To date, the opinion of skeptics about the Russian language cannot be called the best. Along with English, which is used in most countries of the world, Russian occupies a lower position. However, despite this, in a number of states it is the second language spoken by citizens, and is also used as a means of adapting Russian-speaking tourists. What is the Russian language and speech communication on an international scale today?
Russian language in interethnic communication
The modern Russian language is used in various areas of international and interstate communication. For example, it is actively used as a means of communication between scientists (about 70% of scientific literature is published in English and Russian). It is also a means of transmitting information in the world's communication systems - radio broadcasts, airlines, etc.
The Russian language as a means of communication occupies the fifth position in the world. However, not only this indicator makes it a "world" language. Everything depends on the globality of the population that speaks this language, as well as on the number of countries where the language is a means of communication between people of higher circles (diplomacy, administration, etc.). Russian classical literature of the 19th century contributed to the development and spread of the language in Europe and Asia. In the 20th century, the growth in the number of people speaking Russian was facilitated by various events taking place in Russia - social, economic and political.
A huge role in the development of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication was played by the events of the 20th century, when during the existence of the USSR, Russians were the most numerous nation, and throughout the territory of the countries of the Union, the population spoke mainly Russian. According to the data for 1989, during the all-Union census, it became known that out of 285.7 million people, about 145 million were Russians, and about 232 million people spoke the language.
Today, national, ethnic and social factors allow the Russian language to successfully maintain the status of an international and international language. A lot of this is facilitated by representatives of various ethnic groups living in Russia and coming to the country to work, as well as people living outside of it.
As for modern interethnic politics, the Russian language as a means business communication is situated on high level. It is one of the most developed languages in the world. Its success is due to the richest vocabulary, brevity and clarity of vocabulary and grammar, as well as the ability to reflect in speech all the characteristics of the surrounding world. Especially important is the fact that the Russian language can be used in almost all spheres of world society. In particular, this includes numerous branches of science and technology. All are transmitted in Russian 
shades of thoughts, the most diverse information, and fiction and scientific literature in Russian has long been recognized worldwide.
Russian language and culture of communication in modern society are at a high level due to the development of grammatical and lexical semantics, the presence of special terminology, the stability of the generally accepted standard of the Russian literary language, as well as the competent ratio of written and spoken language.
The Russian language has retained its uniqueness for many centuries thanks to the creativity of the Russian people, various figures in science, culture, technology and politics. Thanks to the talent of its various speakers, the language of the people of Russia has become rich, stylistically balanced and able to satisfy national and universal linguistic needs. And the maximum completeness of its functions, compliance with literary norms and ease of translation and perception ensured the high communicative and informational value of the Russian language in international communication.
Languages of interethnic communication include languages that perform broader functions than national ones and are used in a multinational multi-ethnic state as an intermediary language. This role can be played by the language of the most numerous nation in a given state or the language of the metropolis in former colonial countries. Yes, in tsarist Russia and in the USSR, the language of interethnic communication was Russian (it largely retains this function to this day throughout the entire territory of the CIS). In some cases, the language of interethnic communication coincides with the official language. So, in India, the official English language simultaneously performs the role of the language of interethnic communication. The Portuguese language in Angola has the status of an official language and is also the language of interethnic communication.
Usually, the functions of the language of interethnic communication are performed by one of the national languages, and this role is formed historically, due to the objective properties of this language. In some countries, the actual role of the language of international communication is legally fixed. So, in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, the Russian language is legally recognized as the language of interethnic communication.
In the USSR, the Russian language became a common language, performing the functions of a language of interethnic communication throughout the country. This was not the result of any political or legal privileges of the Russian language, someone's sympathy for it or the use of coercive measures, but the result of the objective state of affairs and the action of relevant factors. First of all, the fact that Russians in the Russian state, and then in the USSR, represented more than half of the country's population played a role.
The transformation of the Russian language into the language of interethnic communication is also due to the fact that it is very close in its grammar and vocabulary to the languages of the Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples, which, together with Russians, make up more than three-quarters of the population of the USSR. Naturally, the three Slavic peoples can relatively easily communicate with each other in Russian.
Other objective moments and factors also played a role in the transformation of the Russian language into the language of interethnic communication: its generally recognized richness and expressiveness, certain internal features of this language, associated, in particular, with its relatively high internal homogeneity, with the closeness of its folk colloquial and literary - written forms, with a large coincidence in it of the pronunciation of words and their spelling, etc.
According to the 1989 population census, 86% of the population in the USSR were fluent in Russian.
IN Russian Federation Russian is the state language, but at the same time it performs the functions of a language of interethnic communication.
According to the 1989 census, 16,406 thousand people from among non-Russian peoples declared that they were fluent in Russian as a second language, i.e., the language of interethnic communication (in 1970 - 14,191 thousand and in 1979 - 14,191 thousand). - 13 989 thousand). Thus, of the non-Russian peoples of Russia, 88.0% know the Russian language well, including 27.6% consider it their native language and 60.4% are fluent in it. Of the large nations (over 100 thousand people), more than 95% of their representatives know Russian well - Karelians, Jews, Belarusians, Koreans, Germans, Mordovians, Ukrainians, more than 90% - Kalmyks, Moldovans, Georgians, Armenians, Komi, Udmurts, more 85% - Kazakhs, Gypsies, Ossetians, Chuvashs, Maris, Tatars, Bashkirs, Adyghes, Uzbeks, and on average - all the peoples of the North. The lowest rates are among Tuvans (60.5%), Avars (65.9%), Dargins (69.5%), Yakuts (70.9%).
Thus, in Russia in 1989, 143,712 thousand people, or 97.7% of the total population of the country, were fluent in Russian. This means that in Russia the Russian language as the language of interethnic communication is quite widespread. However, the use of the Russian language by a person of non-Russian nationality in different areas communication does not mean giving up mother tongue on the contrary, it contributes to a deeper understanding of its features. Knowledge of the Russian language, as studies show, does not lead to oblivion of the native (national) language of non-Russian peoples and does not interfere with its study and assimilation. The trend towards bilingualism is growing all over the world, more and more people know two or more languages in. Therefore, the assertions of those who believe that mastering the Russian language can displace the national language from communication are absolutely groundless.
The state of simultaneous possession of two or more languages is called bilingualism, or polylingualism.. Bilingualism is a frequent phenomenon in multinational states, where national minorities, in addition to their native language, usually also use the language of the most numerous and dominant nation. Significant groups of bilingual populations are formed in the young states of Asia and Africa, where, along with local languages, the official state languages are becoming more widespread (in India - Hindi, in Pakistan - Urdu, in Indonesia - Bahasa Indonesia, in the Philippines - Pilipino), and in some African countries - foreign English or French. Bilingualism is often prevalent along ethnic lines. It is also characteristic of the countries of mass settlement of immigrants.
Recently, bilingualism has been gaining more and more development, which is significantly influenced by urbanization, increased contacts between various groups of the population, and a general rise in educational and cultural levels. Under these conditions, some part of the people or even a whole people constantly use two languages in everyday life. So, the Alsatians are almost completely bilingual (German and French). A significant part of the population of such multinational states as Belgium and Switzerland is bilingual or even trilingual.
Control questions and tasks
1. Why is language recognized as the main ethno-distinctive feature and ethnic value?
2. Analyze the role of language as a consolidating ethnic factor.
3. Expand the ethno-social functions of the language.
4. Trace the relationship between ethnicity and language.
5. What is considered a native language and what is its role in life
human?
6. What are the meaning and functions of the national language in the formation and development of nations?
7. What are the legal status and functions of the state language?
8. How are interlingual problems solved in multinational, multiethnic states?
9. What are the role and functions of the language of international communication?
10. Analyze the relationship between the federal state language and the state languages of the republics in the Russian Federation.
11. What is the ethno-linguistic policy in the Russian Federation?
12. Based on the census data, analyze the ethno-linguistic processes in the Russian Federation.
Literature
1. Arutyunyan Yu.V., Drobizheva L.M., Susokolov A.A. Ethnosociology. - M., 1999.
2. Bromley Yu., Podolny R. Mankind is nations. - M., 1990.
3. public service Russian Federation and international relations. - M., 1995.
4. Guboglo M.N. Modern ethno-linguistic processes in the USSR. - M.,
1984.
5. Peoples of the world. Historical and ethnographic reference book. - M., 1988.
6. Peoples of Russia. Encyclopedia. - M., 1994.
7. Tavadov G.T. Ethnology. Dictionary reference. - M., 1998.
8. What you need to know about the peoples of Russia. - M., 1999.
9. Yuriev S.S. Legal status national minorities. - M., 2000.
The significance of the Russian language is determined by the role that the Russian people have played and are playing in the history of mankind - the creator and bearer of this language.
The Russian language is the single language of the Russian nation, but at the same time it is also the language of interethnic and international communication. This language is used in communication among themselves by numerous peoples inhabiting Russia: it is easier for a Tatar and an Ossetian, a Yakut and a Kabardian to agree with each other using the Russian language, which in this case serves as a means of interethnic communication.
In addition, on the territory of Russia, the Russian language is the language of all types of official communication - office work, legislation, administrative management, legal proceedings, etc. It is the language of science, education, the language of the media. Without infringing on the rights of the national languages of those peoples who inhabit Russia, the Russian language is a means of communication that makes it easier for a person to establish social and interpersonal contacts in various fields of activity and in everyday life.
Russian is studied as a foreign language in many countries of the world. It is one of the working languages in a number of international organizations and institutions, in particular in the United Nations.
The Russian language is the language of the richest fiction, whose global significance is exceptionally great.
Russian writers about the wealth and beauty of the Russian language.
The Russian language is one of the most remarkable languages in the world in terms of the variety of grammatical forms and the richness of its vocabulary. He has always been the pride of Russian writers who loved their people and their homeland. “The people who have such a language are a great people,” said I. S. Turgenev, one of the finest connoisseurs of the Russian word.
M. V. Lomonosov found in the Russian language “the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian” and, in addition, “the richness and brevity of Greek and Latin". Proving to his contemporaries the complete suitability of the Russian language for science, philosophy and fiction, M. V. Lomonosov drew their attention to its exceptional richness: in the structure of the world and in human conversations, we have decent and expressive speeches ... Whoever sometimes deepens further in it (the Russian language), using the general philosophical concept of the human word as a leader, will see an immensely wide field or, better to say, barely limits having a sea."
A. S. Pushkin characterized the Russian language as a language "flexible and powerful in its turns and means ...", "receptive and sociable in its relationship to foreign languages ...". The great Russian poet highly valued folk Russian speech, its “freshness, simplicity and, so to speak, sincerity of expressions” and saw the main advantage of the Russian literary language in its proximity to the folk language.
N. G. Chernyshevsky in his article “On word production in the Russian language” (1854) came to the conclusion “about the decisive superiority of the Russian language over other European languages in terms of the richness and diversity of word production,” i.e., methods and methods of word formation. A. M. Gorky also spoke about the wealth of the Russian language: “The Russian language is inexhaustibly rich and everything is enriched with amazing speed ...”
Sections of the course of the Russian language.
The following sections of linguistics introduce us to different aspects of the Russian language:
Phonetics (Greek. phōnētikē from phōnē- sound) is the study of the sound structure of a language. One of the practical applications of phonetics is orph o ep and ya (Greek. orthos- correct and epos- word) is the science of correct pronunciation.
Phonics is also closely related to phonetics - the doctrine of the representation of speech sounds by letters (from the Greek. graphō- writing).
Word formation is the science of the ways and means of forming new words, as well as the structure (composition) of existing words.
G r a m m a t i k a (Greek. grammatikē) - the science of language structure. It consists of two sections: morphology and syntax.
M o rf o l o g y (morphē- the form, logos- doctrine) - a section of grammar that studies inflection and grammatical categories of words (parts of speech) available in a given language.
S and n t a k s and s (Greek. syntaxis- compilation) - a section of grammar that studies sentences and combinations of words in a sentence.
On the basis of grammar, Russian spelling and punctuation were developed.
O r f o gr a f i i (Greek. orthos- correct and grapho- I write) - a set of spelling rules.
P u n k t u a c and i (lat. punctum- point) - a set of rules for the use of punctuation marks.
L e x i k o l o g and - (Greek. lexis- word and logos- doctrine) - the doctrine of the vocabulary of the language and phraseology (Greek. phrase- expression) - the doctrine of stable expressions used in a given language.
Stylistics - the doctrine of the means of linguistic expressiveness and the conditions for their use in speech - and the culture of speech - a section of linguistics that studies the practical implementation in speech of the norms of the literary language.
LEXICOLOGY AND PHRASEOLOGY
subject of lexicology.
Lexica is a set of words of a particular language. The science that studies the vocabulary of a language, establishes the meanings of words and their use in speech, is called lexicology.
The vocabulary of the Russian language has several, tens of thousands of words. Naturally, each of the speakers of Russian does not own all this huge dictionary, but only a part of it. With the rest of the words, he may be familiar, he may guess from the context of their use what they mean, but not use them in his speech.
The words that a person uses in his speech practice, oral and written, make up his active vocabulary. Words that a native speaker does not use in his speech practice, but which are known to him from books, print, other people's speech, etc., constitute a person's passive vocabulary.
The richer and more varied the vocabulary of a person, the easier it is for him to use the language. The enrichment of the individual vocabulary goes through the book, through the means of mass communication (radio, television, print), through the development of cultural values accumulated by mankind. Already in primary school in the study of the Russian language, an important place is occupied by the work on the development of lexical literacy of students, on their assimilation of new categories of words, the acquisition of skills of etching and appropriate use of words in speech.
Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is called the language through which they overcome the language barrier between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The exit of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of the status of an international one is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of becoming a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of the language also depend on the characteristics of the development of society. However, only social factors, no matter how favorable they may be, are not able to put forward this or that language as an interethnic one, if it lacks the necessary proper language tools. Rus. a language that belongs to the number of widely spoken languages of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the language needs of not only Russians, but also people of other ethnic origins living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, a developed system of functional styles, and the ability to reflect the diversity of the surrounding world. Rus. the language can be used in all spheres of public life, the most diverse information is transmitted through the second language, the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; in Russian language, world-famous artistic, scientific and technical literature has been created.
Maximum completeness of public functions, relative monolithic Rus. language (the obligatory observance of the norms of the lit. language for all its speakers), writing, containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that has been created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century, about a third of of the entire number of printed materials in the world) - all this ensured a high degree of communicative and informational value of Russian. language. Its role in the transformation of Russian. ethno-linguistic factors also played a role in the means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of formation grew. Statehood Russians were the most numerous nation, the language of which was spread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russia. Population censuses in 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Ros. empire in Russian the language was spoken by two-thirds, or ca. 86 million people According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, in the USSR out of 285.7 million. person ok. 145 million - Russians, Russian. 232.4 million people spoke the language. Linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They testify only to the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as to the existence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, linguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.
In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages in order to overcome the language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions for the joint activities of representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. The language of interethnic communication common to all provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the possibility of constant and varied contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. Promotion, formation and functioning of Rus. languages as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of the development of society. The use of Russian language as a non-native to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocod has more than one century, therefore, in the history of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication can be conditionally divided into three periods, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - before the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Ros. Empire; the second period - to the end. 80s in the USSR; the third period - from the beginning. 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. 11beginning of the spread of Russian. language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and annalistic information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; this process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion grew. states, when Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Ros. Russian empires. the language was state. language.
Reliable data on knowledge of Russian. non-Russian language population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia con. 19 - beg. 20th century no. However, the ratio of the volume of the functional load Rus. language as a state language and other national languages in various fields, data on the study of Rus. language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions in certain regions of the state, written testimonies of contemporaries and some other materials confirm the use of Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in it in most cases was low. The second period is characterized by features that are due to changes in the national language policy in the USSR at different stages of its existence. After 1917, compulsory state registration was abolished in the country. language. In 1919, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR" was adopted, in accordance with the Crimea "the entire population ... aged from 8 to 50 years old, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language at will" .
Initially Russian. the language was not a compulsory subject in schools with a national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively promoted by cultural, educational, economic, and sociopolitical transformations in the country. However, existing in the 20-30s. the rate of distribution of Russian. language in the middle of Russian. the population of the country did not satisfy the needs of a centralized state in a common language of interethnic communication for all citizens. In 1938, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the compulsory study of the Russian language in the schools of the national republics and regions." There is no direct indication in the resolution of the privileged position of the Rus. language, the nose of its practical implementation in the regions gradually began to limit the scope of the functioning of some native languages of the citizens of the USSR. Since 1970, the materials of the All-Union population censuses contain data on the number of non-Russians. nationality, fluent in Russian. language as a second (non-native) language. Between 1970 and 1989 this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million; in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of non-Russian persons. nationality, fluent in Russian. language, amounted to 87.5 million people.
From Ser. 80s, when the Russian. the language continued to perform the function of the language of interethnic communication, the attitude towards Russian. the language in this capacity began to change, which was a natural result of the costs of the national language policy pursued in the USSR from the end. 30s, as well as a consequence of certain socio-political processes in the country. Some politicians began to call the Russian language “the imperial language”, “the language of totalitarianism”, “the language of the occupiers”; in the resolutions of some conferences on national language problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been characterized as "politically popular" and "scientifically untenable". During this period, the officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian began in the former union and autonomous republics. language as a means of interethnic communication, a significant reduction in the number of hours devoted to the study of Russian. language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject “Russian. language” from school and university programs. However, conducted in the early 90s. sociolinguistic research in Russia. republics and a number of CIS countries testify to the recognition for the most part society of the fact that in modern stage to solve the problem of interethnic communication without Russian. language is difficult.
A feature of the third period is the functioning of the Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication not only in the Russian Federation. but also in the group of sovereign states. In the Russian Federation, according to the 1989 census, out of 147 million people, approx. 120 million people are Russian, more than 50% are non-Russian. The population of the country is fluent in Russian. language as a second. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) | and the "Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the RSFSR" (1991)] Rus. language is state. language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. The constitution provides that the functioning of the Russian. language as a state and international language should not hinder the development of other languages of the peoples of Russia. Spheres of application rus. language as a state and international language is subject to legal regulation; at the same time, no legal norms for the use of Russian are established. Language in interpersonal informal relationships, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations and organizations. Rus. language as state the language of the Russian Federation performs numerous diverse functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia. All R. 90s 20th century Russian the language retains its position as the language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to a number of objective circumstances, as well as in view of the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries. The materials of the 1989 census show that 63.8 million people are non-Russian. population of the former Soviet republics of the USSR (except for the RSFSR) speak Russian. language as a mother tongue or as a second language. Linguistic aspects of the study of Russian. languages as a means of interethnic communication are characterized by certain specifics. Expanding the ethnic base of users Rus. language as non-native, the functioning of Russian. language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it. According to some scientists (N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova), the totality of such features, which are not the same in different regions of the existence of Rus. Language as a means of interethnic communication, contributes to the formation of national (in other terminology - regional) variants of Russian. language.
Other scientists (V. V. Ivanov, N. G. Mikhailovskaya) believe that meeting the needs of interethnic communication is one of the functions of Russian. lit. language, the violation of the norms of which by foreign users is due to interference (see). There is also a point of view (T. Yu. Poznyakova), according to which the language of interethnic communication is a functional variety of Russian. language, the distinguishing feature of which is the specialization of grammatical and lexical means of Russian adapted to the conditions of interethnic communication. lit. language: an increase in the number of analytical structures for expressing grammatical meanings, the frequency and stability of the use of syntactic models for expressing the category of gender, etc. In the language of interethnic communication there is a selection and consolidation of morphological forms and syntactic constructions, lexical units, evaluated primarily as communicatively significant and sufficient. Studying Russian. language in terms various types national-Russian bilingualism confirms the presence of a number of common specific features in the language of interethnic communication, regardless of the region of its existence. However, in Russian In the language of non-Russians, linguists also noted such features that are characterized as purely regional, not represented in other foreign-speaking regions. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the regional variation of non-native Russian. Speeches (not native Russian speech - a set of texts, both written and oral, produced by people for whom Russian is not their native language). However, the maximum permissible qualitative and quantitative levels of regional variation remain unknown, allowing to qualify the language of interethnic communication as precisely Russian. language, and not some pidgin-mixed language resulting from the interaction of languages (in a pidgin, the grammar of one language is often represented, and the vocabulary of another). Identification of the essential linguistic characteristics of Rus. The language as a means of interethnic communication is connected with the study of its different levels, the study of the results and forms of interlingual contacts, the consideration of the processes of interaction between the language of interethnic communication and national languages in the context of specific typical and multilingualism, the areal characteristics of Russian. speeches of non-Russians but in relation to Cruz. lit. language. The results of such studies are important for practical actions to optimize the learning process Rus. language as a non-native language in the amount that provides the communicative competence of users.
Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is called the language, through which they overcome the language barrier between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The exit of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of the status of an international one is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of becoming a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of the language also depend on the characteristics of the development of society. However, only social factors, no matter how favorable they may be, are not able to put forward this or that language as an interethnic one, if it lacks the necessary linguistic means proper. Rus. a language that belongs to the number of widely spoken languages of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the language needs of not only Russians, but also people of other ethnic origins living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, a developed system of functional styles, and the ability to reflect the diversity of the surrounding world. Rus. the language can be used in all spheres of public life, the most diverse information is transmitted through the second language, the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; in Russian language, a world-renowned artistic, scientific and technical literature was created.
Maximum completeness of public functions, relative monolithic Rus. language (the obligatory observance of the norms of the lit. language for all its speakers), writing, containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that has been created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century, about a third of artistic and scientific-technical literature from the total number of printed materials in the world) - all this ensured a high degree of communicative and informational value of Russian. language. Its role in the transformation of Russian. ethno-linguistic factors also played a role in the means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of formation grew. statehood, Russians were the most numerous nation, the language of which was spread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russia. population census in 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Ros. empire in Russian the language was spoken by two-thirds, or ca. 86 million people According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, out of 285.7 million people in the USSR, approx. 145 million - Russians, Russian. 232.4 million people spoke the language. Linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They testify only to the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as to the existence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.
In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages in order to overcome the language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions for the joint activities of representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. The language of interethnic communication common to all provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the possibility of constant and varied contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. Promotion, formation and functioning of Rus. languages as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of the development of society. The use of Russian language as a non-native to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocod has more than one century, therefore, in the history of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication can be conditionally divided into three periods, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - before the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Ros. empires; the second period - to the end. 80s in the USSR; the third period - from the beginning. 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. 11beginning of the spread of Russian. language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and annalistic information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; this process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion grew. states, when Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Ros. Russian empires. the language was state. language.
Reliable statistical data on knowledge of Russian. non-Russian language population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia con. 19 - beg. 20th century no. However, the ratio of the volume of the functional load Rus. language as a state language and other national languages in various fields, data on the study of Rus. language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions in certain regions of the state, written testimonies of contemporaries and some other materials confirm the use of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in it in most cases was low. The second period is characterized by features that are due to changes in the national language policy in the USSR at different stages of its existence. After 1917, compulsory state registration was abolished in the country. language. In 1919, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR" was adopted, in accordance with the Crimea, "the entire population ... aged from 8 to 50 years old, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language optional".
Initially Russian. the language was not a compulsory subject in schools with a national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively promoted by cultural, educational, economic, and sociopolitical transformations in the country. However, existing in the 20-30s. the rate of distribution of Russian. language among non-Russians. the population of the country did not satisfy the needs of a centralized state in a common language of interethnic communication for all citizens. In 1938, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the compulsory study of the Russian language in the schools of the national republics and regions." There is no direct indication in the resolution of the privileged position of the Rus. language, but with its practical implementation in the regions, the limitation of the spheres of functioning of some native languages of citizens of the USSR gradually began. Since 1970, the materials of the All-Union population censuses contain data on the number of non-Russians. nationality, fluent in Russian. language as a second (non-native) language. Between 1970 and 1989 this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million; in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of non-Russian persons. nationality, fluent in Russian. language, amounted to 87.5 million people.
From Ser. 80s, when the Russian. the language continued to perform the function of the language of interethnic communication, the attitude towards Russian. the language in this capacity began to change, which was a natural result of the costs of the national language policy pursued in the USSR from the end. 30s, as well as a consequence of certain socio-political processes in the country. Rus. some politicians began to call the language “imperial language”, “the language of totalitarianism”, “the language of the occupiers”; in the resolutions of some conferences on national language problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been characterized as "politically harmful" and "scientifically untenable". During this period, the officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian began in the former union and autonomous republics. language as a means of interethnic communication, a significant reduction in the number of hours devoted to the study of Russian. language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject “Russian. language” from school and university programs. However, conducted in the early 90s sociolinguistic research in Russia. republics and a number of CIS countries testify to the recognition by the majority of society of the fact that in modern. stage to solve the problem of interethnic communication without Russian. language is difficult.
A feature of the third period is the functioning of the Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication not only in the Russian Federation. but also in the group of sovereign states. In the Russian Federation, according to the 1989 census, out of 147 million people, approx. 120 million people are Russian, more than 50% are non-Russian. The population of the country is fluent in Russian. language as a second. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) | and the "Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the RSFSR" (1991)] Rus. language is state. language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. The constitution provides that the functioning of the Russian. language as a state and international language should not hinder the development of other languages of the peoples of Russia. Spheres of application rus. language as a state and international language are subject to legal regulation; at the same time, legal norms for the use of Russian are not established. language in interpersonal informal relationships, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations and organizations. Rus. language as state the language of the Russian Federation performs numerous and diverse functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia. All R. 90s 20th century Russian the language retains its position as the language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to a number of objective circumstances, as well as in view of the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries. The materials of the 1989 census show that 63.8 million people are non-Russian. population of the former Soviet republics of the USSR (except for the RSFSR) speak Russian. language as a mother tongue or as a second language. Linguistic aspects of the study of Russian. languages as a means of interethnic communication are characterized by certain specifics. Expanding the ethnic base of users Rus. language as non-native, the functioning of Russian. language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it. According to some scientists (N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova), the totality of such features, which are not the same in different regions of the existence of Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication, contributes to the formation of national (in other terminology - regional) variants of Russian. language.
Other scientists (V. V. Ivanov, N. G. Mikhailovskaya) believe that meeting the needs of interethnic communication is one of the functions of Russian. lit. language, violation of norms to-rogo by foreign-language users is caused by an interference (see). There is also a point of view (T. Yu. Poznyakova), according to which the language of interethnic communication is a functional variety of Russian. language, a distinctive feature of which is the specialization of grammatical and lexical means of Russian adapted to the conditions of interethnic communication. lit. language: an increase in the number of analytical structures for expressing grammatical meanings, the frequency and stability of the use of syntactic models for expressing the category of gender, etc. In the language of interethnic communication, the selection and consolidation of morphological forms and syntactic meaningful and sufficient. Studying Russian. language in terms of various types of national-Russian. bilingualism confirms the presence of a number of common specific features in the language of interethnic communication, regardless of the region of its existence. However, in Russian In the language of non-Russians, linguists have also noted such features, which are characterized as purely regional, not represented in other foreign-speaking regions. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the regional variation of non-native Rus. speech (non-original Russian speech - a set of texts, both written and oral, produced by people for whom Russian is not a native language). However, the maximum permissible qualitative and quantitative levels of regional variation remain unknown, allowing to qualify the language of interethnic communication as precisely Russian. language, and not a certain pidgin - a mixed language resulting from the interaction of languages (in a pidgin, the grammar of one language is often represented, and the vocabulary of another). Identification of the essential linguistic characteristics of Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication is associated with the study of its different levels, the study of the results and forms of interlingual contacts, the consideration of the processes of interaction between the language of interethnic communication and national languages in the context of specific types of bilingual and multilingualism, the areal characteristics of Russian. speeches of non-Russians but in relation to Russian. lit. language. The results of such studies are important for practical actions to optimize the learning process Rus. language as a non-native language in the amount that provides the communicative competence of users.
