Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a consumer waste generated as a result of household activities of the population. They consist of products and materials unsuitable for further use in everyday life.

This is waste that accumulates in housing stock, institutions, public enterprises (schools, entertainment and children's institutions, hotels, canteens, etc.).

Solid household waste, taken into account by the accumulation rate, includes waste generated in residential buildings, including waste from the current repair of apartments, waste products of combustion in local heating devices, estimates, fallen leaves collected from courtyards and large-sized household items.

The composition and volume of household waste is extremely diverse and depends not only on the country and locality, but also on the season and many other factors. The volumes of household waste for some countries are shown in the table. Paper and cardboard make up the most significant part of MSW (up to 40% in developed countries). The second largest category in Russia is the so-called organic, incl. food waste; metal, glass and plastic each account for 7-9% of the total waste. Approximately 4% each falls on wood, textiles, rubber, etc. The amount of municipal waste in Russia is increasing, and its composition, especially in large cities, is approaching the composition of MSW in Western countries with a relatively large share of paper waste and plastic.

The modern period of development of production is characterized by an increasing volume and variety of final and intermediate products, an increase in the volume of natural resources involved in production activities, an increase in the amount and variety of waste discharged into the environment.

The volume of mining in our country almost doubles every 10 years, but at the same time, no more than 5% of the extracted raw materials go into finished products, while the overall coefficient of human economic activity is 1-2%. The rest of the mass - 95% in the form of waste is returned to natural environment by polluting it.

In Russia alone, 4.5 billion tons of production and consumption waste are annually stored on the surface of the earth. The total amount of accumulated waste is 50 billion tons, and more than 250 thousand hectares of land are occupied for storage.

a big threat to environment and human health are toxic wastes that can contain toxic and harmful substances tens and hundreds of times more than the permissible norms. According to Academician B.N. Laskorin, their number in industrialized countries already in 1995 exceeded 30 billion tons in terms of absolutely dry weight. In the Russian Federation, 76 million tons of hazardous industrial waste are generated annually.

All this confirms the conclusions of scientists that the main reason for the negative impact on the environment is not so much the growth of production, but the lack of complex processing of minerals, as well as waste disposal.

AT different countries The system of waste disposal and recycling developed differently. The level of this system was determined by the level of household and
technological culture.

For a long period, pollution of the natural environment by domestic and industrial waste was of a local nature. The natural dispersion and chemical decomposition of the waste proved to be sufficient for natural systems to be completely freed from pollutants as a result of self-purification processes.

Until the 1970s, due to the lack of effective means of industrial waste disposal, methods of storing them in city dumps along with household waste or in specialized landfills that had a primitive arrangement were widespread, which causes environmental pollution.

The problem of increasing the use of production waste lies not only in its negative impact on the environment, but also in its potential value as a possible raw material.

To determine the efficiency of waste disposal and the capital investments required for this in order to plan their integrated use, the classification of solid waste is of particular importance.

Solid waste includes lumpy, dusty, pasty waste generated in the process of production and consumption, as well as waste captured by treatment facilities during emissions into the atmosphere and discharges into water bodies. This also includes liquid waste prohibited from being accepted into the sewerage network and to treatment facilities.

Generalization and analysis of literature data show that at present the classification of industrial waste is based on their systematization by industry. Each industry has its own classification of waste, which creates difficulties for their integrated management.

For practical purposes, most often they use the classification of waste at the place of their formation, while highlighting waste and secondary resources. Since waste is generated as a result of production activities and during their consumption, they are, respectively, divided into production and consumption waste.

Production wastes are the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, chemical compounds formed during the production of products or the performance of work and which have lost their original properties in whole or in part.

Consumption waste - products and materials that have lost their consumer properties in whole or in part as a result of physical or moral wear and tear and human activity.

Among the classification features, the degree of impact of waste on the environment is important. Harmful (toxic) waste includes waste that has a harmful effect on the environment, pollutes, poisons and destroys it, creating a danger to living organisms.

Toxic waste is waste containing or contaminated with materials of such a nature, in such quantities or in such concentrations that they pose a risk to human health and the natural environment.

According to GOST 12.1.0007-76 "Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements", all toxic wastes are divided into four hazard classes.

The presence of mercury, potassium chromate, antimony trichloride, benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic oxide and other highly toxic substances in the waste allows them to be classified as the first hazard class.

The presence of copper chloride, nickel chloride, lead nitrate and other toxic substances in the waste gives grounds to refer these wastes to the second hazard class.

The presence of copper sulphate, lead oxide, carbon tetrachloride and other substances in the waste makes it possible to attribute them to the third hazard class.

The presence of manganese sulphate, zinc sulphate, zinc chloride in the waste gives grounds to attribute them to the fourth hazard class.

According to the possibility of use, production and consumption wastes can be divided, on the one hand, into secondary material resources that are already being processed or which are planned to be processed, and, on the other hand, into wastes that are inexpedient to be processed at this stage of economic development and which inevitably form irretrievable losses. .

Secondary material resources are production and consumption wastes that can currently be used in the national economy.

Secondary material resources are classified according to two criteria: the source of education and the direction of use. Wastes characterized by close physical and chemical properties, making it possible to use them in the same directions, can be classified according to the main types (groups). For example, the group "Waste plastics and polymers" includes nylon, caprolactam, lavsan, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene film, polypropylene, polystyrene, artificial leather waste. The group "Wood waste" includes waste from harvesting and processing wood (boughs, branches, stumps, roots, bark, sawdust, shavings, trimmings).

The enlarged classification of secondary material resources subdivides waste into 28 groups, which provides data for the development and organizational and methodological measures to involve them in the sphere of material production.

Among consumer waste, as a rule, housing and communal waste is distinguished, where a significant part is municipal solid waste (MSW).

MSW includes waste from economic activities of the population (cooking, cleaning and repairing apartments), including waste from local heating devices, large-sized household items, packaging, estimates, fallen leaves.

Solid waste is generated in residential buildings, institutions, organizations, public enterprises (catering, trade, utilities, consumer services, culture, sports, recreation, hotels, stations, marinas, educational institutions), in places of mass recreation, on the streets and courtyards.

Any classification of waste, no matter what criteria it is made, should provide the data necessary for the development of organizational and technical measures to reduce the amount of waste and their disposal.

At present, more than 20 methods of neutralization and processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) are known in the world. According to the ultimate goal, they are divided into liquidation and disposal, according to the technological principle into biological, chemical, thermal and mechanical. The main trends in the elimination and processing of solid waste are: storage in landfills and landfills - 66%, incineration - 30%, composting - 3%, chemical methods - 1%.

The following factors influence the total accumulation of MSW:

degree of improvement of buildings / availability of garbage chutes, heating systems, thermal energy for cooking, water supply and sewerage);

network development Catering and household services;

the level of production of consumer goods and the culture of trade;

the level of coverage of communal cleaning of cultural and household and public organizations;

climatic conditions.

According to the latest data, MSW production fluctuates between 0.5 and 1.2 kilograms per person per day.

AT this moment The most common way to dispose of MSW is in landfills. However, this simple method is accompanied by the following problems:

Excessive overflow of existing landfills due to the large volume and low density of the disposed waste. Without pre-compaction, the average density of MSW is 200-220 kg/m 3 , which reaches only 450-500 kg/m 3 after compaction using garbage trucks.

Negative factors for the environment: contamination of groundwater with leached products, the release of an unpleasant odor, scattering of waste by wind, spontaneous combustion of landfills, uncontrolled generation of methane and unaesthetic appearance are only some of the problems that concern environmentalists and cause serious objections from local authorities.

Lack of areas suitable for placement of landfills at a convenient distance from large cities. The expansion of cities is pushing polygons further and further away. This factor, combined with rising land prices, increases the cost of MSW transportation.

Inability to eliminate polygons. Despite the use of the most modern technologies, our society will always need their use for the destruction of non-convertible fractions: ash, tires, scrap metal, construction waste.

Municipal solid waste

Don't litter!

Garbage in a container

Municipal solid waste (MSW, household waste) - items or goods that have lost consumer properties, the largest part of consumer waste. MSW is also divided into garbage(biological TO) and actually household waste(non-biological TO of artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often referred to simply at the household level rubbish. Every year, the amount of garbage increases by about 3% by volume. The amount of MSW in the CIS is about 100 million tons / year, and Russia accounts for more than a quarter of this volume (according to other data for 2007 for the Russian Federation - about 63 million tons / year).

The science of garbology is engaged in the study of garbage, "garbage archeology", methods of its disposal.

Compound

Solid domestic waste is a complex heterogeneous mixture.

old tires

According to the morphological feature, MSW currently consists of the following components:

• Paper - newspapers, magazines, packaging materials
• Food and plant waste
• Various metals (non-ferrous and ferrous)
• Wood
• Leather, rubber
• Bones

Fractional composition of MSW(mass content of components passing through sieves with cells of different sizes) affects both the collection and transportation of waste, and the technology of their subsequent processing and sorting.

Chemical composition of MSW necessary to determine the quality of compost or biogas obtained during the processing of MSW.

The composition of MSW is different in different countries, cities. It depends on many factors, including the well-being of the population, climate and landscaping. The composition of garbage is significantly affected by the collection system in the city of glass containers, waste paper, etc. It can vary depending on the season and weather conditions. So in autumn there is an increase in the amount of food waste, which is associated with a large consumption of vegetables and fruits in the diet. And in winter and spring, the content of small screenings (street estimates) is reduced.

Over time, the composition of MSW changes somewhat. The share of paper and polymeric materials is increasing. And with the transition to district heating, coal and slag practically disappear in MSW.

Impact on wildlife

Waste burial, processing and disposal technologies

Separate collection

Separate collection of different categories of solid waste

History has shown that simply throwing unusable items out of the house cannot solve the problem. In the 20th century, it was necessary to move from the spontaneous creation of landfills to the design and implementation of special engineering facilities, landfills for the disposal of household waste. The project provides for minimization of environmental damage, strict observance of sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Burning

The most common method of MSW disposal is incineration followed by disposal of the resulting ash at a special landfill. The method has serious drawbacks, such as the formation of highly toxic chemical compounds, such as dioxins and furans. To neutralize them, the so-called "afterburning" is required (heating the outgoing gases to a temperature above 850 degrees and maintaining it for at least two seconds). There are quite a few waste incineration technologies - chamber, stratified, in a fluidized bed. Garbage can be burned mixed with fossil fuels. The most dangerous from an environmental point of view is low-temperature combustion in boilers.

A significant part of MSW is successfully utilized in modern furnaces of the cement industry. Existing technologies allow this operation to be carried out without reducing the quality of the finished product and without negative impact on the environment. Garbage before entering the cement plant must go through the stage of crushing and sorting. The presence of advanced systems such as By-pass and Hot Disc significantly increases the efficiency of waste disposal in modern rotary kilns.

Garbage in the forest

Garbage near summer cottages. Unauthorized dump

Disposal methods

MSW in some countries

Russia

Russia annually produces about 3.8 billion tons of all types of waste. The amount of MSW is 63 million tons/year (an average of 445 kg per person) . The composition of MSW: paper and cardboard - 35%, food waste - 41%, plastics - 3%, glass - 8%, metals - 4%, textiles and other - 9%. On average, 10% - 15% of waste is recycled. Solid household waste is recycled only by 3% - 4%, industrial by 35%. Basically, garbage is taken to landfills - there are about 11 thousand of them in Russia. About 82 billion tons of waste are buried in them.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

federal state budgetary educational institution

higher vocational education

"Russian State University

Oil and gas named after I. M. Gubkin»

Department of Industrial Ecology

Specialty: 241000

Grade _____________ (_____)

The date ________________

____________________________

teacher's signature

Coursework by discipline

"Modern problems of chemical oil and gas technologies"

On the topic: "Recycling of solid domestic waste to generate heat and electricity"

Student: Avrorov V.B.

Group:

Moscow 2015

Introduction

Human life is associated with the appearance of a huge amount of various waste. The sharp increase in consumption in recent decades has led to a significant increase in the generation of household waste.

Waste with uncontrolled placement litter and litter the natural landscape around us, are a source of harmful chemical, biological and biochemical preparations into the environment. This creates a certain threat to the health and life of the population.

The solution to the problem of waste recycling acquires for last years paramount importance.

In the context of the constant deterioration of the environmental situation, the need to ensure the highest possible harmlessness of technological processes and the safe disposal of waste is increasing.

1. Basic definitions of MSW

1.1 Definition, classification, composition of MSW

Solid household waste (MSW, household waste) objects or goods that have lost their consumer properties. MSW is also divided into waste (biological waste) and household waste proper (non-biological waste of artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often referred to as simply garbage at the household level.

According to the morphological feature, MSW currently consists of the following components:

Biological waste:

• Bones
• Food and plant waste (slop, garbage)

Synthetic waste:

• old tires

Cellulose processing:

• Paper newspapers, magazines, packaging materials
• Wood

Oil products:

• plastics
• Textile
• Leather, rubber

Various metals (non-ferrous and ferrous)

Glass

Estimates

The fractional composition of MSW (the mass content of components passing through sieves with cells of different sizes) affects both the collection and transportation of waste, and the technology of their subsequent processing and sorting. The composition of MSW is different in different countries, cities. It depends on many factors, including the well-being of the population, climate and landscaping. The composition of garbage is significantly affected by the collection system in the city of glass containers, waste paper, etc. It can vary depending on the season and weather conditions. So in autumn there is an increase in the amount of food waste, which is associated with a large consumption of vegetables and fruits in the diet. And in winter and spring, the content of small screenings (street estimates) is reduced. Over time, the composition of MSW changes somewhat. The share of paper and polymeric materials is increasing.

1.2 Amount of MSW generation

Solid domestic waste makes up the majority of all consumer waste. Every year, the amount of municipal solid waste around the world increases by 3%. In the CIS countries, 100 million tons of municipal solid waste are generated per year. And almost half of this volume falls on Russia.

The greatest problem is represented by municipal solid household waste - MSW, which make up about 8-10% of the total amount of generated waste. This is due to the complex composition of MSW and distributed sources of their formation.

In Russia, the share of the urban population is 73%, which is somewhat lower than the level of European countries. But, despite this, the concentration of solid waste in large cities of Russia has now increased dramatically, especially in cities with a population of 500 thousand people and more. The volume of waste is increasing, and the territorial possibilities for their disposal and processing are decreasing. The delivery of waste from the place of its generation to the disposal points requires more and more time and money.

Currently, in most cases, waste is simply collected for disposal in landfills, which leads to the expropriation of free land in suburban areas and limits the use of urban areas for the construction of residential buildings. Also, the joint disposal of various types of waste can lead to the formation of hazardous compounds.

According to Rosprirodnadzor, about 35-40 million tons of municipal solid waste is generated annually in Russia, and almost all of this volume is placed in landfills, authorized and unauthorized landfills, and only 4-5% is involved in processing. This is primarily due to both the lack of the necessary infrastructure and the enterprises themselves - processors, of which there are only about 400 units in the country. You should also pay attention to the fact that the number of specially equipped places for waste disposal - solid waste landfills in the country as a whole is about one and a half thousand (1399), which is several times less than even authorized landfills, which are slightly more than 7 thousand (7153). And the number of unauthorized landfills, which should be regarded as past environmental damage already accumulated over the past decades, as of August this year, exceeds the indicated figure by 2.5 times and amounts to 17.5 thousand. All of these solid waste disposal facilities occupy an area of ​​more than 150.0 thousand hectares.

1.3 Legislation in the field of solid waste

According to the "Basics public policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030”, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2012. № Pr-1102, the main directions of waste management are the prevention and reduction of waste generation, the development of infrastructure for their neutralization and the gradual introduction of a ban on the disposal of waste that has not been sorted and processed in order to ensure environmental safety during storage and disposal.

One of the main laws "On Production and Consumption Waste" dated June 24, 1998 (with the latest amendments at the beginning of this year), which establishes the basic principles of state policy in the field of waste management (with the exception of radioactive waste), the procedure for determining the ownership of them, as well as the basics of environmental control. In addition, this legal act refers the organization of activities in the field of waste management to the competence of local governments. This is also indicated by another Federal Law No. 131 “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”. Thus, the procedure for the collection of solid waste, places for their sorting and disposal, sanitary standards and improvement rules are determined by local authorities.

A significant part of the regulatory framework governing this area is made up of such laws as: the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" (dated January 10, 2002), the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" (dated May 4, 1999), the Federal Law "On Sanitary the epidemiological well-being of the population” (dated March 30, 1999), the Land Code of the Russian Federation and others.

As well as numerous guidelines, SanPiNs, SP and SNiPs (for example, SP 31-108-2002 "Garbage chutes of residential and public buildings and structures"; SanPiN 2.1.7.1322-03 "Hygienic requirements for the placement and disposal of production and consumption waste", etc.).

The current situation in the Russian Federation in the field of generation, use, disposal, storage and disposal of waste leads to dangerous environmental pollution, irrational use of natural resources, significant economic damage and poses a real threat to the health of present and future generations of the country.

2. Recycling of solid waste

2.1 MSW collection

Sanitary cleaning of residential areas and microdistricts from solid household waste is a set of measures for their collection, removal, neutralization and disposal.

Cleaning residential areas from solid waste consists of various operations. So far, there has not been a unified system, and there is a fairly large variety of different methods and methods for collecting, removing and neutralizing solid waste.

Basically, two methods of collection are accepted unitary and separate. With a unitary method, all waste is collected in a single bin, with a separate MSW is collected by type of waste (glass, paper, non-ferrous metal, food waste, etc.) in different bins. This scheme requires special Vehicle for the removal of collected solid waste, but allows you to collect raw materials for recycling, food waste, significantly reduces the amount of waste that requires disposal.

Yard collectors and containers are installed in microdistricts on special sites, which are placed on utility yards, on the side of the end walls of buildings or between buildings, but with mandatory fencing with green spaces or low walls. Garbage bin sites and pavilions should be placed among residential areas in such a way as to create maximum convenience for residents when using garbage bins, provide convenient access for transport that takes out garbage, eliminate the possibility of soil and air pollution, and ensure compliance with modern aesthetic requirements.

One of the areas of waste management is the separate collection and processing of secondary raw materials into products suitable for use.

The system of separate collection of waste and secondary raw materials will solve the problem of waste disposal, attract small businesses to this area of ​​activity and improve the efficiency of sanitary cleaning of the city. This is the most effective solution to the problem of reducing the amount of waste sent to the landfill. In order to improve the efficiency of the system for collecting and processing secondary raw materials, work is needed to create modern processing technologies for the production of competitive products. The system of separate collection and processing should be a well-managed structure, operating on an ongoing basis, applying modern methods of regulation and control.

Separation of waste into fractions (separate storage) is the most acceptable option for waste disposal. In this case, recycling costs are significantly reduced, and unused residues do not exceed 15% of the total mass (European practice).

Solid domestic waste is removed to a specially equipped site solid domestic waste landfill, waste processing or waste incineration plant. With all enterprises utilizing, processing or burying household waste, a specialized company specializing in the collection and transportation of waste must conclude an agreement. Only in this case its activity will be legal.

2.2 Types of processing

Recycling reuse or return to circulation of production waste or garbage. The most common secondary, tertiary, etc. processing on one scale or another of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, textiles and different kinds plastic. Also, organic agricultural and household waste has been used in agriculture since ancient times.

The main types of waste management include:

Waste storage - the content of waste in waste disposal facilities for the purpose of their subsequent burial, neutralization and use;

Waste disposal - isolation of waste not subject to further use in special storage facilities in order to prevent the ingress of harmful substances into the environment;

Waste disposal - waste treatment, including their incineration and disinfection at specialized facilities, in order to prevent the harmful effects of waste on human health and the natural environment.

Use of waste - the use of waste for the production of goods (products), the performance of work, the provision of services and for the generation of electricity;

Waste disposal facility - a specially equipped facility designed for waste disposal (landfill, sludge storage, rock dump, etc.).

2.2.1 Waste disposal

The choice of a site for a solid waste landfill is carried out on the basis of the functional zoning of the territory and urban planning decisions; the latter are carried out in accordance with SNiP. Landfills are located outside the residential area and in isolated areas with the provision of the size of the sanitary protection zone.

The MSW landfill is a complex of environmental structures designed for storage, isolation and neutralization of municipal solid waste, providing protection against pollution of the atmosphere, soil, surface and ground water, preventing the spread of rodents, insects and pathogens. Waste from residential buildings, public buildings and institutions, trade enterprises, public catering, street, garden and park estimates, construction waste and some types of solid industrial waste of III-IV hazard class are placed at solid waste storage sites.

Typically, a landfill is built where clay and heavy loam can serve as a base. If this is not possible, a waterproof base is provided, which results in significant additional costs. The area of ​​the land plot is selected with the condition of its service life (15-20 years) and, depending on the volume of disposed waste, can reach 40-200 hectares. The height of waste storage is 12-60 m.

The landfill for municipal solid waste generally consists of the following parts:

Access road for delivery of solid waste and reverse movement of empty garbage trucks;

Economic zone intended for organizing the operation of the landfill;

Solid waste storage area, where waste is placed and buried; the storage area is connected to the economic zone by a temporary on-site road;

Power supply line from external electrical networks.

Landfills can be low-load (2-6 t/m²) and high-load (10-20 t/m²). The annual amount of waste received can range from 10 thousand to 3 million m³. The technology of MSW storage at landfills provides for the installation of waterproof screens to protect groundwater and daily external insulation to protect the atmosphere, soil, and adjacent territories. All work on storage, compaction and isolation of MSW at landfills is carried out mechanized.

The organization of work at the landfill is determined by the technological scheme for the operation of the landfill, developed as part of the project. The main work planning document is the operation schedule drawn up for a year. It is planned monthly: the number of accepted solid waste, indicating N cards on which waste is stored, the development of soil for solid waste isolation. The organization of work at the landfill should ensure environmental protection, maximum productivity of mechanization equipment and safety precautions.

Post-cultivation use of landfill sites is possible in various areas - forestry, recreational (ski hills, stadiums, sports grounds), civil engineering, commercial or industrial creation. The nature of such use and the cost of remediation should be taken into account at the design stage of the landfill.

2.2.2 Waste treatment

thermal methods.Thermal waste disposal methods include incineration and pyrolysis.

Garbage incineration is one of the fastest and radical methods for the neutralization of municipal solid waste. It is carried out in special destructor furnaces at a temperature of 9001000°C, at which almost all organic solid, liquid and gaseous compounds are destroyed. Wastes with humidity up to 60%, ash content up to 60% and content of combustible components (organic substances) over 20% burn without adding fuel. In addition, due to the significant heat-generating capacity (48 MJ / kg) of waste, in the process of their incineration, energy is generated that can be used in the national economy.

At the same time, in the process of waste incineration, it becomes necessary to store solid products of incomplete combustion (slag and ash) and clean up emissions into the atmospheric air. On average, as a result of burning 1 ton of municipal solid waste, almost 300 kg of slag and 6000 m 3 flue gases, of which 30 kg of ash is retained at the treatment plant. Slag and ash contain a significant amount of silicon (up to 65%), alkali and alkaline earth metals, aluminum, iron, lead, zinc, etc. In addition, ash may contain dioxins - polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. These substances (there may be more than 210, depending on the number of chlorine atoms and their placement in the molecule) have a carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic effect, depress the immune system, are able to pass through the placenta, and accumulate in breast milk. The most toxic and dangerous to human health is 2,3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. These substances are also dangerous because of their extreme stability in the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to store ash in the same way as toxic industrial waste, that is, at special landfills. The slag can be deposited in improved landfills or even used, for example, in construction to improve terrain. It is positive that the area for storage of slag and ash is 20 times less than for landfills for municipal solid waste.

Flue gases generated during waste incineration contain, in addition to ash (210 g/m3), carbon dioxide CO2 (15%), carbon oxide CO (0.05%), sulfur dioxide (S0 2 ), nitrogen oxides, HCl, HF, as well as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. During the incineration of 1 ton of waste, 5 µg of dioxins can be formed, most of which is associated with ash, and a smaller part remains in the flue gases. Dioxins can be contained both in the actual waste and formed in the process of cooling the flue gases after the incineration of waste. During incineration at a temperature of 1000 ° C, the dioxins contained in the waste are destroyed. But when flue gases are cooled to 250350 °C, they can be formed from organic carbon and chlorides in the presence of water vapor and copper ions. Therefore, it is mandatory to clean flue gases before they are released into the atmospheric air. To retain ash, electrostatic precipitators and bag filters are used, which make it possible to reduce the concentration of ash in emissions from 200010,000 to 1050 mg/m 3 . For gas cleaning, dry and wet methods are used, the efficiency of which averages almost 70 and 90%, respectively.

Waste incinerators should be located at least 300 m from residential areas. Large-capacity furnaces and related structures (for loading garbage, mixing it, cleaning emissions into the air, etc.) are called waste incinerators or factories.

Thus, the neutralization of municipal solid waste at incineration plants, subject to sanitary and hygienic requirements for their equipment and operation, has a hygienic, epidemiological and economic advantage, which consists in the fact that the neutralization occurs radically and quickly. There is no need to remove garbage far outside the city, i.e., transportation costs are reduced, large land plots are not required, heat, steam and slag can be used. This is the reason for the widespread use of waste incineration in the world.

Pyrolysis. The process of pyrolysis of municipal solid waste is carried out in high-temperature reactors at a temperature of almost 1640 °C under conditions of oxygen deficiency and does not require their preliminary preparation. High temperature ensures the destruction of almost all complex organic substances, their transformation into simple combustible (combustible gas, oil-like oils) or non-combustible (slag) compounds. During the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste, there are no emissions into the environment. This method of waste disposal is very promising from a hygienic and economic point of view.

Chemical methods.Chemical methods for the disposal of municipal solid waste include their hydrolysis in the presence of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid at high temperature in order to obtain ethyl alcohol, vitamins of group B, PP, D and other important products. In addition, hydrolysis plant waste can be used in the form of biofuels and organic fertilizers. When these fertilizers are applied to the fields of the chernozem zone, the yield of potatoes becomes 2 times higher compared to fields treated with other composts. The hydrolysis method provides a waste-free production technology while meeting the requirements for sanitary environmental protection.

Mechanical Methods. Mechanical methods for the disposal of solid waste include the manufacture of various blocks (large-volume briquettes, building materials) by pressing them and using special binders. Currently, the mechanical separation of household waste is one of the main previous operations for the complete disposal and actual disposal of waste.

2.2.3 Recycling waste

MSW should be considered as technogenic formations that can be characterized as a kind of carriers containing practically free components of various metals and other materials suitable for use in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, the construction industry, in the chemical industry, energy, agriculture and forestry, etc. d. .

The main directions for the use of recyclables are presented in table 1.

Table 1. Main uses of recyclables

Waste type	Products
waste paper	Paper, cardboard, soft roofing materials, thermal insulation materials, fiber boards, facing tiles
Wood	Chipboard, fiberboard, wood chips, fuel briquettes, activated carbon, wood-polymer boards
Worn tires	Rubber crumb to replace primary raw materials, roofing materials, technical products, added to asphalt concrete mixes when laying roads, slabs for speed bumps, rubber mats
Textile	Tow, wadding, flooring materials, fibers, regenerated wool, heat and sound insulation boards
Polymers	Polymer film, furniture fittings, skirting boards, corners, polymer utensils (buckets, canisters, glasses, etc.)
Mercury lamps	Mercury concentrate, non-toxic compounds (mercury sulfide) for subsequent disposal
Scrap metal	Non-ferrous metals (aluminum, copper, zinc), ferrous metals (steel, cast iron)

Consider some types of processing.

Most metals are expediently recycled. Unnecessary or damaged items, the so-called scrap metal, are handed over to recycling centers for subsequent remelting. The processing of non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminum, tin), common technical alloys and some ferrous metals (cast iron) is especially beneficial.

Steel and aluminum cans are smelted to obtain the corresponding metal. At the same time, smelting aluminum from soft drink cans requires only 5% of the energy required to produce the same amount of aluminum from ore, and is one of the most profitable types of recycling.

Processors, microcircuits and other radio components are recycled - precious metals are extracted from them (the main target component is gold). Radio components are first sorted by size, then crushed and immersed in aqua regia, as a result of which all metals go into solution. From the solution, gold is precipitated by certain displacers and reducing agents, other metals - by separation. Sometimes, after crushing, radio components are annealed.

paper waste various types For many decades, it has been used, along with conventional cellulose, for the manufacture of pulp, a raw material for paper. Mixed or low quality paper waste can be used to make toilet or wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for the production of high-quality paper from high-quality waste (off-cuts from printing houses, used paper for copiers and laser printers, etc.). Paper waste can also be used in construction for the production of thermal insulation materials and in agriculture instead of straw on farms.

Plastics recycling can be seen in the example of PET.

Existing methods processing waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be divided into two main groups: mechanical and physico-chemical.

The main mechanical method of recycling PET waste is shredding, which is subjected to substandard tape, molding waste, partially drawn or undrawn fibers. Such processing makes it possible to obtain powdered materials and chips for subsequent injection molding. It is characteristic that during grinding the physicochemical properties of the polymer practically do not change. During mechanical processing of PET containers, flexes are obtained, the quality of which is determined by the degree of contamination of the material with organic particles and the content of other polymers (polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride), paper from labels in it.

Physico-chemical methods of PET waste processing can be classified as follows:

• destruction of waste in order to obtain monomers or oligomers suitable for obtaining fibers and films;
• re-melting of waste to obtain granulate, agglomerate and products by extrusion or injection molding;
• reprecipitation from solutions to obtain powders for coating; obtaining composite materials;
• chemical modification to produce materials with new properties.

Each of the proposed technologies has its own advantages. But not all of the described PET recycling methods are applicable to food packaging waste. Many of them allow processing only uncontaminated technological waste, leaving unaffected food packaging, as a rule, heavily contaminated with protein and mineral impurities, the removal of which is associated with significant costs, which is not always economically feasible for processing on a medium and small scale.

The main problem in recycling is not the lack of recycling technologies modern technologies allow you to recycle up to 70% of the total amount of waste and the separation of recyclable materials from the rest of the garbage (and the separation of the various components of recyclable materials). There are many technologies that allow you to separate waste and recyclables. The most expensive and difficult of them is the extraction of recyclable materials from the already formed general waste stream at special enterprises.

3. Obtaining thermal and electrical energy from MSW

Municipal solid waste is a fuel comparable in calorific value to peat and some brands of brown coal. It is formed where thermal and electrical energy is most in demand, i.e. in large cities, and has a guaranteed predictable renewal as long as humanity exists.

Recently, there has been a steady increase in overall energy generation from waste, which is projected to continue, with a slightly increasing share of electricity generation (Fig. 1). Approximate calculations for MSW with a calorific value of, for example, 10 MJ/kg show that the total specific cost of building a plant with an increase in its capacity from 100 to 300 thousand tons of MSW per year decreases by about 25-35%.

Figure 1. Electricity and heat generation in Europe.

Abroad, the proceeds from the sale of generated energy primarily depend on the type and quality of the energy sold. For example, in Austria, electricity is purchased at a price of 45 euros/MWh if it is guaranteed to be supplied to the consumer, and 25 euros/MWh if the supply of electricity depends on the mode of operation of the supplier. Tariffs for the supply of thermal energy are 10 and 6 euros/MWh (11.6 and 7 euros/Gcal), respectively.

Guaranteed supply of thermal and electrical energy from an enterprise incinerating solid waste (and thereby increasing the price for its implementation) can be ensured, for example, when working together with a city thermal power plant. On the instructions of the Government of Moscow, JSC VTI specialists have developed technical proposals for the creation of domestic standard complexes for the energy utilization of solid waste. When developing them, they took into account the fact that, as calculations and foreign experience show, the most efficient from the standpoint of the energy use of waste is an enterprise with an annual supply of electrical energy of 100 thousand MWh or more (with an installed electrical capacity of more than 15 MW). Such an enterprise can rightfully be considered a thermal power plant on solid waste.

At present, the main principles have been developed technical solutions, allowing already now to create a full-scale pilot model of a modern domestic thermal power plant on MSW with an installed electrical capacity of 24 MW (360-420 thousand tons of MSW per year), which is a modern enterprise with a completed technological process for thermal processing of waste and a traditional steam power cycle for electricity generation. The unit capacity of each of the two technological lines for incinerated waste is approximately 180 thousand tons of MSW per year.

The TPP uses a thermal circuit with cross-links and a condensing turbine with controlled intermediate steam extraction for heating. This scheme has the most flexible character for steam utilization. Depending on the time of the year and the demand of energy consumers, the TPP allows generating from 10 to 25 MWh of electrical energy and from 0.57 to 1.9 Gcal of thermal energy hourly.

3.1 Receiving thermal energy

The objective of the environmentally friendly processing of municipal solid waste is the environmentally friendly combustion of MSW and other combustible waste with the generation of thermal energy, with minimal environmental impact, maximum efficiency, minimum labor costs and maximum use of non-combustible solid municipal waste and an ash disposal system.

In the bunker block, solid household and industrial waste is accepted without sorting both from special vehicles and from general-purpose trucks. Large-sized metal inclusions are separated from the waste at the receiving stage, and fines are separated from the ash after waste incineration. Liquid combustible and liquid watered wastes are taken into separate containers. Then the sorted combustible MSW is evenly fed to the incineration unit for incineration. To ensure high efficiency of neutralization, the waste incineration process is carried out in two stages:

Ashing in a countercurrent rotary kiln;

Afterburning of flue gases in a vortex afterburner.

Flue gases are cooled in a waste heat boiler to produce superheated steam. The generated steam is given to city enterprises, used for the plant's own needs as a heating source for absorption heat pumps and for reheating the city's heating network water or heating greenhouses. Then the flue gases enter the smoke cleaning unit, where the flue gases are wet cleaned from dust and harmful impurities.

Concentrated effluents from the gas cleaning system and wastewater from washing process equipment are used to cool the ash with steam removed to the fire unit. The ash and sludge from the incineration unit and the smoke treatment unit are used in the ash disposal unit for the production of building materials. From the remelted ash, volatile components (K, Na, C, Cl, S) and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) go into the gas cleaning system. Here, secondary dust with a high content of heavy and non-ferrous metals is also captured (including in the form of sludge in the CBA). The mass of the initial ash and gases after melting is distributed in the following ratios: slag - 60%, secondary ash from the evaporation of volatile substances and due to mechanical entrainment - 9.0%, flue gases - 29%, metal - 2%. Granulated slag in the form of particles up to several mm in size has a high resistance to dissolution in water and weak acids. Such slag is suitable for the construction of roads and the production of building materials.

In general, the ash utilization unit as part of the MSZ ensures the processing of up to 90% of the initial mass of ash into environmentally friendly products. The dioxins contained in the original ash are completely absent in the slag obtained after melting.

Figure 2. Block diagram of the ash disposal unit.

The ash utilization unit contains 1 - power supply, 2 - air compressor, 3 - plasma torch, 4 - water pump, 5 - ash bunker with ash supply system, 6 - melting reactor, 7 - melt drain and slag granulation system, 8 - waste afterburner gases, 9 - receiver for ash residue, 10 - centrifugal bubbling apparatus, 11 - bag filter, 12 - smoke exhauster, 13 pipe.

3.2 Electricity generation

There are several variants of schemes for combining MSZ and power equipment to obtain various energy carriers. Waste incineration plants are being built as utilization boiler houses (UK) and CHP (UTPP):

Boiler house and MSZ; the end product is thermal energy.

CHP with MSW incineration; the final product is heat and electricity (or only electricity)

o CHPPs burning MSW at CCGT;

o CHPPs burning MSW based on gas turbines;

o CCGT-based CHP plants co-firing MSW (or fuel from MSW) with fossil fuels.

UK are equipped with waste heat steam boilers with steam parameters, as a rule, at a pressure of 1.4-2.4 MPa with a temperature of up to 250 300 0 C, with stratified combustion of fuel on special grates of various systems (including "fluidized" bed). Sometimes waste heat boilers are used for hot water.

UTPPs are equipped with turbogenerators with turbines for various purposes:

Cogeneration plants for generating electricity with the extraction of low-pressure steam and heat both for the MSZ's own needs and for the return to external consumers through the electric and heat networks of cities;

Production facilities with high-pressure steam extractions that meet the technological and utility needs of enterprises,

And also purely condensing, generating only electricity.

For the greatest clarity, the features of the implementation of each of the combination schemes, we present Russian and foreign experience in the application of the described technologies, as well as promising developments in this area.

At the first stage, solid waste is converted into a gaseous combustible gas product, and at the second stage, the resulting gas is burned in a steam or hot water boiler. The total thermal power factor is approximately 95%. Thus, when operating a mini-CHP on waste, it is possible to provide several large houses with hot water and heating. Based on this, the plant should be located most rationally in the area of ​​the city where there are problems with the transportation of waste, and there is a need for additional thermal energy. One option is to use the plant as part of the modernization of old coal-fired CHP plants. Before the waste is incinerated, it will undergo primary sorting and grinding to the required linear dimensions of the pieces - within 20 by 20 cm.

The proposed technology provides an acceptable level of dioxin formation. The maximum temperature (1000-1200 degrees) and burning time in the gasification zone guarantee the destruction of dioxins. After the first stage of combustion, there are no emissions to the atmosphere, since all the product gas goes to the burner to generate heat. The low linear velocities of the gas flow in the reactor and its filtration through the layer of the initial processed material provide an extremely low removal of dust particles with the product gas. As a result, it becomes possible to significantly reduce capital costs for gas cleaning and power equipment. Thus, burning in two stages can drastically reduce the formation of dioxins and ensure acceptable standards.

As for the resulting ash, a technology is proposed that allows the processing of ash into a chemically neutral, mechanically sufficiently resistant product that can be used even in construction without any fear. From the ash, ceramic balls are obtained, in which there is a triple physical and chemical protection of the entry of heavy metals into the environment. The degree of washout of heavy metals from such balls is thousands of times less than from the ash itself. This puts the ash in a safe state, as mere kneading into cement just means postponing negative consequences because cement blocks are short-lived.

4. Problems of MSW processing

The problems of MSW processing lie in many areas.

Today, the main source of compensation for the costs of removal and disposal of solid waste are payments from the population. Moreover, it is quite obvious that the existing tariffs for the neutralization of household waste are inadequately low, and they are not even able to cover the costs of waste disposal and their removal. The lack of funds for disposal is compensated by subsidies from the state budget, but all the same, the housing and communal services authorities do not have money for the development of a separate collection system, such as has long been used in Europe. In addition, today the tariff for the treatment of solid waste is not differentiated - it does not matter at all whether you collect waste separately or simply dump everything in one common container - you will pay for waste disposal in the same way.

Another problem of the solid domestic waste management system in our country is the rather limited market for secondary raw materials many waste processors face problems in the sale of raw materials that were obtained from waste.

At present, informing the population about the problem of solid waste disposal is practically not carried out, and the population of Russia does not know anything about what opportunities the separate collection system has.

In addition, all methods of waste management have their pros and cons.

The oldest and most famous burial, construction and maintenance of a landfill is much simpler and cheaper than setting up an incineration plant (IIP) or a waste processing plant (MPZ). This is perhaps the main advantage of storing waste at a landfill. There are quite a few cons:

• large land areas are occupied (in addition to the landfill itself, one should also take into account the sanitary protection zone surrounding it). In our time, land near large cities is expensive, and it makes sense to spend it on cleaner purposes; and the construction of a landfill at a great distance is not economically feasible;
• with this method, useful waste components are practically not extracted what a lot of materials, labor and energy have been spent on is simply buried in the ground;
• difficulties with the reclamation of the territory. Any, the most highly loaded landfill, will sooner or later exhaust its capacity. After that, it should be covered with earth, trees planted on the surface. But this territory for a very long time will not be suitable for almost any useful applications. Anaerobic (that is, without air access) processes occur in the waste strata, and they are very long. Thus, not only during the period of operation, but also after its completion, the solid waste landfill occupies significant land areas.

Waste incineration requires significant capital investment. Theoretically, waste can be considered as fuel, and incinerators, respectively, as heating plants. In practice, things don't work out so well.

Firstly, the calorific value of waste that has not been separated is very low in other words, they may not burn at all in air (this depends on the content of non-combustible fractions in MSW and changes due to weather conditions humidity) Complete combustion may require additional drying, the use of real fuels, the use of an oxygen-enriched gas mixture as an oxidizer (instead of air).

Secondly, the waste flue gases of the MSZ contain a significant amount of harmful impurities, both solid and gas or vapor. For example, modern waste may include a significant amount of chlorine-containing organic matter, the combustion of which produces such a substance as dioxin, which is classified as super-ecotoxicant, i.e., super-toxic substances. In this regard, a thorough multi-stage purification of exhaust gases is required, as well as the use of particularly high temperatures in order to exclude incomplete combustion of waste (with complete combustion, less toxic substances are formed).

Finally, incineration still does not eliminate the problem of waste - the non-combustible slag remaining in the furnaces, the ash caught in the treatment plants is up to 10% by volume and 30% by weight of the initial amount of MSW that “entered” the gates of the incinerator. This slag and ashes still need to go somewhere. Often just landfill, although it is possible to use slag as a filler for cinder blocks, etc.

Thus, in the minuses of MSZ, the high cost of equipment, much more complex, compared to conventional thermal power plants, the technology of combustion and gas purification, and poor extraction of useful components. Even with various tricks (pre-sorting, beneficial use generated heat and slag) WIPs are rarely profitable. Nevertheless, despite all the shortcomings, there are more than a thousand incinerators operating in the world although there has been some recent trend towards a reduction in their number.

The main problem of the existing methods of recycling is not the lack of recycling technologies, but the separation of recyclables from the rest of the garbage (and the separation of the various components of recycled materials). There are many technologies that allow you to separate waste and recyclables. All of them are costly and the most expensive and difficult of them is the extraction of recyclable materials from the already formed general waste stream at special enterprises.

The main problems associated with the use of MSW as a fuel for energy production for Russia, and for Moscow in particular, are the following:

1. Efficient utilization of heat generated during waste incineration, and, above all, the problem associated with the sale of generated energy. The instability of electricity generation due to seasonal and daily fluctuations in the quantity and quality of solid waste, as well as during shutdowns of technological lines, makes it difficult to sell it to the electric grid.

2. The most relevant at the moment is the issue of efficient conversion of MSW energy into electrical energy, because. the absolute electrical efficiency does not exceed 14-15%, while abroad, newly commissioned installations that burn solid waste have an absolute electrical efficiency of approximately 22%.

6. Prospects for MSW processing

At the same time, there are two possible directions for modernizing this waste management system:

1) creation of conditions for minimizing the generation of waste, i.e. technological modernization of the economy based on the best available technologies;

2) the involvement of waste, including the volumes accumulated over previous years, in economic use as secondary material and energy resources, i.e. development of the waste disposal industry in Russia.

The use of solid waste, including industrial waste by the type of domestic, as a fuel using energy when it is converted into electricity and heat; mechanical and chemical purification of gases leaving boilers; introduction of new combustion technologies, including in the so-called fluidized bed furnaces; beneficial use of a number of waste components, including slag, ash, metals - all this is of great importance in terms of saving fossil fuels, materials, but, mainly, protecting nature, air and water basins in Moscow and the Moscow region through the gradual closure existing landfills and refusal to allocate new land for their organization.

Along with the generally accepted (traditional) schemes of MSW incineration using thermal and electric energy in the energy supply systems of cities, including Moscow, there is a rich experience of European countries in circuit solutions leading to combined energy supply sources. As part of such sources, along with technological lines for the disposal of solid waste with energy generation, not only power equipment in the form of steam generators, but also gas turbine units (GTU), combined-cycle plants (CCGT) are used.

The experience of operating numerous foreign enterprises for the thermal processing of solid waste shows that a modern thermal power plant on solid waste is an environmentally friendly enterprise. This is also confirmed by the results of studies conducted at Moscow special plants during their launch and subsequent operation. The concentration of regulated substances in the gaseous combustion products of MSW does not exceed the EU standard values, which ensures the environmentally safe operation of such enterprises. The resulting ash and slag residues can be processed into an inert product for subsequent use, for example, in road construction, on the territory of the TPP itself.

To increase the market for recycled materials in developed foreign countries, various mechanisms of influence are currently being applied - requirements for the mandatory use of recycled materials in the production of new goods (as a percentage) and preferential lending to such industries. Also, the European public procurement system provides benefits for such enterprises and organizations that produce or supply goods and products that are made from recycled materials or using recycled materials.

Prospects for the use of municipal solid waste in the Russian Federation as secondary energy resources are associated with the adoption of legislative documents aimed at significantly reducing landfill disposal, at least for large cities, and increasing the interest of energy companies in the development of renewable energy sources, as well as the active introduction of new technologies in the field of processing.

Conclusion

The process of disposal of municipal solid waste should be selected in each individual case, taking into account all the features of waste, terrain, and their quantity.

The complexity of solving the problems of household waste disposal is explained by the need to use complex capital-intensive equipment and the lack of economic feasibility of each specific solution.

Summarizing everything written above, it can be stated with confidence that despite the existing technologies for the rational use of waste, the main reason for inefficient work on the disposal of solid waste is that the problems of environmental protection, resource use and the continuous development of the waste disposal system are still not a priority for authorities in our country.

One can only hope that in the near future the state will take the steps necessary to create a new, more environmentally friendly and efficient system for handling solid waste.

Bibliography

1. Solid domestic waste [Electronic resource]. https://ru.wikipedia.org Wikipedia the free encyclopedia.
2. The situation with consumer waste in Russia and the Kostroma region [Electronic resource].
3. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of June 24, 1998 No. 89-F3 (as amended on November 25, 2013) “On Production and Consumption Wastes” [Electronic resource]. "Consultant Plus". Moscow. 2001-2014.
4. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" [Electronic resource]. Moscow. 2001-2014.
5. Collection and disposal of municipal solid waste [Electronic resource]. http:// allformgsu. en /
6. MSW disposal technology [Electronic resource].http://waste-nn.ru/tehnologiya-zahoroneniya-tbo/2011-2014 "Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Nizhny Novgorod Region".
7. E.I. Goncharuk, V.G. Bardov, S.I. Garkaviy, A.P. Yavorovsky and others. Ed. E.I. Goncharuk. K.: Zdorovye, 2006. 792 p.
8. Khmelnitsky A.G. / The use of secondary material resources as raw materials for industry / Municipal and industrial waste: methods of neutralization and recycling. Novosibirsk, 1995. 167 p.
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Municipal educational institution "Esenovichskaya secondary comprehensive school» Vyshnevolotsky district.

Research work.

Topic: "Garbage is serious"

Work completed:

MOU "Esenovichskaya secondary school"

Supervisor:

geography teacher

Vyshnevolotsky district,

With. Yesenovichi,

st. Pravdy Square, 21, apt. 14

1. Introduction 3

2. General data on garbage 4

3. Garbage is serious 6

4. Our Research 9

5. Our suggestions for solving problem 11

6. Conclusion 12

7. Conclusion 13

7. List of used literature 14

8. Appendix 15

INTRODUCTION

I got up in the morning, washed myself, brought myself to

order - and immediately put in order

your planet.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery.

Household waste is one of the types of human waste. It is formed in residential buildings, educational institutions, children's institutions, hospitals, hotels, office buildings, etc. It consists of organic and inorganic parts. As part of the garbage, things may turn out to be unsuitable for further use: clothes, shoes, furniture, dishes, old books, newspapers, magazines, food waste, heating waste, apartment renovation, etc. Most of the solid household waste is food waste and paper . Glass accounts for approximately 6%, textiles - 5%, metal - 3%, wood - 3%. Organic parts in the garbage make up about 75%, inorganic - 25%. Garbage may include recyclable parts: food waste, paper, wood, textiles, bones, leather, rubber, glass, and not recyclable at this stage of science and technology development - plastic, stone.

The world is changing, but not enough to save a person from having to take out the garbage. This garbage is getting bigger and bigger. In the US, for example, 360 million tons of household and 190 million tons of commercial and industrial waste are dumped annually. The Americans calculated that if all the waste of mankind is evenly distributed around the globe, then in 10 years they will cover the planet with a layer of 5 meters. In all countries, there are 200-300 thousand kg of household waste per year.

And another serious problem is that people arrange dumps within the city, village, village, in the forest and in recreation areas. Thus leading the world into a garbage pit. Therefore, we believe that the study of the ecological state of our village is now considered very relevant.

Objective: determine the impact of garbage on the ecological state of our village.

To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:

1. Analyze literary data on this topic (mainly magazines and newspapers);

2. Find out how long it takes for waste to decompose;

3. Find out how much garbage the inhabitants of our village throw away;

4. Determine the location of landfills and their number;

5. Establish strict control of the sanitary condition of the village;

6. Offer a solution to the problem of waste disposal.

GENERAL DATA ON GARBAGE

Modern civilization is increasingly referred to as a "garbage producer".

The problem of elimination of household waste is one of the first places, taking on a global character.

How to deal with garbage? What exactly is being done for this? What should be done next? These are the questions facing humanity.

As is well known, the circulation of substances in the biosphere of the planet serves as an example of a closed waste-free production. But, unfortunately, modern production, which represents an open system, is still far from the natural ideal. And so far, it cannot include in its technological cycle household waste, which is born every minute, literally at every step. It's about garbage. No matter how banal this statement may seem, nothing lasts forever. And almost everything that is produced for human needs eventually turns into garbage.

The problem of dealing with it has existed for as long as the garbage itself has existed. Waste has always been viewed as evil. And they didn’t do anything with garbage - they buried it, burned it, took it away from settlements ...

The traditional burning of garbage has survived to this day. However, many experts now consider this method a relic, as unprofitable a procedure as, for example, burning oil. Oddly enough, burning garbage is expensive, and then it inevitably leads to atmospheric pollution.

Another, also rooted in the past, way of dealing with waste is landfills, or, as they say now, garbage storage. The cheapness of landfills is purely apparent, in fact they are a very expensive "pleasure". Landfills require a lot of land that falls out of useful circulation for a long time. And for the elimination of former landfills, more than one tens of millions of rubles are needed.

Needless to say, landfills are unsanitary? It is certain. All waste, without exception, is a source of environmental pollution. Landfills attract a myriad of rodents and dirt-carrying birds. Rainfall is also saturated with decomposition products, which then enter the groundwater. According to West German scientists who studied suburban landfills, within a radius of fifty kilometers, all waters were contaminated with microorganisms characteristic of landfills. Worse another. On the site of the former dumps, not only “grass does not grow”, for at least fifty to a hundred years nothing can be built there, communications cannot be laid.

Landfills are not just waste cemeteries, land that has disappeared under heaps of garbage. Together with garbage, a lot of human labor is buried in them and many substances that are useful and important to us are irretrievably lost.

The materials that end up in landfills are mostly organic. And that means that the subsequent production to create what dies in landfills will again take a lot from nature, offering nothing but decaying organic matter in return. And the organic matter thrown out in such huge quantities cannot but violate the ecological balance.

A reasonable choice of a place for landfills is only a half measure. Everyone agrees that landfills should be removed from settlements. But the remoteness of landfills (for example, about 60 kilometers from the suburban area) creates considerable difficulties with the transportation of the garbage itself (several million cubic meters), the cost of gasoline, it is not difficult to calculate that the garbage will become truly “golden”. And also when designing and operating the landfill site, the following should be foreseen:

1. Protection from pollution of soil, surface and ground waters, atmosphere;

2. Complete sanitary and epidemiological safety of the population living near the population;

3. Creation of conditions for washing vehicles for the removal of garbage and waste containers;

After analyzing this information about garbage, we can come to the conclusion that everything created by human hands from the very beginning is garbage. Garbage, which brings not only benefits, but to a greater extent and harm. This is the rubbish that mankind spends on a large number of money from the beginning for its manufacture, and then for its disposal, from which nature and the human body suffer, without which life on earth can no longer be imagined.

GARBAGE IS SERIOUS

For the natural processing of waste, many years and even centuries are required;

Glass bottles- 1 million years;

Cans-50-80 years (dig under a drain - 2-3 years);

Rubber soles of boots-50-40 years;

Skin-50 years;

Nylon products-30-40 years;

Plastic film case-20-30 years;

plastic bag-10-20 years;

Cigarette butt-1-5 years;

wool sock-1-5 years;

orange or banana peel-2-5 weeks.

Waste recycling methods that currently exist.

1. Ratio of types of MSW utilization in different countries, %

Type of disposal		Great Britain	France	Japan	Russia
Landfills
Burning
Processing into fertilizer

As can be seen from the table, only France and Japan widely use incineration, the rest of the countries are mostly landfills.

Incineration reduces the amount of waste by 2-10 times; use heat from incineration for heating purposes (according to experts, burning 5 tons of MSW is equivalent to burning 1 ton of standard fuel); reduce contamination of water and soil waste. However, this destroys the valuable components contained in the waste; quite a lot of ash and slag waste is generated (up to 25%), which are subject to disposal at landfills; the atmosphere is polluted. The scale of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere with the smoke of the world's waste incineration plants exceeds volcanic activity.

2. In the USA, England, Italy, the method of crushing waste and their alloys into the sewer has become widespread. There are 75 models of garbage crushers produced in the USA. The garbage crusher is installed under the kitchen sink or under a special bin for collecting garbage in apartments. It shreds all organic food waste, including fruit bones, fish and poultry bones, paper, cardboard. Rags, plastic, metal objects and glass bottles are not shredded.

3. Some cities have waste recycling plants. They work in such cities as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tashkent, Togliatti. So, for example, a waste processing plant in St. Petersburg processes 80 thousand tons of garbage per year. In a month, he utilizes 150 tons of metal, 4 tons of non-ferrous, 17.4 tons of textiles.

4. In the city of Beloyarsky there is a "press" on which household waste is pressed into briquettes. Further, this garbage is sent to a landfill located outside the city limits. Mercury lamps, ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal, rubber tyres, tires with and without metal cord are exported outside the Beloyarsk region.

We want to offer advice to all the inhabitants of our village and the whole Earth, and if at least some people follow them, then our village will be much cleaner.

¯ Throw garbage only in containers. If there is no bin nearby, feel free to walk the extra meters or put the waste in a bag to throw it away later.

¯ When shopping, take a bologna shopping bag with you - it does not take up space and is easy to wash. Packages that are distributed in the store for free (not always, however - we even save on this) in supermarkets cannot be recycled and reused. In addition, they are not amenable to biodegradation, and when they are burned, substances that pollute the atmosphere are released. Never burn film in the garden! All the muck will settle on your vegetables.

¯ Try to buy detergents that do not contain phosphates. Getting into rivers, ponds and lakes, these substances cause rapid reproduction of plankton, and the water becomes cloudy. Under conditions of lack of light, the process of photosynthesis in aquatic plants slows down, which means that the concentration of oxygen decreases - most of the inhabitants of the reservoir die.

¯ Do not throw garbage in sinks and toilets. Every year, millions of tons of sewage enter the sea, killing all life. They take months to naturally recycle, but most plastic packaging materials, for example, are not biodegradable at all.

¯ Use garden compost and manure as organic fertilizer, avoid chemical pesticides. Getting into the soil and water bodies, they poison all living things.

¯ Buy drinks in glass bottles whenever possible. Disposable plastic containers cannot be recycled. It makes up about 6% of all municipal solid waste, about 50% of non-combustible waste and about 90% of non-biodegradable part of the garbage on roadsides. In addition, the production process for the manufacture of plastic bottles significantly pollutes the atmosphere. One gardener of them made a greenhouse, someone uses it for seedlings, all good.

¯ Try to avoid buying disposable items such as razors, lighters, paper cups, plates and napkins. All of them only increase the amount of garbage. The Chinese refused disposable tableware. Are we weak?

¯ It is necessary to require the authorities to organize recycling points where you can donate waste paper, bottles, batteries and cans. At first, it seems unusual, but the whole world does it - for free, no one has fallen apart, and the villages are clean. If obsolete and unfashionable things are not thrown away, but given away and thereby help those who are worse than you.

OUR RESEARCH

1. We studied how much garbage the inhabitants of our village throw away per week, month, year. The experiment involved 10 families, the quantitative composition of which was 2, 3, 4, 5 people.

The results are proposed in Table No. 1.

Table #1

The amount of garbage thrown out per week

	Number of people in the family	The amount of garbage
	Family of two	2 kilograms
	Family of two	4 kilograms
	Family of two	3 kilograms
	family of three	5 kilograms
	family of three	6 kilograms
	family of three	7 kilograms
	family of four	4 kilograms
	family of four	6 kilograms
	family of four	8 kilograms
	Family of five	10 kilograms

As a result, 10 families throw away 55 kilograms of garbage in a week.

On average, it turns out that 1.7 kg per person per week. garbage;

per month 6.8 kg; per year 88.4 kg.

2. Look in your trash can and think about where you can reuse the waste. For several days, the guys in our class monitored what was thrown into their trash can and suggested several options for reusing the waste. The results are proposed in Table No. 2.

Table number 2

	GARBAGE IN THE BUCKET	WHERE YOU CAN REUSE
	Plastic bottle	Make a bird feeder
	Candy wrappers	make crafts
	Cans	Make furniture for dolls
	Burnt out light bulb	Use for darning socks
	Glass bottles	Submit and receive money
	Welding (old)	Fertilizer for the garden
	Old clothes	Sew soft toys. Give to people who need it
	Plastic bottles	Make a funnel, craft, greenhouse

3. During the study of the territory with. Yesenovichi for the presence of landfills. Garbage dumps were found on the street. Sports, near the reservoir and the village of Yesenovichi. In total, three dumps have been identified in the village.

4. How long does garbage stay in the soil?

To conduct this study, we took 4 jars of soil and placed garbage samples in the containers. Paper was placed in the soil of the first jar, fabric was placed in the soil of the second jar, glass was placed in the soil of the third jar, plastic was placed in the soil of the fourth jar, the soil was slightly moistened. A month later, we looked at garbage samples. We found that paper changed the most, fabric slightly changed, and no visible change occurred with glass and plastic. (see Appendix No. 1).

5. Garbage thrown into the water causes its pollution and is dangerous for plants, animals and humans.

They poured water into a basin, poured a little of the same water into a separate glass container for
comparisons. Garbage was thrown into a basin of water. After 30 minutes, we looked to see if it happened
change, no change. Left the experience for a month. A month later in a glass jar
no changes occurred with the water, and in the basin with garbage the water became dirty and
fetid.

6. The sanitary condition of our village can be considered satisfactory.

OUR OFFER FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM WITH GARBAGE

Since the methods that humanity uses most often are currently unprofitable, we should talk about modern ways garbage control. So, in this case, we should not talk about getting rid of garbage, but about its, so to speak, re-education - recycling, processing. Moreover, this processing itself must be profitable. To do this, it is necessary in our village to regulate the collection of garbage from the population and send it to the city for further processing.

CONCLUSION

After conducting research, we came to the following conclusions:

1. Garbage is the result of technological progress, which must be fought now, otherwise we will find ourselves, in a few years, in a pile of garbage;

2. For the natural processing of garbage, many years and even centuries are required, it depends on the material from which the object is made;

3. As a result of the study, it was revealed that, on average, each villager throws out 1.7 kg per week. garbage, per month 6.8 kg., per year 88.4 kg.

4. There are three landfills on the territory of Yesenovichi village;

5. The sanitary condition of our village can be considered satisfactory;

6. In the course of these studies, it was proved that the garbage thrown into the trash can can be reused. According to the results of a sociological survey, it was noted that the inhabitants of our village, to a greater extent, observe cleanliness in the village.

Conclusion:

Humanity is part of nature. In the process labor activity people use the resources of nature, while disrupting the biological cycle of substances and producing a huge amount of waste that nature is not able to recycle. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a production technology in such a way that the waste from one production as a raw material is transferred to another production. We must learn from nature the rational use of natural resources. And for this you need to study the laws of natural processes and apply them in your daily life.

I believe that the topic of our work is relevant at the present time. The work is of practical importance. If every person got acquainted with our work, then there would be less garbage on our streets, in forests and within the city, the number of unauthorized dumps would be reduced.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Weekly newspaper "Land Vyshnevolotskaya" - Vyshvy Volochek, 2006.

2. "Knowledge is power" monthly popular science magazine - 1984

3. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" - 1998

4. Industrial ecology. – . - Bratsk, 1990

5. "Your newspaper" - 2001

Attachment 1

glass plastic paper fabric

Application form for participation in the regional competition "Podrost"

1. Title of work

2. Nomination

5. Date of birth

6. passport data (series, number, when and by whom issued)

7. Home address (with zip code)

8. Place of study ( educational institution, class) or work (organization, position)

9. Institution directing the work (full name, address with zip code, telephone, fax)

10. Association of students (school forestry, circle, club, etc.)

11. Surname, name, patronymic of the head and consultant of the work (if any)

12. Position, place of work of the head

Notes

Date of completion "" ____________ 2008 Signature __________________

Candidate of Technical Sciences E. LYUBESHKINA, Associate Professor of the Moscow state university applied biotechnology.

In many ways, it was the rapid development of the packaging industry in recent decades (see "Science and Life" No. ) that has led to the fact that the volume of household waste per capita in industrialized countries has tripled compared to 1980. What to do with countless plastic bags, plastic bottles, aluminum cans and other containers that have lost their consumer properties? Burying in the ground means polluting the lithosphere. Make burials in the seas and oceans - damage the planet's hydrosphere. Burn - harm the atmosphere. Meanwhile, effective ways to at least partially solve the problem exist.

The vast majority of urban waste consists of plastic containers and packaging. Flammable!

Such a picture in Moscow courtyards is not uncommon. Much more garbage is collected per day than can fit in the container. Photo from nature. 2007

Aluminum cans are a valuable material for recycling.

Empty plastic bottles are the scourge of any big city.

Waste disposal is the transformation of useless into valuable goods, and this is one of the important achievements of modern technology.
D. Mendeleev

Wastes of human activity are divided into industrial and domestic. According to experts, in Russia, on average, more than 300 kg of municipal solid waste (MSW) per capita annually, and in the developed countries of the world and the largest metropolitan areas, this figure is much higher. There is a rule according to which the amount of garbage produced by a country is proportional to its gross domestic product: the higher the well-being of people, the more garbage.

Today, 50% of municipal solid waste consists of used packaging (mainly polymeric and combined, most of which are not subjected to biological destruction and decay and can be in the soil for many decades). Mostly they are buried in the ground or burned. Sometimes they are placed in metal containers and thrown into the seas and oceans, and sometimes even into rivers and lakes, which are sources drinking water(which is completely unacceptable).

Cleaned from large-sized objects, metals, glass, ceramics, plastics, rubber, MSW was tried to be processed into compost. However, biothermal composting is an expensive way to dispose of waste and is not always effective.

Pollution of the planet with all kinds of waste, along with intensive consumption of natural resources, leads to the destruction of the mechanism of self-regulation of the biosphere with unpredictable consequences. Academician N. N. Moiseev wrote back in the late 70s of the last century: "The main problem of global ecology is the stability of the biosphere, the violation of its stability practically means the elimination of mankind on planet Earth."

Scientists who were conducting scientific flights at that time to study the pollution of the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic, observed significant accumulations on the surface of the water area of ​​plastic bags, all kinds of plastic products, as well as pieces of foam. In the 1980s, there was a mass release of whales on the coast Pacific Ocean near Far East. Studies have shown that whales, along with water, absorbed pieces of a film that clogged them. respiratory organs and was one of the probable causes of mass death of animals.

Due to our carelessness and inaccuracy on Earth, it will soon be difficult to find a corner where plastic bottles, boxes, cups, canisters thrown out as unnecessary are not lying around. Having lost its consumer properties, the packaging turns to us with a different, terrible side.

Landfill and incineration are not the best ways to deal with garbage

In the Russian Federation, 90% of MSW is buried in the ground, and the remaining 10% is burned. Landfills of industrial and domestic waste in our country, authorized and especially unauthorized, the number of which has been continuously growing in recent years, is practically not controlled by the municipal authorities, complete anarchy reigns there.

As a result of the decomposition of garbage during its long-term storage on the ground, the air is polluted with sulfur dioxide and various harmful organic compounds. Toxic aliphatic, aromatic and organochlorine substances, compounds of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead poison the soil and groundwater within a radius of one and a half kilometers from landfills.

Rubber products, such as old car tires, along with other polymeric waste, in the presence of methane formed during the decomposition of garbage, become a source of fires. When such garbage burns, a huge amount of toxic and carcinogenic substances enters the air, provoking the onset of cancer in humans and animals.

Medical waste is no less a threat. They can become a source of various infections. The world has already recorded cases of infection of children with AIDS as a result of playing with syringes that fall into household containers and landfills.

In addition, landfill areas are a habitat for mice, rats, and insects, which poses a serious epidemiological threat to the population.

Incineration is a method of destruction of household waste that is widespread in world practice and has been used since the end of the 19th century. Its main advantage, in comparison with burial, is the reduction of waste volumes by more than 10 times, and the mass - by 3 times. Of course, this is very convenient. Several decades ago, when there was not so much waste, and plastic packaging and products made from polymeric materials did not make up the vast majority of MSW, waste incineration did not pose such a threat to the environment and human health as it does today. In the 80s of the last century, it was found that in the process of burning solid combustible materials, a variety of toxic products are formed that enter the atmosphere.

In addition to the above-mentioned incineration and disposal of municipal solid waste, there are other disadvantages. Firstly, the most valuable polymer raw materials are destroyed, often little worn out, which, with a competent approach, can be beneficial. national economy. Secondly, vast areas allocated for landfills are being torn away from useful use.

Where does all this rubbish come from?

The content of cadmium, lead, zinc and tin in flue gases varies in proportion to the content of plastic waste in the garbage. The presence of mercury is due to the presence of thermometers, dry galvanic cells and fluorescent lamps in the waste. The largest amount of cadmium is found in synthetic materials, as well as in glass and leather. Hence the conclusion: sorting or separate collection of household waste helps to reduce the release of harmful substances into the environment. But in our country they are just beginning to think about it.

Waste incineration plants (WIP) use installations in the form of grate rotary drum furnaces and fluidized bed furnaces, equipped with reliable filter systems and gas traps. They are very expensive and bulky. But even with highly efficient cleaning using modern equipment, incinerators emit highly toxic furans and dioxins into the environment - chemical compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-n-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF), which persist in the environment for decades and are freely transported through food chains (algae, plankton - fish - humans; soil - plants - herbivores - humans) . These compounds are formed during the combustion of materials based on polyvinyl chloride (plastic bottles, dolls like Barbie, linoleum, etc.) and other chlorine-containing polymers. Dioxins today are one of the most terrible poisons in terms of effects on the human body and its immune system. They quite rightly got the name "chemical AIDS". In addition, MSZ flue gases contain a wide range of other harmful compounds, the concentration and toxicity of which are ten times higher than in gases from coal combustion.

In foreign countries, incinerators are subject to mandatory standards governing the content of heavy metals, dibenzofurans, hydrogen chloride and fluoride, dioxin and some other toxic substances in the composition of waste gases generated during waste incineration.

In our country, the content of only a few components is standardized: suspended solids, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur and carbon, and all other toxic combustion products can be released into the environment in any quantities. Such is the "care" of our state for the population. A Moscow newspaper recently published an article claiming that "the smoke from the chimney of a waste incineration plant is cleaner than Moscow air." What standards - such and conclusions.

Yes, we ourselves make a fire at our summer cottage or next to it to burn any unnecessary rubbish (old car tires, plastic bottles, plastic bags), without thinking about what poisonous smoke is spreading around. And sometimes in the city, someone sets fire to garbage containers standing in the yards, right under the windows of houses.

Advantages of self-degradable packaging

Today, photo-, bio- and water-degradable packages are made from special polymeric materials. Their common name is self-decomposing. In landfills, such packages under the influence of environmental factors: sunlight, moisture, temperature, soil microorganisms - within a few weeks or months they degrade to low-molecular compounds that do not harm either nature or human health. In the form of small fragments, they can be processed by bacteria.

For readers - non-specialists in the field of high-molecular materials, I will explain that the polymers from which plastic packaging is produced are obtained as a result of the synthesis of low-molecular compounds (monomers).

Polyolefins (PO) are the most common polymer packaging materials, which include high pressure or low density polyethylene (LDPE or LDPE), low pressure or high density polyethylene (HDPE or HDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP) and its various modifications (biaxially oriented BOPP film, etc.). Along with polyolefins, polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics are very often used. In recent decades, these traditional polymeric packaging materials have been supplemented by others that have higher physical and mechanical, strength, barrier properties, as well as resistance to aggressive environments and increased fat resistance, which is very important when packaging meat and dairy products. These materials include, first of all, polyamides of aliphatic and aromatic structure (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PET).

The remarkable properties of high molecular weight compounds are explained by the fact that the polymer molecule consists of low molecular weight monomer fragments connected by chemical bonds. The number of monomer units in a polymer, called the degree of polymerization, can take on very large values ​​- tens and hundreds of thousands, even up to a million. Such a polymer molecule, called a macromolecule, is characterized by a chain structure, high molecular weight and flexibility of the macromolecular chain. This determines the uniqueness of the properties of polymer packaging materials. However, over time, in polymer containers and packaging during operation and storage under the influence of heat, sunlight, various radiations, oxygen, ozone, mechanical influences, macromolecules can be destroyed with a break in molecular chains. Such a process, called the degradation (decomposition) of the polymer, leads to the formation of products with a significantly reduced molecular weight or to the formation of low molecular weight substances. As a result, the polymer ages, its structure and properties change, which is expressed in a reduction in the service life of products. This phenomenon is combated by adding aging inhibitors in the processes of synthesis and processing of polymers.

On the other hand, it is the ability of macromolecules to undergo destruction under the influence of various factors that served as a scientific basis for the creation of self-decomposing packages. (The invention of plastics capable of dissolving in water or disintegrating under the action of solar radiation was reported by the journal "Science and Life" in a short note "How to get rid of plastics" - see No. 5, 1971, p. 74. - Note. ed.)

It turned out that strong covalent bonds of a polymer macromolecule can be destroyed by the action of an energy exceeding the energy of these bonds. For example, with the help of sunlight. A molecule that has absorbed a quantum of light becomes energetically "excited". If the excitation energy exceeds the energy required to break the covalent bond, the molecule disintegrates. As a result of many such "energy attacks", low-molecular fragments are formed, which eventually turn into substances that are easily "eaten" by soil microorganisms.

However, it should be noted that, despite its seeming simplicity, this method of destroying used packaging is expensive and time consuming. The fact is that most polymers contain in their structure strong covalent bonds C-C, C-H, C-O, C-N, C-Cl, which do not absorb light with a wavelength of more than 190 nm. BUT ultra-violet rays reaching the Earth's surface have a wavelength of 280 to 400 nm. The ability of industrial polymeric materials to absorb light waves with a wavelength of more than 290 nm is explained by the presence of impurities in them or specially introduced chromophore groups, such as carbonyl ones.

In photodegradable polymer packaging materials, macromolecular chains break down into shorter units and segments when exposed to sunlight; in biodegradable - with the participation of enzymes contained in fungi and soil bacteria; in water-soluble - due to moisture.

As a rule, additives for obtaining photodegradable It is very difficult and expensive to synthesize polymeric materials, and this process is very time-consuming for industrial production. That is why the work carried out in this direction all over the world since the 70s of the last century received its industrial completion relatively recently. Currently, a number of foreign firms (American, Japanese and European) produce such packages on an industrial scale.

One of the first natural polymers, on the basis and with the participation of which they began to produce biodegradable packaging materials, was starch. Due to its polysaccharide nature, it is easily biodegradable and inexpensive.

The first plastics using starch (within 10-40%), as well as substances that increase adhesion between the polymer and starch, were obtained in England back in the 1970s. A film produced from biodegradable LDPE called Bioplastic was widely used in the production of bags for packaging groceries and gastronomic products. Such a film, unlike conventional LDPE, is less transparent due to filling with starch. The material retains its properties under the influence of direct sunlight, water, but quickly collapses under the influence of soil bacteria. The rate of destruction depends on the amount and type of starch, its pre-treatment, and the presence of other additives. The use of starch reduces the cost of packaging and meets environmental requirements: the quality of the soil after the decomposition of such a film only improves.

In the 1990s, biodegradable plastics, already consisting of 40-70% of starch, began to be produced all over the world (more than 20,000 tons per year in the USA, 5,000 tons per year in Japan), including in the form of foamed materials. The most well-known packaging polymeric materials based on LDPE and various starches are polymer films under the trade names Polyclean, Ecostar and Ampacet (manufactured in the USA and Canada). In addition to starch, antioxidants are introduced into them to inhibit the process of biodegradation during the manufacture of packaging and during its operation.

In Russia, at the end of the last century, a polymeric packaging material Biodem was created on the basis of starch. It is intended for food products with a short shelf life, as well as for disposable tableware. It is processed by traditional plastic methods: injection molding, extrusion, thermoforming. In terms of mechanical characteristics, it is close to LDPE, and even surpasses it in chemical resistance. Products made from this material absorb water well. .. and decompose by 40% in six months, and complete decomposition into carbon dioxide and water occurs after about 18 months.

Today, starch is being replaced by other biodegradable additives. In the USA, based on polycaprolactone with the addition of the necessary biodegradation catalyst, the TONE biodegradable polymer packaging material is produced. It biodegrades quickly in the open air and is well compatible with common polymers such as LDPE, LLDPE, PP, PS, PVC, PET, PC, etc. TONE film, made from a mixture of LLDPE and polycaprolactone, is used city ​​waste bags. Such bags are destroyed immediately after they are thrown into a landfill due to the rapid action of microorganisms on the molecules of caprolactone.

The latest achievement in the field of biodegradable polymers is the Biopol thermoplastic based on a copolymer of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), obtained by fermenting sucrose. It is well processed by blown film and bottle extrusion. Self-decomposes fairly quickly (from 6 to 36 weeks) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Polymeric materials from natural raw materials can be recycled into other household and industrial products, as well as incinerated to generate heat and electricity.

Water degradable packages are made from water-soluble polymers based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), as well as copolymers based on PVA and vinyl acetate (Vinex). Blanose polymers are very popular in Europe. They are based on highly purified sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Blanose films are used in the cosmetic industry, for the packaging of medicines, bakery products, drinks, sauces, frozen dairy products and others.

Based on polyamide compounds, Novon materials are produced. Novon 2020 is used as a foam cushioning material in the form of particles with a size of 3-10 mm for fragile products. After opening, such packaging can be thrown into water or sewage, where it will quickly dissolve and disappear. This material can also be used to make disposable tableware, egg cartons, wrapping films for clothing and textiles, baby diapers, sanitary tampons and cosmetics.

Although the number and range of self-decomposing packages are increasing year by year, nevertheless, their percentage in packaging materials entering Russian landfills and waste processing plants is not so large yet. And without an increase in the output of just such packaging materials, one cannot count on the best.

Turning waste into income

Most effective method disposal of used packaging - recycling. This is beneficial from both an economic and an environmental point of view.

In the USA, Japan, Canada, the process of processing secondary raw materials into first-class products began to be implemented from the mid-80s of the last century. They have adopted national programs with appropriate state funding, the purpose of which is to stop environmental pollution from packaging waste.

In the EU countries that adopted the Declaration on packaging waste in 1994, the European Parliament and the European Council of Ministers (Directive 94/62 EC) introduced a single law on the strategy for the use of packaging waste, aimed at preventing the increase in municipal solid waste, their recycling and safe disposal of residues, non-recyclable.

As a result, the problem of disposal (from the Latin utilis - useful) of packaging waste through recycling in these countries is practically solved.

So far, things in this regard are very deplorable for us. Domestic scientists have developed unique technologies for processing secondary polymeric raw materials and raw materials from mixed waste, which, unfortunately, are not in demand by anyone, and in fact they could prevent the ecological catastrophe that threatens Russia. The collapse of the USSR threw back the solution of waste disposal issues for several decades. At present, these issues, if they are solved, are very incompetent people.

Today, in order to introduce recycling, or recycling (as it is also called), it is necessary to adopt a federal program for the treatment of solid waste, financed at least partially by the government of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to conduct scientific and economic studies of the quality of secondary raw materials and determine the directions of its processing into products; create the necessary infrastructure and train competent specialists; organize the collection of recyclables and its preparation for processing; accept state and municipal legislative acts, defining the legal norms of processing; provide funding for ongoing work with budgetary, municipal and sponsorship money.

In addition to all this, we also need information work with the population in order to involve them in the collection of packaging containers. It is necessary to pay attention to the environmental education of citizens. Adults should teach their children to take care of nature from an early age and be an example for them: do not throw empty bottles out of the windows of cars, trains, do not litter in the forest, park, in public places.

To reduce the amount of waste produced and increase the share of it recycled, a coordinated effort is needed from the entire population, businesses and government.

Figures and facts

Today, the ecological situation in Russia is the most unfavorable on the globe. At least 200 of our cities are hazardous to public health due to air, soil and water pollution.

About twenty years ago, 6 million tons of industrial and domestic waste (about 70% of all waste) were annually taken out to landfills near Moscow. Today this figure has grown to 10 million tons.

One landfill can occupy an area of ​​3 to 10 hectares. In general, in Russia, 0.8 million hectares of land have been alienated for landfills, including not only wastelands, ravines and quarries, but also fertile black soil.

According to the United Nations Committee for Nature Conservation, plastic waste causes the death of 1 million birds, 100,000 marine mammals and countless fish every year.

Recycling 1 ton of plastic saves 750 kg of oil.

The rational organization of the processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) makes it possible to use up to 90% of the waste products in the construction industry, for example, as a filler for concrete blocks.

Every year, Moscow dumps 700,000 to 900,000 aluminum cans to landfills.

By recycling 670 aluminum cans, you can make a bicycle.

Recycling 1 kg of aluminum saves 8 kg of bauxite and 14 kWh of electricity.

1 ton of waste paper replaces about 4 m 3 of wood.

When burned, 5 tons of garbage emit as much heat as 2 tons of coal or 1 ton of liquid fuel.

"Science and Life" about recycling:

Smoke houses. - 1964, No. 10.

How to get rid of plastics. - 1971, No. 5.

Zykov N. Cleanliness of the city. - 1972, No. 6.

Kogan I. Garbage - a physical and chemical problem. - 1978, No. 7.

Pinchuk M. Necessary from unnecessary. - 1986, No. 7.

Garbage for heat and energy. - 1986, No. 7.

Keda E. "We take junk!" - 1988, No. 1.

Rubbish barrier. - 1989, No. 7.

Rudenko B. On the sidelines of civilization. - 1990, No. 11.

Pressed trash. - 1991, No. 7.

Garbage fee. - 1991, No. 10.

Scavenger - automatic. - 1991, No. 12.

Garbage chute with sorting. - 1995, No. 3.

Shaikin V. Ecological boomerang. - 1996, No. 5.

Tire houses. - 1996, No. 12.

If only you knew from what rubbish. - 1998, No. 2.

Tugov A., Eskin N., Litun D., Fedorov O. Do not turn the planet into a dump. - 1998, No. 5.

Dumpster goes live. - 1998, No. 6.