Student's t-test is a general name for a class of methods for statistical testing of hypotheses (statistical tests) based on the Student's distribution. The most common cases of applying the t-test are related to checking the equality of the means in two samples.
1. History of the development of the t-test
This criterion was developed William Gosset to assess the quality of beer at Guinness. In connection with obligations to the company not to disclose trade secrets, Gosset's article was published in 1908 in the journal Biometrics under the pseudonym "Student" (Student).
2. What is the Student's t-test used for?
Student's t-test is used to determine the statistical significance of mean differences. It can be used both in cases of comparing independent samples ( For example, groups of patients diabetes and groups of healthy), and when comparing related sets ( e.g. mean heart rate in the same patients before and after taking an antiarrhythmic drug).
3. When can the Student's t-test be used?
To apply the Student's t-test, it is necessary that the original data have normal distribution. In the case of applying a two-sample test for independent samples, it is also necessary to satisfy the condition equality (homoscedasticity) of variances.
If these conditions are not met, when comparing sample means, similar methods should be used. nonparametric statistics, among which the most famous are Mann-Whitney U-test(as a two-sample test for independent samples), and sign criterion and Wilcoxon test(used in cases of dependent samples).
4. How to calculate Student's t-test?
To compare means, Student's t-test is calculated using the following formula:
where M 1- arithmetic mean of the first compared population (group), M 2- arithmetic mean of the second compared population (group), m 1- the average error of the first arithmetic mean, m2- the average error of the second arithmetic mean.
5. How to interpret the value of Student's t-test?
The resulting value of Student's t-test must be correctly interpreted. To do this, we need to know the number of subjects in each group (n 1 and n 2). Finding the number of degrees of freedom f according to the following formula:
f \u003d (n 1 + n 2) - 2After that, we determine the critical value of the Student's t-test for the required significance level (for example, p = 0.05) and for a given number of degrees of freedom f according to the table ( see below).
We compare the critical and calculated values of the criterion:
- If the calculated value of Student's t-test equal or greater critical, found in the table, we conclude that the differences between the compared values are statistically significant.
- If the value of the calculated Student's t-test smaller tabular, which means that the differences between the compared values are not statistically significant.
6. An example of calculating the Student's t-test
To study the effectiveness of a new iron preparation, two groups of patients with anemia were selected. In the first group, patients received a new drug for two weeks, and in the second group they received a placebo. After that, the level of hemoglobin in peripheral blood was measured. In the first group, the average hemoglobin level was 115.4±1.2 g/l, and in the second - 103.7±2.3 g/l (data are presented in the format M±m), the compared populations have a normal distribution. The number of the first group was 34, and the second - 40 patients. It is necessary to draw a conclusion about the statistical significance of the obtained differences and the effectiveness of the new iron preparation.
Decision: To assess the significance of differences, we use the Student's t-test, calculated as the difference between the means divided by the sum of squared errors:
After performing the calculations, the value of the t-test was equal to 4.51. We find the number of degrees of freedom as (34 + 40) - 2 = 72. We compare the obtained value of Student's t-test 4.51 with the critical value at p=0.05 indicated in the table: 1.993. Since the calculated value of the criterion is greater than the critical value, we conclude that the observed differences are statistically significant (significance level p<0,05).
Ministry of Railways Russian Federation
Far Eastern State Transport University
Institute of Additional Education
COURSE WORK
Appraisal of machinery, equipment and Vehicle
Specialty: Enterprise (business) valuation
Head of work: Menyailova Margarita Yakovlevna
KHABAROVSK 2012
Introduction
1. Theoretical foundations for the evaluation of machines, equipment and vehicles
1.1 General definitions of evaluation
1.2 Types of value
1.3 Basic principles of valuation
1.4 Approaches in the evaluation of machinery, equipment and vehicles
2. Estimation of the market value of the vehicle
2.1 Main characteristics of the object of assessment
2.2 Vehicle Market Analysis
2.2.1 Automotive market in Russia
2.2.2 Analysis of the special equipment market of the Khabarovsk Territory and the city of Sovetskaya Gavan of the Khabarovsk Territory
2.3 Analysis of the best and most efficient use
2.4 Vehicle cost calculation
2.4.1 Income approach
2.4.2 Cost approach
2.4.3 Comparative approach
2.5 Consolidation of results
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Currently, there is an active process of development of valuation activities as one of the most important institutions of the modern market-legal economy. Valuation activity is a necessary condition for the formation of a market economy and the rule of law, the creation of normal economic and legal relations in society.
In the transport complex, the main type of assets of which are vehicles, the need for valuation is also constantly increasing.
The valuation of vehicles is a specialized and separate type of valuation activity, which has fundamental differences from the valuation of other types of objects. This is due to the following main reasons:
the presence of significant functional, design and operational features;
the composition and influence of factors that determine the cost of vehicles;
legal, organizational, informational and methodological aspects of vehicle assessment. Legal norms for this type of appraisal objects are singled out separately in a number of regulatory legal acts (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Customs Code of the Russian Federation, Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, etc.);
vehicles are an object of increased danger, which causes a number of legal consequences associated with compensation for material damage, and requires its assessment;
appraisal of the value of the vehicle
the structure and parameters of vehicle markets differ significantly from the same characteristics of product markets for other types of appraisal objects, which is a fundamental issue in the formation of methodological and information support for determining the market value of a particular vehicle.
In this regard, during the professional training of experts, there is an urgent need to develop educational and methodological support for estimating the cost of vehicles, which will increase the level of objectivity and ensure the necessary quality of valuation services and their compliance with the requirements of the current legislation on consumer protection.
At the present stage of development of the market economy in Russia, business entities face the problem of the effective use of fixed assets. One of the ways to solve this problem is an objective assessment of fixed assets, which determines the significance of this work.
Movable property - includes tangible and intangible objects that are not real estate. This property is not permanently associated with real estate and, as a category, such property is characterized by the possibility of being relocated.
Machinery and equipment - a type of fixed assets according to their natural-material basis. Machines and equipment include devices that convert energy, materials and information. Depending on the main (predominant) purpose, machines and equipment are divided into energy (power), working and information.
The methodology for assessing machinery, equipment and vehicles has much in common with the methods for assessing real estate, intangible assets, business (enterprise). The features of the assessment include: the specifics of the object of assessment; complexity of the object identification problem; high relevance of determining physical, moral and external depreciation; a large dependence of the cost of equipment on the stage of the life cycle at which the object of assessment is located; high degree of structuring, limited and mobile market for machinery and equipment; the need to determine in which cases and how to take into account, for example, transportation and procurement costs, direct costs associated with installation and adjustment, indirect costs for the performance of work associated with the acquisition, installation and launch of equipment.
The purpose of this work is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of determining the market value of a vehicle, the methodology for evaluating machines, equipment and vehicles.
This paper discusses the basic concepts, principles and approaches to the valuation of machinery, equipment and vehicles, the assessment of the market value of the vehicle.
1. Theoretical foundations for the evaluation of machines, equipment and vehicles
1.1 General definitions of evaluation
The term "evaluate" has several different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. It can mean: to determine the price of something, to establish the value of something, to estimate the quantity of something, to judge the quality or value of something.
The term "assessment" also has several meanings depending on the context used. It can mean an evaluation action, a value judgment, or a report that presents research results.
Valuation is the activity of an expert with training, experience and qualifications in the systematic collection and analysis of market and regulatory data necessary to determine the value of various types of property based on current legislation, state standards and the requirements of the appraiser's ethics.
An appraiser is a person who has the specialized knowledge and education to appraise a particular property.
Define the purpose of the assessment and the purpose of the appraiser:
the purpose of the appraisal is to convey a value judgment;
the valuer's goal is to act as an independent, disinterested third party in making an unbiased assessment of value for a specific, well-defined purpose.
1.2 Types of value
When carrying out appraisal activities, the following types of value of the object of appraisal are used: market value; investment value; liquidation value; cadastral value.
When determining the market value of the appraised object, the most probable price at which the appraised object can be alienated as of the appraisal date on the open market under competitive conditions is determined, when the parties to the transaction act reasonably, having all the necessary information, and any extraordinary events are not reflected in the value of the transaction price. circumstances, that is, when:
one of the parties to the transaction is not obliged to alienate the object of assessment, and the other party is not obliged to accept the performance;
the parties to the transaction are well aware of the subject of the transaction and act in their own interests;
the valuation object is presented on the open market through a public offer typical for similar valuation objects;
the price of the transaction is a reasonable remuneration for the object of assessment and there was no coercion to conclude a transaction in relation to the parties to the transaction from either side;
payment for the object of assessment is expressed in monetary terms.
Market value is determined in the following cases:
when seizing property for state needs;
when determining the value of the placed shares of the company, acquired by the company by decision of the general meeting of shareholders or by decision of the board of directors (supervisory board) of the company;
when determining the value of the collateral object, including in case of a mortgage;
when determining the value of non-monetary contributions to the authorized (share) capital;
when determining the value of the debtor's property in the course of bankruptcy proceedings;
when determining the value of property received free of charge.
When determining the investment value of the appraisal object, the value for a particular person or group of persons is determined for the investment purposes of using the appraisal object established by this person (persons).
When assessing the assets of an enterprise in case of bankruptcy, restructuring, arrests, i.e. in a situation of forced sale of machinery and equipment, the concept of salvage value is applied.
When determining the liquidation value of the appraisal object, an estimated value is determined that reflects the most probable price at which this appraisal object can be alienated for the period of exposition of the appraised object, which is less than the typical exposure period for market conditions, in conditions when the seller is forced to make a transaction for the alienation of property.
When determining the liquidation value, in contrast to determining the market value, the influence of extraordinary circumstances is taken into account, forcing the seller to sell the appraisal object on conditions that do not correspond to market ones.
When determining the cadastral value of the valuation object, the market value is determined by mass valuation methods, established and approved in accordance with the legislation governing the cadastral valuation.
1.3 Basic principles of valuation
In the valuation of machinery and equipment, as in the valuation of other assets, certain principles are used.
The assessment is based on four sets of principles:
principles based on the views of the buyer-investor;
principles related to production;
principles related to the market environment;
The principle of the best, most effective use.
Principles based on the views of the buyer-investor:
utility is the ability of an asset to satisfy a user's needs at a given location and for a given period of time. Utility for each owner is individual and is expressed in the ability of an asset to generate income for its potential owner;
substitution is when a prudent and knowledgeable buyer cannot pay more for a property than he can pay for another property of equivalent quality and utility. This principle underlies all three approaches to the valuation of any asset: the cost approach, sales comparison and income approach;
anticipation is when value is created by the expectation of benefits that may be received in the future. Indeed, it makes sense today to invest money in an object that guarantees a certain benefit in the future, and the future income, recalculated to date, should justify today's investment. The income approach to valuation is based on this principle.
Principles related to production:
contribution - the value of an individual component is measured by its contribution to the value of the entire property or by the amount that must be deducted from the value of the entire object in case of its absence. The cost of the component itself may not equal the value of the contribution. There may be cases where the presence of a component reduces the cost of the entire object rather than increasing it;
balance - all factors of production must be in such a ratio among themselves that the income from the object is maximized.
Principles related to the market environment:
compliance - the value of an object is created and maintained when its characteristics correspond to the needs of the market;
supply and demand - the price of a property rises when demand increases and decreases when supply increases. When supply and demand are balanced, market value usually reflects the cost of production;
competition - the mutually influencing efforts of two or more potential sellers to make a sale. Competition is the basis of profit maximization and economic development. Higher-than-usual profits stimulate more competition;
change - the value of the object does not remain constant. It changes over time under the influence of various factors affecting the object.
The best and most efficient use principle is the use case that will provide the object with the highest net income over a given period of time, i.e. that use, selected from among reasonable, possible and legal alternatives, that is physically feasible, reasonably justified and financially feasible and results in the highest value of the property.
Often the best and most efficient use of any machine is the one for which the equipment was designed and built. This principle is universal and connects all other principles that underlie valuation activities.
1.4 Approaches in the evaluation of machinery, equipment and vehicles
The theory and practice of evaluation have developed three methodological fundamental approaches: comparative, costly and profitable.
Comparative approach - a set of methods for assessing the value of an object based on a comparison of the object being valued with similar objects in respect of which information is available on the prices of transactions with them. The comparative approach is based on the above principle of substitution, and the value obtained with its help is often called the replacement cost. Methods of a comparative approach are especially effective when there is an active market for comparable objects. If the market information is poor, purchase and sale transactions are irregular, the market is too monopolized, then estimates by these methods become unreliable, and sometimes impossible. Nevertheless, it is the methods of the comparative approach that give an idea of the true market value.
Cost approach - a set of methods for estimating the value of an object based on determining the costs necessary to restore or replace an object, taking into account its wear and tear. The cost of manufacturing an object and its subsequent implementation is a very important factor in the formation of value. Cost approach methods imply a mandatory assessment of the possible full cost of manufacturing an object and other costs incurred by the manufacturer and seller. These methods are indispensable when it comes to objects that are practically not found on the open market and are made to order, including special and unique equipment. When evaluating the cost approach, the process of forming the seller's price (offer) is modeled, as it were, based on considerations of covering all costs incurred by the price and obtaining sufficient profit. Since cost approach methods do not proceed from real prices for similar objects, but from calculated standard costs and standard profits, they, strictly speaking, give an estimate not of a purely market value, but of the so-called value of an object with a limited market. In the methods of the cost approach, an important role is also played by the assessment of the degree of depreciation of the object being evaluated, this is due to the fact that the reproduction or replacement cost of the object obtained at the beginning does not take into account depreciation, and only at the next stage the resulting cost estimate is reduced taking into account the complete depreciation of the object.
The reliability of estimating the cost using the cost approach largely depends on the completeness and reliability of economic information from the engineering sub-sector to which the object being assessed belongs (the economic structure of prices for products of the sub-sector, the prevailing indicators of profitability of sales, some cost standards, etc.).
income approach - a set of methods for assessing the value of an object based on determining the expected income from the object of assessment. When assessing from the standpoint of the income approach, the future income from the operation of the object over its useful life is put at the forefront as the main factor determining the current value of the object. In calculating the total income from an object over a number of years of its life, the methods of the income approach use techniques known from the theory of compound interest.
Income approach methods are based on such principles noted above as expectations, accounting for production factors, best and full use, and contribution. The undoubted advantage of these methods is the possibility of a comprehensive, systematic assessment, when it is necessary to evaluate not individual machines at the enterprise, but the entire operational property complex, including the entire fleet of interconnected equipment.
The application of income approach methods faces the limitation when it is difficult to estimate the net income directly from the object being valued due to the fact that this object does not produce final products or final services or is of social importance to a greater extent than economic.
2. Estimation of the market value of the vehicle
2.1 Main characteristics of the object of assessment
Table 1 - General information identifying the object of assessment - "Motor grader DZ - 180 No. KhCh 8137 wheeled"
Name of indicator Characteristics of the indicator A source of information Name of objects of assessment Inventory card for accounting for fixed assets dated February 27, 2012 Registration number Passport of a self-propelled machine and other types of equipment АА 527542 Year of issue Specifications #"607640.files/image001.gif"> where If. o. o. - physical deterioration of the object of assessment; If. about. a. - physical wear of the analogue object. 5. Correction for location The introduction of this amendment was carried out due to the fact that the location of objects - taxes differs from the location of objects of assessment. Transportation costs are determined according to the Internet resource #"607640.files/image002.gif">, where Cav - the cost of the object of assessment by the comparative approach, rub. a - score of the correctness of the cost of the analogue, in accordance with the deviation from the initial cost of the object-analogue; Ci - the cost of an analogue object after the introduction of all adjustments, rub. Points for objects - analogues are distributed according to 3 point system, while analog objects with a smaller percentage change (in absolute value) are given highest value, then the weighted average is calculated. Table 6 - Calculation of the cost by the comparative approach of the appraised object - "Motor grader DZ - 180 No. KhCh 8137 wheeled"
Name Object of assessment Object-analogue No. 1 Analog object No. 2 Analog object No. 3 "Motor grader DZ - 180 No. KhCh 8137 wheeled" Motor grader ChSDM DZ-98 Motor grader DZ-98 Motor grader DZ-180A A source of information http://www.raise.ru/market/earth-moving-machines/graders/67033/ Offer price, rub. Adjustment for terms of sale offer offer offer Adjustment Date of sale Adjustment Adjusted cost, rub. Year of issue Adjustment Adjusted cost, rub. Technical condition Conditionally suitable, satisfactory working, excellent working, excellent working, excellent wear percentage Adjustment Adjusted cost, rub. Location Sovetskaya Gavan Nizhny Novgorod Chelyabinsk Saint Petersburg Adjustment Adjusted cost, rub. % ratio of sale price and adjusted cost Point to value ratio Market value of the rights to the object of assessment, rub. CONCLUSION: Thus, the market value of the object of appraisal, calculated under the comparative approach as of March 1, 2012, was: 942,661 (Nine hundred and forty-two thousand, six hundred and sixty-one rubles). Table 7 - Matching method
Criterion Comparative Profitable costly Correspondence of the value estimated using this approach to the purpose of the assessment Adequacy, reliability and sufficiency of information on the basis of which the analysis and calculations were carried out The ability of the approach to reflect the motivation, actual intentions of a typical buyer / tenant and / or seller / landlord, other realities of supply / demand in statics and dynamics The predominance of strict formalized procedures over intuitive estimates and assumptions. Effectiveness of the approach in relation to accounting for the conjuncture and dynamics of the financial and investment market (including risks) The ability of the approach to take into account the structure and hierarchy of pricing factors specific to the object, such as the country of origin, the quality of production, potential profitability, etc. Sum of points Approach weight The calculation of the final value of the market value of the appraisal object was carried out by the method of coordination and is presented in the table below. Table 8 - Determination of the final value of the market value of the appraisal object
CONCLUSION: The market value of the rights of the object of assessment, calculated as of 01.03.2012. amounted to: 1,133,000 (One million one hundred and thirty three thousand rubles), including VAT (18%). In this paper, we have considered general definitions valuation, types of value, principles and approaches to the valuation of machines, equipment and vehicles, an assessment of the market value of the vehicle "Motor grader DZ - 180 No. KhCh 8137 wheeled" was carried out. The final value of the object of appraisal is the value of the object of appraisal, obtained as a result of the generalization of the results of calculations of the value of the appraised object, justified by the appraiser, using various approaches to appraisal and methods of appraisal. It can be recognized as recommended for the purposes of making a transaction with the subject of appraisal, if no more than 6 months have passed from the date of preparation of the appraisal report to the date of the transaction with the subject of appraisal or the date of submission of the public offer. The author chose the values of the weight coefficients in evaluating the vehicle as equal: 0.38 for the cost approach and 0.62 for the comparative approach. Thus, as a result of the above calculations, the market value of the vehicle "Motor grader DZ - 180 No. KhCh 8137 wheeled" is: 1,133,000 (One million one hundred thirty-three thousand rubles), including VAT (18%). List of normative acts: 1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part one dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended) / SZ RF dated December 5, 1994, No. 32. Art. 3301; 2. Land Code of the Russian Federation dated October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ (as amended) / Russian newspaper, № 211-212, 30.10.2001; 3. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Part one dated July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ (as amended) / Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 148-149, 08/06/1998; 4. Federal Law No. 135-FZ of July 29, 1998 "On Appraisal Activities in the Russian Federation"; 5. Federal assessment standard "General concepts of assessment, approaches and requirements for assessment (FSO No. 1)", approved by Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation of July 20, 2007 No. 256; 6. Federal valuation standard "The purpose of the valuation and types of value (FSO No. 2)" approved by the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation of July 20, 2007 No. 255; 7. Federal appraisal standard "Requirements for an appraisal report (FSO No. 3)" approved by Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation dated July 20, 2007 No. 254; List of methodical literature: Mikerin G.I., Pavlov N.V. International Valuation Standards. - M., 2003., 379s. 2. Popesko A.I., Stupin A.V., Chesnokov S.A. Depreciation of technological machines and equipment when assessing their market value. - M., 2002. Appraisal of machines and equipment. Teaching aid. Fedotova M.A. and others - M.; Institute for Professional Evaluation, 1998. Appraisal of machines, equipment and vehicles. Teaching aid. Kovalev A.P. - M.; Academy of Evaluation, 1996.
Conclusion
List of used literature
R G B OD
Stavropol State Agricultural Academy
As a manuscript
c; shyyakov Gennady Viktorobich
EVALUATION OF T- AND B- SYSTEMS OF IMMUNE IN PSOROPTOSIS OF SHEEP AND IMPROVEMENT OF MEASURES TO COMBAT IT
dissertation for the competition degree candidate of veterinary sciences
|> „"Auropal - 1994
The work was carried out at the Stavropol Scientific Research Veterinary Station /NIVS/, sheep breeding farms of the Stavropolsky Fay and at the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Drachnchogy.
Scientific advisers: Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS.KhN V.3.Filippov
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Professor A.A.Vsdyanov
Official opponents: Doctor of Biology,
Professor A.u Dmitriev
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor I.M. Ganiev
Leading organization - Moscow Veterinary
Academy named after K.I.Scriabin
¡Zucita will take place "£" 1994 in "/O" t:asov
nor a meeting of the specialized council K-120.53.01 _ Stavropol State Agricultural Academy.
Address: 355014, Stavropol, per. Zootechnical., 10.
You can familiarize yourself with the dissertation in the library of the Stavropol
state agricultural! academy.
Scientific Secretary -
of the specialized council of KEO "LС^ A. ^.
1. REV.:!
Despite the implementation of a wide range of measures to eliminate sheep psoroptosis in the Stavropol Territory, in some areas of the region this disease continues to be recorded quite often. From per; .boleven; te psoroptosis, each sheep loses an average of $ 25.5 sh ^sti and 10.952 live weight /Bashkatov G.A., 1970/.
Literature data recent years also testify that in a number of republics, territories and regions of our country, sheep psoroptosis is still widespread / P.S. Strana;!, kin, 1983 ", A.A. Vodyanov, 1984; F.Yuritsin, 1986; S.N.Nikolsky, 1991, etc. / In the country and abroad, a huge amount of factual material related to this disease has been accumulated, a number of measures have been developed to combat it.However, losses in sheep breeding from psoroptosis continue to remain high and consist of a decrease in weight gain, shearing of wool and deterioration of its quality, the cost of measures to eliminate illvasion, additional feed consumption to restore the fatness of sheep after the disease and their waste / R.M. Kaplan, A.A. Yakov --: Ev, V.V. Tereshchenko, 1973/.
In recent decades, in the fight against psoroptosis in sheep, mainly chlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate preparations have been used. Many of them do not meet modern requirements due to their sufficient efficiency, high toxicity for animals and humans, the ability to accumulate and persist for a long time in the external environment, the animal body, and, in all likelihood, they reduce the resistance of the animal body. It has been established that in many species of arthropods /mites, flies, lice, cockroaches, rivets/ there is resistance to many widely used insecticides.<арицидам различной химичзской природы /М.А.Палимпсестов, 1959; Е.А.Чалдык,1977б:Б.$1о*г.,197а;
1976;3&.Wcl, 1978; L.P.lavv$tw,f\."P.S\04.w>. . 1980/. Therefore, one of the important tasks in veterinary acarology is the search for highly effective drugs against ticks - the causative agents of sheep pooroptosis and less toxic for warm-blooded ones. Expansion of the range of acaricides. will allow you to alternate them. Application "which will prevent the development of resistance in ticks.
An important role in the development of measures to combat psoroptosis of sheep, in our opinion, should be assigned to the study of their immune status. Unfortunately, we did not find data on the immunobiological reactivity of the animal organism in this disease in the available literature.
1.2. Pel and research tasks. The main goal of the work. - search for highly effective means of therapy, prevention and study of the immunobiological reactivity of the organism of sheep with psoroptosis.
To achieve this goal, we were given the following tasks:
To study the distribution of sheep psoroptosis in the Stavropol Territory; d to study the features of the development of immunity;
Assess T-B-immunity systems;
To study the tissue of -T- and B-lymphocytes, the nature of changes in the qualitative indicators of the T-system at the "subpopulation level", to investigate the state of the functional activity of eosinophils, macrophages and blood neutrophils in sheep;
To study the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of new acaricidal preparations in laboratory and industrial conditions.
1.3. Scientific lie.
For the first time, an assessment was made of the T- and B-systems of immunity in sheep psoroptosis and the features of the development of immunity, due to the morphological characteristics of Tsoi optes ovii mites, were shown.
~ The acaricidal activity of new preparations belonging to the group of chemically modified compounds of biological nature, known as "avermectins", and of long-acting forms has been revealed.
1.4. The practical value of the work.
The data obtained in the study of the acaricidal efficacy of these drugs served as the basis for their use in the fight against psoreptosis of sheep and were included in the "Temporary instruction with the use of bio-
logical acaricide sarcopcidin for the treatment of farm animals and fur-bearing animals with sarcoptoidosis " /approved by the GUB of the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR on 22.10.90./ and "Temporary guidance on the use of aversect in psoroptosis of sheep and cattle." /approved by the GUB MCI of the Russian Federation on 11.12.92./
Sarcopcidin preparations and prolonged forms of ivomec (adhesive and IP-1) are recommended for extensive production trials.
The results of the evaluation of the T- and B-systems of immunity in pssroptosis of sheep Moiyv can be used to develop immunocorrective therapy and in the curricula of veterinary universities, faculties and technical schools.
1.5. Approbation ": ° results. The dissertation materials were reported at the scientific conference of the Agricultural Institute / Stavropol, 1993 /, the Scientific Councils of the Stavropol NIVS / Stavropol, 1991-1993 /, at the meetings of the Academic Council of VNIIVZA / Tyumen, 1991-1993 /.
1.7. The volume of the dissertation structure. The dissertation is presented on 131 pages of sloppy text. The text is illustrated with 29 tables, 10 figures. It consists of an introduction, literature review, own research, discussion of results, conclusions, practical suggestions and a list of references /198 sources, including 66 foreign/.
2. OWN RESEARCH
The work is based on the results of experiments carried out on 203 experimentally and spontaneously infected sheep with skin mites of different sex and age groups. Industrial experiments were carried out on 1515 sheep of various breeds.
The study of the spread of psoroptosis in sheep was carried out according to the reports of regional veterinary stations to the results of a clinical t. .
The natural-climatic, economic characteristics of the region and the distribution of psoroptosis are described on the basis of the agricultural systems of the Stavropol Territory /A.A.Nikonov et al., 1980/ and daily veterinary reporting.
Immunobiological reactivity of sheep during experimental
psoroptosis was studied on 20 sheep of the Caucasian breed. - The assessment of the immune status was carried out according to the following methods:
Assessment of the T-system of immunity in the reaction of spontaneous rosette formation according to the method of I. Zollsto (.1 / 198.1 /;
Determination of theophylline-resistant and theophylline-sensitive T-cells according to the method of d.italliL i1. "1, / 1978 /;
Evaluation of the B-system of immunity according to the method £.\Ley\<и»,/1973/;
The number of leukocytes and the leukocyte profile were determined according to the generally accepted method.
The study of the effectiveness of new acaricides in sheep psoroptosis was carried out in laboratory and production conditions in the autumn-winter periods, using the "Guidelines for the primary selection of new acaricides and a comparative study of their activity against sarcoptic mites" /P., VA.SHNZH, 1982/.
Among the drugs studied by us were: sarcopcidin, adhesive and prolonged forms of ivomec, ivomek-puron, aiersect, drugs-IC-1, IC-2, IC-3, IP-1.I-1, I-2 and 41 Doses, methods and multiplicity * of their use are indicated in the relevant sections of the abstract.
Research materials were processed according to the method of Stvdent /V.Yu. Urbach, 1963/.
2.2. RESULTS OF RESEARCH
2.2.1. Natural, climatic and economic characteristics of the Stavropol Territory
Five agricultural zones have been introduced in the region, "characterized by the peculiarities of climate, soil, relief and structure of land, the prevailing types of agricultural enterprises, a set of cultivated crops and industries: the first is sheep breeding / extremely arid /, the second is grain and sheep breeding / drying /," the third - grain-cattle breeding /unstable moisture/, the fourth - the resort zone /sufficient^moisture/, the fifth zone - mountain cattle breeding /excessive moisture/.
Thus, for. The region is characterized by a variety of natural and climatic conditions from semi-deserts in the northeast and eternal snows in the southwest, which determines the epizootic situation of these zones in terms of sheep psoroptosis.
2.2.2. Distribution of psoroptosis of sheep in the Stavropol Territory
In order to study the spread of sheep psoroptosis in 1501-1932, a survey of individual farms in the Stavropol Territory was carried out.
The data obtained indicate that psoroptosis is recorded annually in all climatic zones and amounts to "from $ 11 to $ 25 of the total livestock; the greatest spread of the disease is noted in zone 3. In some farms, in some years, the incidence of sheep scabies reached 50?? or more.
The disease causes significant economic damage to sheep breeding due to a sharp decrease in shearing and wool quality, and a decrease in live weight. The spread of psoroptosis, as punished by our research, is associated with a number of reasons, in particular: a shortage of anti-psoroptosis drugs, as a result of which flocks suspected of infection are not processed and sheep of the individual sector are not processed; desacarization of sheepshops and paddocks is not carried out or is carried out poorly; part of the sheep of disadvantaged flocks /khurda/, due to exhaustion and concomitant diseases, is not processed, remaining a source of invasion; unsupervised introduction into public flocks of sheep for individual use, doubtful in terms of psoroptoeus of olago-obtainment; the methods of processing sheep in Eanna and the regulations for the use of piecewise emulsion are not observed.
2.2.3. The specificity of the causative agent of psoroptosis of sheep, which determines the features of the course of immunological processes
Unlike pathogens of infectious diseases, ticks have a number of significant features in biology and physiology. The most significant difference is the large size of ticks with a complex morphological organization.
in ticks, the digestive and excretory systems, the excretory products of which can have both toxic and antigenic effects on the body of sheep.
Fundamental differences between the causative agent of psoroptosis and infectious diseases in the type of reproduction and physiology. Ticks develop in stages
but /yii.o-larva-prstonymph-teleonym| a-imago / with a long biological cycle and only on the skin” Each stage of the tick must also have its own antigen. Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and most protozoa affect the host organism with their corpuscular antigens; ticks can also influence it with their decay products - somatic antigens. In most cases, they affect the body only with their metabolites and secrets. The selective localization of ticks is determined by the place where they find the most favorable conditions for their development and existence.
The survival rate of skin mites /along with environmental conditions - temperature, humidity/ to a large extent depends on the age, physiological, individual characteristics of the host organism, and immunobiological reactivity.
Given the above, we tried to decipher the mechanism of immunity in sheep psoroptosis, assessing the main of its links - T- and B- immunity systems. . " "
2.2.4. Assessment of T- and B-systems of immunity
To study the immunobiological reactivity of the organism of sheep in experimental psoroptosis, two experiments were carried out. They involved 10 one-year-old valushkas of the Caucasian breed, which were divided into two groups: experimental /5 tols/ and control /5 heads/. To exclude possible re-infection, the animals were kept in separate boxes.
Animals of the first group were planted with 10 adults of skin mites with an interval of three days. Sheep of the second group served as control. To determine the immune status, blood was taken before infection, and then on 0, 10, 15, 20, 30.40 days from the beginning of the first infusion , and for 50 days the animals were clinically observed.The first experiment is described in sections 2.2.4.1. - 2.2.4.6., the second experiment - 2.2.4.7. - 2.2.4.12
2.2.4.1. Clinical Observations
The first clinical signs of psoroptosis were noted in sheep on the 10th day after the first infection. In places of replanting ticks / shoulder area / wool was tangled, the staple was dirty., The animals showed slight anxiety. On the 15th day: in the places of replanting ticks, the wool is tangled, dirty, kivotshe. exhibited slight itching; on the skin in the area of the shoulder weeping follicles with the presence of a yellowish spot; body temperature was increased in all experimental sheep by 0.8 -1.0°C. On the 20th day, a pronounced psoroptotic process was observed: the animals manifested
There was concern, when examining scrapings, ticks were found in all of them. MZ body temperature increased by 1.0 - 1.1 ° C.
On the 30th day after the first replanting of ticks, all animals were sick with psoroptosis; scrapings found mites of the skin in all phases of development. Body temperature was increased by 0.5 -0.7°C. No abnormalities were noted in control animals.
On the 40th day, the animals refused to eat, “faces” are visible in the lesions /shoulder area/, the hair is tangled, knocked out - the animals rubbed against hard objects, took out the affected areas of the skin with their teeth and beat with their hind limbs. Body temperature 40.0 - 40.7°C. Acarological paternal examination of scrapings showed the presence of nakszhnik-B11x mites in all phases of development.
In the control animals, no deviations in the clinical status were noted during the above examination periods.
2.2.4.2. Kinetics of the total number of leukocytes
On the 5th day after infection of sheep, a tendency was established for an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood from 7.5 ^ 1.2 to 9.61-0.8 thousand / μl, on the 10th day - up to 9.11 * 1.3 thousand / μl, and on the 15th day of the study, the number of leukocytes in experimental and control animals decreased to 4.32 * 0.2 thousand / μl.
After 20 days, the number of leukocytes in experimental animals increased to 8.956*0.5 thousand/µl, and on day 30 - up to 9.575*0.8 thousand/µl. However, the peak of leukocytosis occurred in animals of this group on day 40 up to 11.90 * 0.39 thousand / μl versus 8.52 * 0.9 thousand / μl in the control.
Significant changes were noted nationally and in the study of blood leukoformula in experimental animals in comparison with control. In animals, edzinofchlia was observed, which was most pronounced by the end of the experiment. Throughout the study period, there was a slight increase in the number of neutrophils.
2.2.4.3. Kinrtics of the absolute number of T-lymphocytes
During the first 15 days, we observed a decrease in T-lymphocytes from 2580 * 29.4 to 1330 * 21.2 U-R*F / μl, followed by an increase on day 30 to 5922 ^ 57.3 U-ROK / μl, however, On day 40, the amount of E-ROK decreased and was higher than in the animals of the control group. It should be noted that in the course of the studies, we did not notice significant changes in the qualitative indicators of L-ROK in control sheep, and they ranged from 138E ± 26.0 to 3520-10.2 E-ROK / μl. »
2.2.4.4. Kinetics of tesfillin-sensitive and theophylline-resistant T-lymphocytes
After 5 days from the start of oshta, a decrease in the amount of Tfr-ROK/µl was established with a slight increase in Tfh-ROK.
The study of the ability of Tf ltafocytes to form rosettes in the presence of theophylline, carried out on days 10-15 from the beginning of the experiment, showed that on these days both the amount of Tfr-ROK and the amount of Tfh-ROK were significantly reduced. However, from the 20th day I observed a sharp increase in Tf-ROK in animals of the experimental and control group 1. The study of the rosette-forming ability of Tfh-ROK in the blood of sheep on the 40th day from the beginning of the experiment allows us to speak about a quantitative rise in the number of theophylline-sensitive T-lymphocytes in experimental animals with a simultaneous decrease in H>p-ROK / 2137*268,"3 Tph-ROK - 2320*110.2 Tfr-ROK/ against 2266^532.3 Tfr-ROK - 846*378.7 Tfh-ROK in control.
When studying the immunobiological reactivity of sheep in the experiment, index indicators were determined: the ratio of the number of theophylline-resistant T-lymphocytes to theophylline-sensitive T-lymphocytes. Index indicators decreased in experimental animals on days 5, 10, 30 and 40 of the study. The limit of the confidence interval, reflecting the balance of the T-cell system, was only 5-10 days after infection.
2.2.4.5. Kinetics of the absolute number of B-lymphocytes
In the study of the functional activity of B-lymphocytes in the reaction of rosette formation, it was found that on the 5th day after infection, the number of EAC-ROK increased sharply to x276 ^ 25.8 EAC-ROK / μl versus 708-27.4 EAC-ROK / μl in control. In the following days of research, a decrease in B-cells to 96 ± 22.6 EAC-PO ^ μl was noted. When examining blood on the 20th day from the beginning of the experiment, it was established significantly, in comparison with the control /1-221^10.4 EAC-ROK/gp/, an increase in EAC-ROK in the blood of experimental animals. Subsequent study of the rosette-forming ability of B-lymphocytes in experimental animals revealed statistically significant changes in the amount of EAC-P0K in both experimental and control sheep, which were expressed in a decrease in their number.
2.2.4.6. Results of acarological research
On the 10th day of research in 4 out of five sheep, we found live skin mites, and starting from the 15th day, mites were found in all experimental animals, and their number during the entire oshta
steadily increased.
Thus, the results of our studies showed that infection of sheep with ovi<3 вызывает изменения в их иммунном статусе. Угнетение Т~зависимого иммунного ответа и неспецифической активности Т-лимфоцитов свидетельствует об угнетающем воздействии клещей на Т-систему иммунитета хозяина. Полученные данные подтверждается и повышением сулрессорпой активности Т-лим-фоцитов.
Studies on the study of the immunoregulation index have shown that infection of animals with skin mites is accompanied by a change in II, indicating an imbalance in the T-cell system.
Due to the fact that before our research there was no information about the effect of skin mites on the immune system of sheep, it was decided to double-check our data /1992/ by re-conducting research in a similar experiment in 1993 /2.2.4.7. - 2.2.4.12./.
2.2.4.7. Clinical observations. Changes in the ^ clinical status of the experimental and control OEecs are similar to those in the first experiment.
2.2.4.8. Kinetics of the total number of leukocytes. An analysis of the count of the number of leukocytes in the blood of the sheep of the experimental group showed up to -. stovernoe, in relation to the control, an increase in their number is already
on the 5th day, the first infection ate up to 8260 * 6.60 thousand / μl, with a subsequent increase in leukocytes to 9330 ^ 30.1 thousand / μl on the 10th day. The number of leukocytes in these days was 6690 * 83.2 - 5ES0 * 13.3 thousand / μL in qvot-"shx of the coctrolane group. It should be noted that leukocytosis in experimental animals was throughout the entire period of research and only by day 40 we a decrease in the total number of leukocytes to 7370 * 51.7 thousand / μl was recorded, however, it was higher than in control animals.
When studying the leukocyte blood formula of the sheep of the experimental and control groups, eosinophilia attracts attention: already on the 5th day, we noted an increase in eosinophils up to 3.3*1.0$ versus 2.5*1.0 in the control. An increased number of eosinophils was noted on the 10th and 15th days of the study up to 4.0 * 0.8? against 1.2 * 0.2 - 1.0 * 0.7 $ in the control.
The count of neutrophils and monocytes carried out prior to the start of the study did not reveal a statistically significant difference in the living experimental subjects. and control groups.
The obtained results confirm that the experimental infection of animals with ticks Ts. ovls causes changes in the leukoformula /eosinophilia/.
2.2.4.9. Kinetics of the absolute number of T-lymphocytes. The obtained data on T-cell immunity and T-cell dynamics in psoroptosis indicate activation and inhibition of the T-cell link at different stages of the disease development. So, on the 5th day from the beginning of the experiment, we recorded a slight increase in E-ROK up to 2880*17.2 ¿-ROK/µl. However, already on the 10th day, the number of T-lymphocytes increased by 1.6 times, which was expressed in quantitative terms as 4210*77.2 E-ROK/µl against 2061*36.7 E-ROK/µl in the control.
A subsequent study of the rosette-forming ability of -T-lymphocytes in the blood of experimental animals revealed a statistically significant increase in T-lymphocytes up to 2959 * 39.7 E-ROK / μl, which was registered by us on the 30th day from the beginning of the experiment, and a decrease in their number on the 40th day.
2.2.4.10. Kinetics of theophylline-sensitive and tbophyllin-resistant T-lymphocytes. After 5 days from the beginning of the experiment, a decrease in Tfr-ROK in the blood of experimental sheep to 522-11.2 Tfr-ROK/μl was established, with a simultaneous sharp increase in 1ph-ROK in these same animals; for 15 and 30 days
from the beginning of the experiment to 3779 ± 10.6-2363 * 26.1 Tfr ROCAisl, at the control level 2254 ± 26.5-1594 ^ 31.2! .
2.2.4.11. Kinetics of the absolute number of B-lymphocytes. in the blood of sheep 5 days after infection, a decrease in the number of B-lymphocytes to 506±63.0 VAC-ROCK/µl was revealed. However, already on the 10th day, we noted a sharp increase in quantitative indicators, the receptor activity of B ~ lymphocyte up to 965 * 21.5 EAC-ROK / μl; the control animals had 578*88.0 EAC-ROK/µl.
The study of the functional activity of B-lymphocytes in the reaction of rosette formation showed a further rise in B-lymphocytes up to 30 days after the first infection with a decrease by the end of the study.
2.2.4.12. Results of acarological studies. We found live Re. ticks /on day 10/ after the first replanting in about 5 animals, and on 15 and subsequently up to 40 days their number increased.
Thus, prg. infection of animals with mites, at the beginning of the disease there is an increase in both T- and B-lymphocytes, which is then replaced by a sharp decrease in T-lymphocytes by 20-40 days and an increase in B-lymphocytes for 30 days.
We also found that experimental infection of animals with eye mites causes a decrease in the helper function of the T-system on days 5 and 20 of the study and activation of the T-suppressor E until the end of the study.
2.2.5. The study of acaricidal efficacy of drugs in oved psoroptosis
2.2-5.1. Residual acaricidal effect of ivomec and its prolonged forms. Studies to identify the duration of the residual acaricidal action of serial Ivomec manufactured by Merck Sharp and Daumier /USA/ and its "prolonged forms /IC-1, IC-2, IC-3, IP-1/, kindly presented by the Institute of Immunology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, were performed in the vivarium of the Stavropol NIHS on sheep of the Caucasian breed at the age of 10-12 months in the winter-spring period of 1990-1991. For the experiments, 30 sheep were selected / 25 free from psoroptosis and 5 sick /. The diagnosis was confirmed acarologically. The animals were divided into 6 groups /5 goals each/ and tagged.
Sheep of the first group were treated with serial ivomek subcutaneously in the sub-locular fold at a dose of 200 μg / kg according to AI. Sheep of the second, third and fourth groups were injected with drugs, respectively. IK-1, Zh-2, IP-1 at a dose of 0 02 ml/kg of body weight, sheep of the fifth group were also injected subcutaneously with IK-3 preparation at a dose of 0.03 ml/kg in the subcutaneous fold. And 6/, they were not subjected to treatment., they served as a source of invasion.Animals of all six groups were placed in one room (where they were in constant contact with each other.
As a result of the research, it was found that the animals of the first group, treated once with ivomek, fell ill 30 days after the start of the experiment, the sheep of the second, third and fifth groups - after 23 days, and the "sheep of the fourth group" fell ill after 36 days. primary lesions in the area of the sides of the body, on the back and sacrum.At clinical examination, papules and vesicles were visible on the skin at the sites of the lesion, and skin mites were found in the scrapings taken.
Therefore, with a single application of Ivomec, its residual acaricidal effect was no more than 8-10 days, preparations - IC-1, IC-2 and IC-3 - 3-5 days, and for the drug IP-1 - 13-15 days.
Taking into account the results of the experiment, it was considered appropriate to compare the residual acaricidal effect of IP-1 and imported Ivomec after their double use. 15 2-year-old sheep / 10 free from dsoroptosis and 5 sick / were taken in the experiment. Sheep were divided into 3 groups /5 in each/. - Sheep of the first group were injected with ivomek at a dose of 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight, subcutaneously in the subcutaneous fold, twice with an interval of 7 days. Sheep of the second group were introduced
Shch-1 at a dose of 0.02 ml per kg of body weight, also in the subelbow crease, twice with an interval of 7 days. Sheep of the third group, patients with psoroptosis, were not treated /control/. Experimental and control animals were kept in the same room, they were followed by clinical observations and acarological studies.
It was found that the sheep of the first group, treated with ivomek, fell ill on the 47th day after the administration of the drug, and the animals of the second group, treated with IP-1, fell ill after 57 days. Inspection and examination of scrapings taken from the lesions revealed live and paralyzed mites Thomogene ex. In animals of the control group, peroptosis took a generalized form.
The analysis of the obtained results shows that zomek, when applied twice, prevents sheep from being infected with psorolosis within 24-26 days; residual acaricidal effect of the preparation Shch-1 /also with double use/ was 35-36 days.
2.2.5.2. Acaricidal efficacy of willowweed adhesive form. The glue form of Ivomek was provided to us by All-Russian]! research and testing institute of medical equipment /VNIIIMT/.
The experiment was carried out in the spring on 15 4-year-old ewes spontaneously infected with skin mites. Animals divided into experimental /10/ and control /5 sheep/ groups. Sheep of the experimental group were treated with the drug subcutaneously in the elbow crease, once at a dose of 0.3 ml per 50 kg of body weight. Control sheep were not treated and were kept separately.
The results of systematically conducted clinical examinations and microscopy of skin scrapings indicate a high therapeutic efficacy of this drug in sheep psoroptosis. Cases of recurrence fall ill .. for two months / observation period / were not noted;
The residual acaricidal effect of the adhesive form of ivomec was determined in an experiment on 15 sheep, which were divided into 3 groups: in the first and second - sheep free from psoroptosis, sheep of the third - solo psoroptosis /taken from a dysfunctional flock/. ""
Animals of the first group /d=5/ were treated with an adhesive form, Ivomeca subcutaneously, once at a dose of 0.3 ml per 50 kg of body weight; sheep of the second group /d=5/ were treated with serial Ivomec manufactured by Merck Sharp and Daumier, subcutaneously, once a day. subelbow crease at a dose of 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight; the third group /d=5/ was not treated /control/ Sheep of the 1st, 2nd "and 3rd groups were kept in the same room, where they were in constant contact with each other. Moreover, after the introduction
preparations, animals of the 1st and pears were planted directly on the skin with ticks Rb. in all phases of development. Accounting for test results
preparations were tested by clinical observation of animals and acarological studies of skin scrapings.
The results of the studies showed that the residual acaricidal effect of the adhesive form of Ivomec, taking into account the incubation period, was £0-23 days, and the serial Ivomec, also taking into account this period, was only 5-6 days. Therefore, a single application* of the Ivomec adhesive Form in terms of persistence corresponds to a two-time use of the Ivomec serial preparation.
2.2.5.3. Acaricidal efficacy of ivomec puron. Puron - 0.5% solution of ivermectin on isopropyl alcohol /USA MSD/, recommended for the treatment of cattle by watering.
The experiment was carried out on 10 4-year-old sheep spontaneously infected with psoroptosis. The animals were divided into 2 similar groups of 5 animals each. The first group was treated with ivomec puron at a dose of 1 ml per 10 kg of body weight, by pouring, once on the skin of the back /previously spreading the staple/ using a dispenser included in the package of the drug. The second group of sheep was not treated /control/. When observing experimental sheep after treatment of cases of toxicosis, it was not noted. The content of the sheep of the experimental and control groups was separate.
When examining experimental sheep after 12, 19, 26, 32, 39 days and for a month, no relapses of the disease were noted, which indicates a high therapeutic efficacy of the drug and the possibility of using it to combat sheep psoroptosis.
2.2.5.4. Acaricidal efficacy of the drug $ 41. Drug No. 41 was kindly provided by the staff of the All-Russian Institute of Helminthology named after Skryabin /BIGIS/.
In the experiment, there were 15 ewes from a flock that was unfavorable for psoroptosis. The diagnosis was confirmed acarologically.
Animals of the first group /d=5/ were injected with the drug at a dose of 2 ml, sheep of the second group /d=5/ - 3 ml per 50 kg of body weight, subcutaneously in the sub-elbow crease. Sheep of the first and second groups were kept together, the third group was treated (control) and kept separately.
Animals were observed and examined for 20 days. Improvement of the clinical condition in sheep for. this period did not come; the disease progressed, as well as in the sheep of the control group.
2.2.5.5. Acaricidal efficacy of Aversect. A new domestic acaricide aversect /similar to Ivomek/ was proposed by NPO "Farmbiomed" and the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology /VNIIVSGiE/.
The experiment was carried out on 20 sheep affected by psoroptosis.
The sheep were divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each. Sheep of the first group were injected subcutaneously with aversect at a dose of 1.5 ml per 50 kg of live weight in the sub-elbow crease, once. Sheep of the second group - aversect in the same dose, but twice, with an interval of 10 days. Sheep of the third group received ivomek at a dose of 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight, twice, with an interval of 10 days. Sheep of the fourth group served as control.
Accounting for the results of the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs was carried out by clinical observations of "animals and studies of skin nipples after 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 17, 23, 30, 37, 43, 50, 66 days after treatment."
Analysis of the results of acarological studies and clinical observations from the 6th to the 66th day showed that the animals of the experimental groups were clinically healthy. In animals of the control group, an increase in the development of the disease process was noted.
Residual acarigid action of aversect in sheep psoroptosis. In order to clarify the issue of the residual acaricidal effect of aversect in psoroptosis of sheep, an experiment was carried out on 15 sheep /10 - free from psoroptosis to 5 large /, which were divided into 3 groups /5 heads each./.
The rams of the first group were injected subcutaneously with aversect one day, into the subelbow fold at a dose of 1.5 ml per 50 kg of achla weight. Sheep of the second group were treated with serial "and half a cat, twice with an interval of 7 days, ml per 50 kg of body weight. Sheep of the third group were not treated ^ they served as a control for the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and a source of invasion when kept together with sheep of experimental groups
Accounting for the results of the experiment and assessment of the residual acaricidal action of the test subjects-drugs were established based on the results of a clinical examination of animals and microscopic examination of skin cocobs at intervals of 5-7 days before the onset of the psoroptogic process in animals of the first and second groups.
The data of the conducted studies, which lasted until the clinical manifestation of the disease in the sheep of the experimental groups, crawled that the aversect / series dated 24.08.92/, applied once at a dose of 1.5 tons per 50 kg of animal weight, provides a residual acaricidal effect for 40- 44 days, and isomek for 22-24 days.
2.2.5.6. Acaricidal efficacy of preparations ■ I-1, I-2. Preparations I-1, I-2, obtained from the Institute of Immunology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, contain as a.i. ivermectin and excipients, "enhancing, according to the authors, acaricion action
and formulation stability.
To conduct the experiment, the flocks from the flock with poor psoroptosis were 0T06pe_i. sick ewes in the amount of 39; the diagnosis was confirmed acarologically. Of these, 3 groups were formed. Sheep of the first group /13 heads/ were treated with the preparation I-1 subcutaneously in the sub-elbow fold, once at a dose of 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight. Sheep of the second experimental group /16 heads/ were treated with the preparation I-2 subcutaneously, once and in the same dose as the first group. Sheep of the third group /10 heads/ were treated, served as control, separately in kosharno-basic<л режиме.
On the 5th-7th day after the injections of the preparations, only dead ticks were found in the scrapings of the sheep. Observations and research continued for 3D days. The animals were cured of psoroptosis, no cases of recurrence of the disease were found.
2.2.5.7. Acaricidal efficacy of sarcoptsvdin. Sarcopcidin is an acarvide preparation of microbiological synthesis, made on the basis of the culture of actinomycete St^eplowyees sp strain No. 15, provided by the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology /VNZhVyA/.
The acaricidal activity of Sarkoptsvdin was studied on 14 ewes with severe clinical signs of psoroptosis. The sheep were divided into two groups and kept separately.
One group of animals /9 goals/ was treated with a 2% aqueous suspension of the drug by rubbing into the affected areas of the skin, twice with an interval of 7 days; the second group of sheep /control - 5 heads/ were treated with tap water, which was used to prepare a suspension of sarcopcidin. On average, 100 to 150 s of sarcopcidin suspension was consumed per sheep per hour. Both after the first and after the second treatment of signs of toxicosis, there were no visible deviations from the physiological norm in sheep. In skin scrapings for 7 days, live and a few dead skin tags were found. After re-treatment and before the end of the experiment /2 months/ live ticks h. oi/i-s were not found.
In control animals, the disease progressed during this sppKa.
2.2.5.8. Production tests. Research results
on the study of the acaricidal properties of the drugs showed that among those tested, the adhesive form of ivomec, sarcopcidin, and aversect to the drug IP-1 have the highest efficiency compared to imported ivomec. This allows us to recommend them for production testing. However, due to the lack of sufficient quantities, we were able to test in production only the Aversect and the adhesive form of Ivomec.
Test adhesive Forsh Ivomeca. In the OPH "Temnolessky" a flock of sheep of the Caucasian breed was processed in the amount of 280 heads, in which 45-50? animals had "clinical signs of psoroptosis / baldness, drooping of the fleece in the area of the forearms, trunk and tail root, scratching /. The diagnosis was confirmed acarologically. "
„ Accounting for the effectiveness was carried out every 6-10 days after the administration of the drug for two months. The final account of the results of the therapeutic effect of Ivomec glue forsh was obtained based on the results of the last wintering.
It was established that after a single subcutaneous application of the adhesive form of Ivomec /0.3 ml per 50 kg of animal body weight/, a high therapeutic effect /EE=100#/ was achieved. There were no cases of disease recurrence in the flock during the entire stall period.
Aversect test. The experiment was carried out in the OPH "Temnolessky" on a flock / 700 heads / of sheep affected by gsoroptosis. The diagnosis was confirmed acarologically. After subcutaneous application of Aversect, the sheep were examined after 1SK15 days for two months. applied once at a dose of 1.5 ml per 50 kg of animal weight, it is effective in psoroptosis.In sheep, 4-5 days after the injection of aversect, itching stopped, psoroptotic foci cleared of scabs and crusts for 20-30 days and began to grow new wool.
Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that the therapeutic efficacy of Aversect? was achieved after a single application /observation period - 61 days/.
CONCLUSION
Analysis of the results of studies on the evaluation of T- and B-lymphocytes showed that both cellular and humoral mechanisms of immunity are involved in the mechanism of the immune response in experimental psoropto: It should be noted that already in the first days of the disease, both T- and B-lymphocytes are included. However, when deciphering the dynamics of T-lymphocytes at the subcellular level, that is, when determining T-helpers / theophylls resistant lymphocytes / and T-suppressors / theophylline-sensitive
lymphocytes /, in the first days of the disease, we did not notice a sharp imbalance in relation to T-lymphocytes that carry regulatory functions, which indicates the absence of deep immunological disorders in the link of T-cell regulation.
Having no literature data on the issue under study, we would like to suggest that the nature of the identified shifts in the parameters of immunological homeostasis is protective in nature, since there is an activation of protective reactions in the form of a change in the functional state of the receptor apparatus. Immunological reactions are included in the initial stage of the disease and are associated with the development of the pathological process not only in the skin, but throughout the body of sheep. We believe that research in this direction should be continued.
The research and testing of acaricidal preparations of biological synthesis showed the prospects for the widespread use of the adhesive form of Ivomec, Aversect, Sarcopcidin, IP-1, I-1 and I-2 preparations, as more effective and environmentally friendly for combating sheep psoroptosis.
1. The nature and severity of the lunar response in sheep with psoroptosis is determined by the development cycle of skin mites.
Both cellular and humoral mechanisms are involved in the immune response. -
2. In experimental psoroptosis, activation of T-lymphocytes was established in the early period of the disease, followed by suppression due to a violation of the quantitative composition of their regular sub-polluants.
3. The humoral immune response in psoroptosis is characterized by the activation of B-lymphocytes from 20 to 40 days (limit of observations) after infection with skin mites.
4. "Highly effective acaricidal action in sheep psoroptosis is possessed by: aversect - 1.5 ml per 50 kg of animal weight with a single subcutaneous application; sataoshidia - double irrigation or rubbing into the affected areas of the skin with a 2% aqueous suspension; adhesive form of ivomek - 0 3 ml per 50 kg of animal weight - with a single subcutaneous application; IP-1. K-1. I-2 - 1 ml per 50 kg "animal weight, subcutaneously, once; ivomek puron - 1 ml per 10 kg of animal body weight, by pouring along the spinal column.
5. Preparations IK-1, IK-2, Zh-3 and No. 41, having a weak acaric-1 activity, do not provide either therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy of antipsoroptosis treatment of sheep.
Practical Suggestions
The results of our research are included in the following regulatory documents:
1. Temporary guidance on the use of biological acaricide sarcopcidin for the treatment of farm animals and fur animals with sarcoptoidosis. Approved by the Main Veterinary Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture on October 22, 1990.
2. Temporary instruction on the use of aversect in lsoroptosis of cattle and sheep. "Approved by the Head Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation on December 11, 1992.
1. Vishnyakov G.V., E-activity of sarcopcidin in sheep psoroptosis // Veterinary. - 1993. - No. 5. - S. 35.
2. Vishnyakov GV, Immunological reactivity of sheep with psoroptosis // Reports of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. - 1993. - No. 3. - S. 69-72.
3. Remez V.I., Zharov V.G., Bashkatev G.A., Prokhorova Z.G., Vishnyakov G.V. Prevention and measures to combat the main arachdo-entomoses from SC in the Stavropol Territory // Recommendations. - Stavropol, 1990 .. - 21 p. .
4. Vishnyakov G.V., Vodyanov A.A., Acaricidal efficacy of aversect in sheep psoroptosis. - Sat. scientific tr. / Stavroi. SHI. - Stavropol, 1994. - S. 13-14.
/57 I.-"CCokj /7*
Quantification
Determination of the number of T-lymphocytes ( CD 3+) method of immune rosettes in finished preparations
Method principle: At the 1st stage, lymphocytes are isolated from the blood by centrifugation in a density gradient. At stage 2, using the reaction of rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes, the percentage of T-lymphocytes from the total number of lymphocytes is determined. The rosette reaction is based on the presence on the surface of T-lymphocytes of receptors capable of fixing ram erythrocytes. When ram erythrocytes are added to the suspension of lymphocytes, the latter are adsorbed by T-lymphocytes, and the resulting structures are called rosettes. The total number of lymphocytes is counted under a microscope by the number of rosettes.
Qualitative (functional) assessment
1. Evaluation of the ability to proliferate in the reaction of blast transformation of lymphocytes
Method principle: T-lymphocytes under the influence of some biostimulants, for example, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro culture are able to turn into large blast-like cells with a loose nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm, actively synthesizing DNA.
2. Determination of the number of t-suppressors, t-helpers and t-killers in the immunofluorescence reaction (reef)
Method principle: The lymphocyte suspension is treated with monoclonal antibodies against CD markers of individual subpopulations of T-lymphocytes, and then with fluorochrome-labeled antiglobulin serum. Fluorescent cells are counted under a fluorescent microscope (two-stage RIF).
Immunological status First level tests
|
Test |
Indicator | ||
|
The number of leukocytes; leuco formula |
Total number of leukocytes |
4.5-9.5 thousand/µl |
|
|
Neutrophils | |||
|
Lymphocytes |
18-38% (1250-2500 in 1 µl) |
||
|
Monocytes | |||
|
Basophils | |||
|
Eosinophils | |||
|
T- and B-lymphocytes |
T-lymphocytes | ||
|
T-lymphocytes abs. |
1000-2000 in 1 µl |
||
|
B-lymphocytes | |||
|
B-lymphocytes abs. |
100-300 in 1 µl |
||
|
Serum Ig level | |||
|
10.0-20.0 g/l |
|||
|
Phagocytic activity of blood leukocytes (indicators of phagocytosis) |
Phagocytic index |
For candida 1-2.5 For staphylococcus 4-9 |
|
|
phagocytic number |
For candida 40-90 For staphylococcus 40-80 |
Source of information: O.K. Pozdeev "Medical microbiology" edited by acad. RAMS V.I. Pokrovsky (Moscow, 2001)
Second level tests (analytical)
Determination of subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (T-helpers, T-suppressors, T-killers).
Assessment of the proliferative activity of T- and B-lymphocytes (blast transformation reaction).
Determination of spontaneous leukocyte migration and leukocyte migration inhibition test.
Determination of lymphocytes carrying surface immunoglobulins of various classes (B-lymphocytes).
Determination of mediators of the immune system.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests.
ACTIVITY #16
SUBJECT: FINAL LESSON ON THE SECTIONS "THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY"
CHECKLIST
Microflora of the human body . Normal (resident) human microflora. Formation and development of normal microflora. Functions of normal microflora.
Dysmicrobiocenosis (dysbacteriosis), causes, types, principles of correction.
The concept of infection. Definition, general characteristics. Differences between infectious and non-infectious diseases.
The role of the microorganism in the infectious process. infectious dose. Ways of infection. Entrance gate. pathogenicity and virulence. Genetic control of pathogenicity and virulence. Factors that increase and decrease the virulence of microbes.
pathogenicity factors. Methods for determining virulence, units. Obligate pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.
Toxicity and toxigenicity of microorganisms. Endotoxins, properties, production, application. Exotoxins, properties, production, units of measurement. Types of exotoxins, mechanism of action.
The role of the macroorganism in the development and course of infectious diseases. hereditary factors. Anatomical and physiological state of the body. The role of living conditions in the development and course of infectious diseases.
The dynamics of the infectious process, its features.
Biological research method, stages, evaluation. laboratory animals. Ways of infection.
Factors and mechanisms of nonspecific resistance. barrier and antimicrobial properties of the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, unresponsiveness of tissues, normal microflora.
Humoral factors of nonspecific protection: endogenous antibiotic peptides, properdin, lysozyme, b-lysins, fibronectin, proteins of the acute phase of inflammation.
Interferons. Groups of interferons by producers, types of IFN by the method of formation. The mechanism of action of interferons.
complement system. Structure. Ways of activation (classic, alternative). Complement system activators. Inhibitors and inactivators of the complementary cascade. Biological functions of activated complement components. Anaphylatoxins, their biological role. membrane attack complex. Methods for determining the activity of the complement system.
Polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes (origin, characteristics, functions). Phagocytic reaction (phases, mechanisms and factors of intracellular bactericidal activity). Outcomes of phagocytosis.
Indicators of phagocytosis and methods for their determination.
Natural killers. Mechanisms of recognition and cytolysis of the target cell.
Antigens: definition, principle of structure, properties of antigens. Classification of antigens. Group, species, variant, stage antigens. cross antigens. antigenic mimicry. Bacterial antigens. Antigenic properties of mushrooms.
B-lymphocytes: development, markers. B-cell receptor: structure (constant and variable regions, polypeptide chains). Mechanisms of B-cell activation. The function of B-lymphocytes.
Antibodies. The structure of the immunoglobulin molecule: variable and constant regions, location and structure of domains. antigen binding sites.
Antitelogenesis, dynamics of antibody synthesis. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
Classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins, isotypes, allotypes, idiotypes. Biological properties of immunoglobulins
Mechanism of interaction of antibodies with antigens. Valence, affinity and avidity of antibodies. cross reactions. Complete and incomplete antibodies. immune complexes.
Biological effects of the interaction of antibodies with antigens: complement activation, neutralization of toxins and viruses, lysis, agglutination and opsonization of microorganisms, inhibition of adhesion, invasion, suppression of the phagocytic reaction.
Direct and indirect Coombs reaction. Simple radial immunodiffusion in agar according to Mancini.
T-lymphocytes: development, markers. Subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (T-helpers null, T-helpers 1, 2 types, T-regulators; T-effectors: cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, T-memory lymphocytes).
T-cell receptor: structure, types, genetic control, diversity. The role of the T-cell receptor. T-dependent antigens.
Cellular immune response, dynamics of development, targets of action of T-killers, manifestations.
Serological research method: tasks, stages, assessment. General classification of immunological diagnostic methods: serotyping, serodiagnosis
Diagnosticums. Diagnostic immune sera. Methods for obtaining them. Polyvalent, monoreceptor adsorbed (polyclonal) and monoclonal diagnostic sera and test systems.
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of serological reactions: immune sera titer, diagnostic titer, increase in antibody titer, affinity and avidity of antibodies.
Mechanisms of the course and manifestations of agglutination reactions. Load reactions of agglutination: formulation and accounting of the reaction of indirect hemagglutination (IRHA), latex agglutination. Co-agglutination reaction. Evaluation of results.
Immunoprecipitation reactions: staging options. (Ascoli ring precipitation, double diffusion in agar, immunoelectrophoresis), accounting and evaluation methods.
Toxin neutralization reactions with antitoxic serum.
Reactions of immune lysis and complement fixation: a method of formulation, accounting and evaluation, application in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Immunofluorescence reactions. Diagnostic value, informativeness, options for staging reactions: direct and indirect.
Linked immunosorbent assay. Setting options. Possible errors and limitations of the method, enzyme immunoassay.
Immunoblotting (western blotting). Conducting and recording results. Options for applying the method.
Radioimmunoassay, essence, methods of setting, methods for accounting and evaluating reactions, advantages and disadvantages of the method.
Allergy, definition, stages of allergy. Allergens. Household, pollen, epidermal, food, chemical, medicinal, microbial exoallergens. Ways of penetration of allergens into the body. Endoallergens.
Immediate type hypersensitivity (ITH). Mediator type of GNT (I). Anaphylactic shock, mechanism of development. Atopy, mechanism of development, clinical forms. Cytotoxic type of GNT (II). Immunocomplex type of GNT (III).
Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH, IV). contact allergy. infectious allergy.
Methods for diagnosing allergic diseases. Skin tests. provocative tests. elimination tests. Allergy diagnostic methods in vitro - determination of antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific IgE.
General principles of specific and non-specific prevention and therapy of allergic diseases. Carrying out specific allergovaccination. Prevention of allergic diseases at work, at home, in the provision of medical care
Passive immunization. Definition. Immune sera and immunoglobulins. Types and methods of obtaining. Activity indicators. Indications for use.
Immunotherapy. Definition. Preparations for immunotherapy. Mechanism of action. Indications for use. Complications of immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy.
The immune status of the organism. Population and age features of the immune status. Indicators and methods for determining and evaluating.
Immunogram. Indications for the appointment of an immunogram. Basic rules for the interpretation of immunograms. Principles of immunological diagnosis.
Immunodeficiencies: hereditary and acquired. clinical syndromes.
Autoimmune diseases. Development mechanisms. clinical forms. Autoantigens.
Antitumor immunity. The concept of immune surveillance. Characterization of tumor antigens. The mechanism of elimination of tumor cells under the action of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killers. Humoral type of immune response to tumor antigens, role in antitumor immunity. Escape mechanisms of tumors from immune surveillance.
transplantation immunity. Types of transplants. transplantation antigens. Conditions for the development of graft immune rejection reaction and its mechanisms. Ways to suppress the transplant reaction. Complications.
Analytical conclusion based on the results of the assessment of the immune status. Compliance with other laboratory tests.
Features of changes in the immune status in various immunopathological conditions: primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, organ-specific and organ-nonspecific autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, tumors.
UDC 658.012.4:001
ASSESSMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL POTENTIAL OF THE ENTERPRISE BY THE METHOD OF EXPERT ASSESSMENTS
T.P. Goncharenko, teacher
Ukrainian Academy of Banking
Introduction
Recently, issues related to determining and evaluating the economic potential of an enterprise in terms of the need to position the enterprise in the future, determining its strategic capabilities have become particularly relevant. One of the key components of the economic potential of an enterprise is the scientific and technical potential, the assessment of which is devoted to this article.
Formulation of the problem
The article is supposed to substantiate the need to apply the method of expert assessments to determine the level of scientific and technical potential of an industrial enterprise.
results
One of the main signs of the present stage of development of industrial production is a significant increase in the effectiveness of factory science, the possibilities and scale of the practical use of scientific achievements. At the same time, the production itself is constantly becoming more complex, and in order to improve its technical base, a wide range of preliminary scientific research and experiments is required, which, in turn, is ensured by building up the scientific and technical potential.
The processes of globalization are changing the orientations in the activities of industrial enterprises - the competitiveness of the enterprise itself and its products comes to the fore from the standpoint of the possibility of providing a product to the market that can not only satisfy a certain need, but also form a potential one. In turn, competitiveness is largely ensured by the knowledge-intensiveness of products, the ability of an enterprise to quickly respond to changes in the tastes and preferences of consumers through the formation of a certain backlog of scientific knowledge (in the form of scientific developments).
A complex characteristic that allows you to determine the capabilities of an enterprise in the scientific and technical field is the scientific and technical potential, which allows you to position the enterprise in terms of competitiveness and investment attractiveness. In general, the scientific and technical potential of an industrial enterprise means the ability of an organization (enterprise) to carry out and accelerate scientific and technological progress within the framework of given technologies and use the achievements of scientific and technological progress to provide innovative products to the market.
Figure 1 - Scientific and technical potential in the structure of the economic potential of an industrial enterprise
At an industrial enterprise, the scientific and technical potential consists of: personnel of scientists, engineers, designers and other specialists of appropriate qualification; means of scientific production (buildings, equipment, devices); materials, raw materials, energy and information funds intended for scientific research, development and production of prototypes of new products, as well as for organizing their production and use in the national economy. The scientific and technical potential objectively covers both the resources of accumulated knowledge (the achievements of science themselves) and the scope of their application (production) in interconnection. However, it should be noted that the scientific and technical potential includes not only the resources of science in the form of relevant research and development, but also the ability of design and engineering departments, as well as the production apparatus to practically implement the results of research, i.e. scientific and technological potential is a modern form of integration of the potential of science and the potential of the sphere of knowledge application.
In this aspect, the issues of analysis, diagnostics and evaluation of the scientific and technical potential of an industrial enterprise from the standpoint of its investment attractiveness and competitiveness are of particular relevance.
To date, there is no unambiguous, clearly formed and tested methodology for assessing the scientific and technical potential of an enterprise. Moreover, in most methods for assessing the investment attractiveness of an enterprise, indicators of scientific and technical potential are not used, which significantly distorts the assessment.
Analyzing the best practices in this matter, we came to the conclusion that today one of the most appropriate assessment methods that meets most of the requirements put forward for such assessment work is the method of expert assessments. This method is the simplest in terms of the possibility of its application and the possibility of obtaining relevant information; it is not limited by the number of experts, i.e. the more experts will be involved, the more accurate assessment will be obtained.
The expert method is based on evaluating the scientific and technical potential of an enterprise according to predetermined criteria, taking into account the weight assigned to each criterion. Criteria can be set independently. We have formed a number of criteria on the basis of diagnostic interviews with the heads of enterprises, as well as specialists in the study of the scientific and technical potential of the enterprise. The weight for each criterion was assigned based on the objective significance of the criterion itself. Below is a list of our criteria:
Scientific and technical potential management system.
The presence of research units of any form of organization.
Scientific, technical and research traditions.
Qualification of personnel (managerial, scientific and technical).
The effectiveness of scientific and technical work.
The number of patent developments and the dynamics of their development.
Availability of open phenomena or technologies (patented).
The level of scientific developments and in relation to competitors.
The level of scientific developments in relation to world achievements.
Availability of resources for scientific, technical and research work.
Information support.
Scientific, technical and research groundwork.
The procedure for implementing scientific knowledge into real
production.
R&D strategy.
The reaction of consumers to the knowledge intensity of products.
control procedure.
The cost of scientific research.
The number of research projects that did not lead to a commercial result.
Marketing R&D.
To assess the scientific and technical potential, you can use both all the criteria we have proposed, as well as selectively individual ones, but the more criteria are used in assessing the scientific and technical potential, the more accurate the result will be. Another important condition is the number of experts involved, the accuracy of the assessment obtained depends on the number of examinations conducted.
The resulting assessment can be used in the analysis of the investment attractiveness of the enterprise, the analysis of the competitiveness of the enterprise, the formation of a corporate strategy and strategies of other levels of management. Scientific and technical potential plays an important role in the activities of the enterprise, so its assessment can be used in various types of analysis of the enterprise, as well as in assessing the economic potential.
Table 1 - An example of the form of expert assessments
| Criterion | Criteria weight | Expert review |
||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
||||||||||
| Scientific and technical potential management system | 0,1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
| The presence of research units of any form of organization | 0,1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 1 |
|
| Traditions research, scientific and technical | 0,1 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
|
| Personnel qualification | 0,1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 4 |
|
| The effectiveness of research and scientific and technical work | 0,05 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
|
| Number of patent developments and dynamics of development | 0,05 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 6 |
|
| Availability of open phenomena or technologies | 0,05 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
| The level of scientific developments and in relation to competitors | 0,02 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
|
| Table 1 continued |
||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
||||||||||
| The level of scientific developments in relation to world achievements | 0,02 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|
| Availability of issued licenses for the right to use technology, material, etc. | 0,02 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
|
| Availability of resources for research work | 0,03 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
| Information support | 0,02 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|
| Research and scientific and technical groundwork | 0,03 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
|
| R&D strategy | 0,01 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 |
|
| The procedure for implementing scientific knowledge into real production | 0,02 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
|
| The reaction of consumers to the knowledge intensity of products | 0,02 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 6 |
|
| Control procedure | 0,01 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
|
| The cost of scientific research | 0,11 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
|
| Number of research projects that did not lead to a commercial result | 0,11 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 1 |
|
| Marketing R&D | 0,03 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|
In the future, if it is necessary to conduct a comparative assessment of the scientific and technical potential of various enterprises, which can be used in the analysis of investment attractiveness, based on the estimates obtained, it is possible to form a matrix that will display the positions of the enterprise in the “scientific and technical potential - profitability” plane.
findings
This article proposes a procedure for assessing the scientific and technical potential of an enterprise using the method of expert assessments, formulates the criteria that are used in this methodology, substantiates the need to use this method and the importance of obtaining such an assessment.
In this article is offered the procedure of enterprise scientific and technical potential assessment by method of expert evaluation, are formed criteria which are used in the given method, is based the necessity of use of the given method and the importance of getting such an estimate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Zagorsky V.S. Vovchak O.D. Innovative business strategy and direct implementation at the current stage. //Regional perspectives. - 2000r. - No. 2-3.
Zakharin S.V. Activation of innovative activity of industrial enterprises //Finance of Ukraine. - 2003.- No. 1.
Velisov A.V. Strategic management of corporate innovations. - St. Petersburg: ISEPRAN, 1999.-167p.
Sopilnyak I.S. Innovative policy of the enterprise in the conditions of the market // Economics: problems of theory and practice: Sat. scientific works. - Issue. 143 - Dnepropetrovsk: DNU, 2002. -92p.
Reference manual for the analysis of the activities of scientific organizations /A.A. Kazantsev, B.I. Maidanchik, B.D. Motorygin and others - M .: Finance and statistics, 1989. - 304 p.
