​​that are intended for them, usually it is a totalitarian society ).

An open society, according to K. Popper, is a type of society characterized by a dynamic social structure, high mobility, the ability to innovate, criticism, individualism and a democratic pluralistic ideology (here a person is given the opportunity to choose worldview, moral values. There is no state ideology, but at the level of the constitution the principles of spiritual freedom are fixed, which a person really uses, that is, he himself tries to find the basic values).

A closed society is prone to specialization, while an open society is prone to creativity.

In an open society, each participant is responsible for his own life and takes care primarily of himself, while the society respects the right to private property and personal dignity. In a closed society, the “sacred duty” is to take care of others, and private property is a dubious (reprehensible) or even criminal, unworthy matter. *Modern society organized exclusively on capital, which gives it the right to be called capitalist. Typology of society. Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies

The most stable in modern sociology is the typology based on the allocation of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

A traditional society (it is also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agrarian way of life, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by the customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the family and community will be the most important. Attempts of any social transformations, innovations are rejected. It is characterized by low rates of development and production. Important for this type of society is a well-established social solidarity, which was established by Durkheim, studying the society of the Australian Aborigines.

traditional society characterized by a natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly individuals, not officials or status persons), informal regulation of interactions (norms of unwritten laws of religion and morality), connectedness of members by kinship relations (family type of community organization) , a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, the rule of elders).

Modern societies differ in the following features: -the role-based nature of interaction (expectations and behavior of people are determined by the social status and social functions of individuals); - the developing deep division of labor (on a professional and qualification basis related to education and work experience); - a formal system of regulation of relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); - a complex system of social management (singling out the institution of management, special governing bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); - secularization of religion (separation of it from the control system); the allocation of many social institutions (self-reproducing systems of special relations that allow for social control, inequality, protection of its members, distribution of benefits, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

industrial society- this is a type of organization of social life, which combines the freedom and interests of the individual with the general principles governing their joint activities. It is characterized by the flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed system of communications.

In the 1960s the concept of a post-industrial (information) society appears), caused by drastic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices is recognized as leading in society. An individual who has received the necessary education, who has access to the latest information, gets an advantageous chance of moving up the ladder of the social hierarchy. Creative work becomes the main goal of a person in society.

The negative side of the post-industrial society is the danger of strengthening social control on the part of the state, the ruling elite through access to information and electronic media and communication over people and society as a whole.

Distinctive features of a post-industrial society:

Transition from the production of goods to a service economy;

The rise and dominance of highly educated vocational technicians;

The main role of theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;

Control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technological innovations;

Making decisions based on the creation of intelligent technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

*Another typology belongs to D. Bell. In the history of mankind, he highlights:

1. pre-industrial(traditional) societies. For them, characteristic factors are the agrarian way of life, low rates of development of production, strict regulation of people's behavior by customs and traditions. The main institutions in them are the army and the church. 2. Industrial societies for which the main features are industry with a corporation and a firm at the head, social mobility (mobility) of individuals and groups, urbanization of the population, division and specialization of labor.

3. post-industrial society. Their emergence is associated with structural changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. In such a society, the value and role of knowledge, information, intellectual capital, as well as universities, as places of their production and concentration, sharply increases. There is a superiority of the service sector over the sphere of production, class division gives way to a professional one.

Typology general. Spencer. Military Society Versus Industrial

Features	military society	industrial society
Dominant Activity	Defense and conquest of territories	Peaceful production and exchange of goods and services
Integrative (unifying) principle	Tensions, tough sanctions	Free cooperation, agreements
Relations between individuals and states	State dominance, restriction of freedom	The state serves the needs of individuals
Relations between states and other organizations	State dominance	Dominance of private organizations
Political structure	Centralization, autocracy	Decentralization, democracy
Stratification	Status prescription, low mobility, closed society	Achieved status, high mobility, open society
Economic activity	Autarky, protectionism, self-sufficiency	Economic interdependence, free trade
Dominant values	Courage, discipline, submission, loyalty, patriotism	Initiative, ingenuity, independence, fruitfulness

7. Modern society. Globalization, modernization. Modernization- one of the basic concepts of sociology, meaning the transition from traditional society to modernity, "modernity". For E. Durkheim modern society- this is a society with "organic solidarity", struck by "anomie"; for K. Marx, the specificity of modern society was determined by capitalist production; M. Weber saw the specifics of modernity in the growth of rationality. F.Tennis conceived the transition to modernity as a change of "community" by "society", that is, as a radical change in the type of social ties. G. Simmel focused on such a phenomenon as money, which mediates human relations and makes them more and more abstract, etc.

Owls. Tot. characteristic:- industrial production and complex technologies based on the use of steam energy and (later) electrical and nuclear energy; - the urban population exceeds the rural; - production is focused on the mass market; - class system of inequality; high social mobility; - the achieved statuses prevail over the prescribed ones; - the dominance of a scientific, secular worldview, mass education; - high rate of social changes, orientation mainly to the future; - individualism; - nuclear (marital) family; - vague, conflicting values ​​and norms; - the spread of formal organizations, bureaucracies. - democratic political system. Modernization of the countries of Western Europe (and the USA) is called primary modernization. It was generated by the internal logic of the development of these societies. The modernization of non-Western societies that have taken this path under the direct or indirect influence of the West is called secondary modernization. It proceeded in a much shorter historical period, on a cultural basis that was very different from the European one. In this regard, secondary modernization is accompanied by many specific difficulties generated by cultural factors. Modernization implies not only fundamental structural changes, but also a profound cultural transformation. The cultural aspect of modernization will be of interest to us in the first place. How has culture changed in the transition to modernity? Let's consider this question on the example of Western societies - "pioneers of modernization". Globalization. Globalization is one of the main trends in modern society. Societies are becoming interdependent in all aspects - political, economic, cultural, and the scale of these interdependencies is becoming truly global. Humanity is turning into a social integrity, embracing all people living on Earth. "The concept of globality ... links together the individual, humanity and all the interacting elements and factors of the world system, unites the present and the future, links actions and their final results" . Today we can talk about the global structure of political, economic and cultural relations that bind individual societies into a single system. Globalization is one of the main trends in modern society. Societies are becoming interdependent in all aspects - political, economic, cultural, and the scale of these interdependencies is becoming truly global. Humanity is turning into a social integrity, embracing all people living on Earth. "The concept of globality ... links together the individual, humanity and all the interacting elements and factors of the world system, unites the present and the future, links actions and their final results" . Today we can talk about the global structure of political, economic and cultural relations that bind individual societies into a single system. Globalization- the process of transforming the world economy into a single market for goods, services, labor and capital.

8. Social systems. Social classification. System.social system is a set of social phenomena and processes that are in relationship and connection with each other and form a certain social object. This object acts as a unity of interconnected parts (elements, components, subsystems), the interaction of which between themselves and with environment determine its existence, functioning and development as a whole. Any system presupposes the presence of internal order and the establishment of boundaries that separate it from other objects. Structure - provides an internal order of connection of system elements. Environment - sets the outer boundaries of the system. The structure of a social system is a way of interconnecting the subsystems, components and elements interacting in it, ensuring its integrity. The main elements (social units) of the social structure of society are social communities, social institutions, social groups and social organizations. The social system, according to T. Parsons, must meet certain requirements, namely: -must be adapted to the environment (adaptation); - it should have goals (goal achievement); - all its elements must be coordinated (integration); -values ​​in it must be preserved (maintenance of the sample). T. Parsons believes that society is a special type of social system with high specialization and self-sufficiency. Its functional unity is provided by social subsystems. To the social subsystems of society, as a system, T. Parsons refers to the following: economics (adaptation), politics (goal achievement), culture (maintenance of the model). The function of the integration of society is performed by the system of "societal community", which mainly contains the structures of norms. Classification: A social system is an integral unity, the main element of which is people, their interactions, relationships and connections. These connections, interactions and relationships are stable and are reproduced in the historical process on the basis of the joint activities of people, passing from generation to generation. Social systems are the following set of interconnected and ordered elements: -man and various social groups -material objects (tools, objects of labor, buildings, structures, means of communication, etc.) -processes (economic, political, social, spiritual) - values ​​(ideas, knowledge, cultural and moral values, customs, traditions, beliefs, etc.) Types and classes of social systemsBy degree of generality: - socio-economic formations (a set of production forces and production relations) - social communities united on some basis (nations, estates, ethnic groups, settlements) - organizations operating in the real sector of the economy (production) - the primary level of social systems , distinguished. Sign - here each person has direct contact with everyone (teams, departments) On a territorial basis: - federation - subject of the federation - municipal associations (city, town, etc.) By areas of public life: - economic (industry, communications, agriculture, transport, construction) - political - social - spiritual - family and household

In order for a person to be able to freely exist in the world, he needs to be able to interact with the people around him. Values ​​are the specific characteristics of the objects of the environment around us, which determine their positive and negative value for each person and society as a whole. The social value of law is a concept, having understood which, a person will understand what his positive role in the life of society is. Thanks to him, a stable order in the structure is ensured, as well as the possibility of carrying out the usual human actions.

Note that a person, being a social being, must create certain patterns of behavior that are applicable in a particular situation. This is done so that you can safely exist in society and interact with other individuals. Such patterns are called

Social values ​​are what is important for every person a priori. Decisions made once become for us the main line of behavior, which we try to adhere to every day, all our lives. That is why value orientations act as a way of regulating and determining the behavior of an individual. They help him to distinguish the significant from the unnecessary, the essential from the meaningless.

The scientist studied social values ​​in detail and identified three forms of their existence that can mutually flow one into another:

1. public ideals.
2. The subject embodiment of these ideals.
3. motivational structures.

Note that throughout life one can be confirmed, the other can be discarded due to its inconsistency. As a result, a certain hierarchy is formed, which contains concepts that are applicable and relevant to each person. Social values ​​are a concept that is formed individually for everyone, therefore it is difficult to find two people in one society who would have the same system. Very often the individual is faced with the fact that his principles go against the new systems, or theoretical basis do not fit with real life. In this case, multi-layered systems begin to form, in which the proclaimed values ​​often diverge from reality.

Value orientations are the result of the socialization of individuals, that is, their mastery of all existing types of social norms and requirements that apply to individuals or members. The basis of their formation lies in the interaction of the experience that people have with samples of the existing social culture. On the basis of these concepts, one's own idea of ​​the nature of personal claims is formed.

Business relations always contain a value aspect in their structure. It defines explicit and implicit standards of behavior. There is such a thing as the professional values ​​of social work, denoting the stable ideas and beliefs of people about the nature of goals, ways to achieve them and the principles of the future life. These values ​​focus on the basic principles of his behavior in work and responsibility for his activities. They help an employee of any field to determine the rights and obligations that he has as a professional.

Social values ​​begin to take shape in early childhood. Their main source is the people around the child. In this case, the example of the family plays a fundamental role. Children, watching their parents, begin to imitate them in everything. Therefore, when deciding to have children, future mothers and fathers must understand what responsibility they take on.

In order to exist in the social world, a person needs communication and cooperation with other people. But essential for the implementation of joint and purposeful action should be such a situation in which people have a common idea of ​​how to act correctly and how it is wrong, in which direction to apply their efforts. In the absence of such a vision, concerted action cannot be achieved. Thus, a person, as a social being, must create many generally accepted patterns of behavior in order to successfully exist in society, interacting with other individuals. Similar patterns of behavior of people in society, regulating this behavior in a certain direction, are called social norms.

social norms - a set of requirements and expectations that a social community (group), organization, society imposes on its members in their relationships with each other, with social institutions in order to carry out activities (behavior) of the established pattern. These are universal, permanent prescriptions that require their practical implementation. Arise as a result of the need for a certain behavior. The most important characteristic of the norm is its universal recognition and universality.

The social norm is one of the complex forms of expression of social relations. It consists of many elements, each of which has different properties that can also change within a fairly wide range. The social norm embodies the public will, a conscious social necessity. This is what distinguishes it from the so-called quasi-norms. The latter are most often of a rough, violent nature, fetter initiative, creativity.

The social norm performs the following functions. 1. Norms are designed to guide and 2. regulate people's behavior in various situations. The regulatory impact lies in the fact that the norm establishes boundaries, conditions, forms of behavior, the nature of relations, goals and ways to achieve them. 3. socializes the personality; 4. evaluates behavior; 5. Prescribes models of proper behavior. 6. A means of ensuring order.

The main social purpose of the social norm can be formulated as the regulation of social relations and human behavior. Regulation of relations through social norms ensures voluntary and conscious cooperation of people.

We can conditionally distinguish the following groups of norms: 1. According to the carriers: universal, O norms, group norms. 2. By field of activity: economic norms, political norms, cultural norms, legal norms. 3. There are formal and informal norms. 4. By the scale of action: general and local. 5. According to the method of ensuring: based on internal convictions, on public opinion, on coercion.

The main types of norms in order of increasing their social significance. 1. Customs are simply habitual, normal, most convenient and fairly widespread ways of group activity. New generations of people are adopting these social ways of life, partly through unconscious imitation, partly through conscious learning. At the same time, the new generation chooses from these methods what it considers necessary for life. 2. Moral standards - ideas about right and wrong behavior that require certain actions and prohibit others. At the same time, members of the social community where such moral norms operate share the belief that their violation brings disaster to the whole society. Members of another social community may, of course, feel that at least some of the group's moral norms are unreasonable. Moral norms are passed on to subsequent generations not as a system of practical benefits, but as a system of unshakable "sacred" absolutes. As a result, moral standards are firmly established and implemented automatically. 3. Institutional norms - a set of specially developed norms and customs relating to important aspects of the activities of the SRO, embodied in social institutions. 4. Laws are simply reinforced and formalized moral standards that require strict implementation.

Violation of the norms causes a specific and clear negative reaction on the part of the organization, its institutional forms, aimed at overcoming behavior that deviates from the norm. Types of sanctions - negative or positive, i.e. punishment or reward. Normative systems, however, are not fixed and forever data. As norms change, so do attitudes. Deviation from the norm is as natural as following them. Conformism - complete acceptance of the norm; deviation - deviation from it. Sharp deviations from the norm threaten the stability of O.

In general terms, the process of formation and functioning of social norms can be conditionally represented as sequentially interconnected stages. The first stage is the emergence and constant development of norms. The second is the understanding and assimilation by the individual of the system of social norms of society, social group, personality, in other words, this is the stage of inclusion of a person in society, his socialization. The third stage is real acts, concrete behavior of the individual. This stage is the central link in the mechanism of social and normative regulation. It is in practice that it is revealed how deeply social norms have entered the consciousness of the individual. The fourth stage of the process of functioning of the norm is the assessment and control of human behavior. At this stage, the degree of compliance or deviation from the norm is revealed.

Values ​​are the beliefs shared in S about the goals that people should strive for and the main means of achieving them. Social values ​​- significant ideas, phenomena and objects of reality in terms of their compliance with the needs and interests of S, groups, individuals.

Value is a goal in itself, it is sought for for its own sake, because she is ideal. This is what is valued, what is significant for a person, what determines the life guidelines of his behavior and is recognized by society as such. The value content of phenomena induces a person to activity. Constantly being in the world of alternatives, a person is forced to choose, the criteria for which are values.

Values ​​change with the development of society. They are formed on the basis of needs and interests, but do not copy them. Values ​​are not a cast of needs and interests, but an ideal representation that does not always correspond to them.

Value orientations are a product of the socialization of individuals, i.e. development of socio-political, moral, aesthetic ideals and immutable regulatory requirements for them as members of social groups, communities and society as a whole. ACs are internally conditioned, they are formed on the basis of correlation of personal experience with the samples of culture prevailing in the society and express their own idea of ​​what should be, life claims. Despite the ambiguous interpretation of the concept of "value orientations", all researchers agree that value orientations perform an important function of regulators of the social behavior of individuals.

Within the framework of Parsons' "structural functionalism", the social order depends on the existence of common values ​​shared by all people, which are considered legitimate and obligatory, acting as a standard by which the goals of action are selected. The connection between the social system and the personality system is carried out through the internalization of values ​​in the process of socialization.

Frankl showed that values ​​not only control actions, they play the role of the meanings of life and make up three classes: values ​​of creativity; c. experiences (love); c. relations.

Classification of values. 1. Traditional (focused on the preservation and reproduction of established norms and goals of life) and modern (arise under the influence of changes in life). 2. Basic (they characterize the main orientations of people in life and the main areas of activity. They are formed in the process of primary socialization, then remaining fairly stable) and secondary. 3. Terminal (express the most important goals and ideals, meanings of life) and instrumental (approved in this O means to achieve goals). 4. Hierarchy from the lowest values ​​to the highest is possible.

N. I. Lapin offers his own classification of values, based on the following grounds:

By subject content (spiritual and material, economic, social, political, etc.); By functional orientation (integrating and differentiating, approved and denied); According to the needs of individuals (vital, interactionist, socializational, meaningful life); By type of civilization (values ​​of traditional societies, values ​​of modernity societies, universal values).

24. Mass consciousness as one of the forms of social consciousness.
In the cognition of the phenomenon of "mass consciousness" in the philosophical and sociological literature, two different approaches have developed. One is presented in Western European and American empirical sociology, the other has developed in Soviet social philosophy on the basis of the dialectical method. In this paper, an attempt is made to continue the traditions of Russian social philosophy.
D. Bell in the book "The Purpose of Ideology" identifies five groups of definitions of mass consciousness, in which the starting base is the category "mass".

The first group should include the definition given by G. Bloomer, in which the concept of "mass" is identified with a huge and undifferentiated audience under the influence of the media. This audience - the mass opposes homogeneous social communities (classes, strata, professional groups).
In the second group, Western sociologists refer to the "mass" incompetent, illiterate judgments of the main part of society, which are the result of the weakening of the influence of the enlightened elite (X. Ortega - and - Gasset).
In the third group, the concept of "mass" is associated with the technological level of development of society, where a person loses his individuality and becomes an appendage of the machine (F. G. Junger).
In the fourth group, the "mass" refers to the predominant part of the bureaucratic society, which is not allowed to make socio-economic, socio-administrative, socio-political decisions (T. Simmel, M. Weber, K. Mannheim).
In the fifth group, the "mass" is identified with the crowd, and mass consciousness is characterized by monotony, alienation, aimlessness (E. Lederer, H. Arendt).
When studying the phenomenon of mass consciousness in the second approach, the works of B.A. Grushin, G.G. Diligensky, A.K.

Mass consciousness differs from other levels of social consciousness in that it exists and is realized in the mass of individual consciousnesses (A.K. Uledov). The subjects of many types of mass consciousness are not only individuals, but also large social groups, including classes. A feature of mass consciousness is that it includes knowledge, ideas, norms, values ​​developed by the entire mass of society in the process of communication between members of society and joint perception social information(G. G. Diligensky).
Mass consciousness does not coincide with any of the known species consciousness: individual and social, class and non-class, theoretical and everyday, religious and political. Mass consciousness, which does not coincide with any of the traditionally distinguished types of consciousness, overlaps them all, resulting in its composition as a multi-layered, multi-sectoral, "patchwork formation" (B.A. Grushin).
Mass consciousness "destroys" the boundaries of all classes, strata, groups of the population existing in society, singled out on the basis of their objective position, i.e. is an "ex-group" consciousness, recognizing the only type of groups - allocated on the basis of its (mass consciousness) own characteristics.
Mass consciousness is the real force that influences historical process, directly prompting people to activity - a kind of "absolute" subsystem.
Of particular importance in the analysis of mass consciousness is its comparison with other elements of social consciousness. Thus, mass consciousness cannot be identified with ordinary consciousness, just as ideology cannot be identified with theoretical consciousness. The difference between mass consciousness and ideology is that the former directly determines the actions and deeds of large masses of people, acting as a "conscious impulse", while the latter, before performing such a function, must still spread among the masses, become the content of mass consciousness.
Like ordinary, mass consciousness in modern conditions closely interacts with specialized consciousness, assimilates many provisions of science and culture, has a certain level of systematization and intellectualization, passes historical stages in its development. Its existence can have various transformed forms and it is subject to manipulation from outside.
Unlike the ordinary, mass consciousness not only fixes social reality and evaluates it, but also possesses the energy of practical action. Ordinary consciousness is an element that stands out in the structure of social consciousness during epistemological analysis and correlates with theoretical consciousness. Thus, ordinary consciousness is an epistemological cut, mass consciousness is an active, practical, and sociological cut of the real consciousness of individuals, social groups, the whole society.
Analyzing mass consciousness, it is necessary to correlate it not only with ordinary consciousness, but also with social psychology, since the subject of all these spiritual and psychological formations are large groups and masses of people.
Social psychology is a way of the real existence of the consciousness of large masses of people, and mass consciousness is those psychological structures that unite people into spiritual and psychological communities. The object of social psychology is society, real life society and especially public relations, while the object of mass consciousness is not only society, but also nature. In mass consciousness, in contrast to social psychology, the elements social knowledge firmly woven into the psychological fabric of social feelings and emotions.
Mass consciousness permeates all spheres of public life, manifesting itself in each of them to varying degrees (the sphere of material production, social life, the political sphere). As a result of the analysis of the given characteristics of mass consciousness and its interaction with other elements of social consciousness, the following conclusion can be drawn. Mass consciousness is a specific element of social consciousness. Its specificity lies in the fact that mass consciousness integrates all elements of social consciousness: types, forms, levels, spheres, the interweaving and interaction of which provides a holistic meaningful version of the historical form of mass consciousness.
The change in social values ​​in the public consciousness occurs gradually and unevenly in different groups of people. In recent decades, in human civilization, the values ​​of survival and development of both the whole of mankind and each person individually have come to the fore. For the mass consciousness, it has become an obvious and indisputable fact that the further movement of society forward is impossible without a qualitatively new level of political, economic, legal and environmental culture, that this culture must permeate the consciousness of people.
The mass consciousness as a whole is approaching the recognition that society in modern conditions is deprived of the prospect of development without a sharp jump in mass familiarization with the world level of moral and scientific-informational culture.

Target: to form an idea of ​​social norms and values, of social control as a special mechanism for maintaining public order.

Lesson type: learning new material.

During the classes

Plan:

1. Social values ​​and norms.
2. social sanctions.

I. Learning new material.

Creating the human race, the gods took care of it with truly divine generosity: they gave reason, speech, fire, abilities for craftsmanship and art. Everyone was endowed with some kind of talent. Builders, blacksmiths, doctors, etc. appeared. Man began to get food, make beautiful things, build dwellings. But the gods failed to teach people how to live in society. And when people got together for some big deal - to build a road, a canal, fierce disputes broke out between them, and often the case ended in a general collapse. People were too selfish, too intolerant and cruel, everything was decided only by brute force ...

And the threat of self-destruction hung over the human race.

Then the father of the gods Zeus, feeling his special responsibility, ordered to introduce shame and truth into people's lives.

The gods were delighted with the wisdom of the father. They asked him only one question: how to distribute shame and truth among people? After all, the gods bestow talents selectively: they will send the abilities of a builder to one, a musician to another, a healer to a third, and so on. And what to do with shame and truth?

Zeus replied that all people should have shame and truth. Otherwise, there will be no cities, no states, no people on Earth...

What is this myth about?

Today in the lesson we will talk about social values ​​and norms - the regulators of human behavior.

1. Social values ​​and norms

We encounter values ​​at every step. But how often do we think about them? The saying “Look inside yourself” suggests that the basis of our morality should be an internal dialogue, a person’s judgment on himself, in which he himself is both an accuser, a defender, and a judge. And what determines the essence of this monologue? Of course, those values ​​that move a person. What are values ​​and norms?

The class is invited to assemble a whole concept from words.

There are values ​​that the absolute majority of the inhabitants of the planet worship. What values ​​am I talking about? On universal (eternal) values:

The class is divided into three groups.

Exercise 1. Each group should make up a short story (5-6 sentences) using partially given words (values).

Task 2. After studying the material of § 6 "Social norms", make a cluster, which social norms permeate our lives.

Regulation of human behavior by social norms is carried out in three ways:

• permission - an indication of behaviors that are desirable, but not required;
• prescription - an indication of the required action;
• prohibition - an indication of actions that should not be performed.

Carefully study the data in the table "Social norms" and indicate which of the presented norms is a ban? What - prescription? What - permission?

social norms

Kinds	Example
Traditions	Regular alumni meetings educational institution (permission)
Legal regulations	“Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. 29(2)) (ban)
moral standards	Treat others the way you want them to treat you (prescription)
Political norms	“The people exercise their power directly, as well as through state authorities and local self-government bodies” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. 3(2)) (prescription)
Aesthetic standards	The canon of proportions of the human body, established in plastic ancient egypt, and the system of ideal proportions of the human body developed by the ancient Greek sculptor Policlet, which became the norm for Antiquity (ban)
Religious norms	“Do not repay evil for evil to anyone, take care of good among all people ... Do not avenge yourself, beloved, but give place to the Wrath of God” (Introduction to the Christian Bible. New Testament. SPb., 1993. S. 173) (ban)
Rules of etiquette	Helping a child, a helpless woman... (prescription)
	Fashion for sportswear (permission)

2. Social sanctions - means of establishing social norms.

Sanctions exist in the form of rewards and punishments, which can be formal or informal.

Formal positive sanctions (F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institutions, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, awarded titles, degrees and titles, the construction of a monument, the presentation of diplomas, admission to high positions and honorary functions.

informal positive sanctions (H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, death penalty.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, mockery, a cruel joke, an unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relations, spreading rumors, slander, an unfriendly review, a complaint, writing a feuilleton, exposing article.

II. Consolidation of what has been learned.

Answer the questions:

1. What social norm?
2. What social norms exist in society? Explain their purpose.
3. What role do social sanctions play?

Homework:§ 6, learn.

Attachment 1 . Worksheet for the lesson "Social Values ​​and Norms"