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Lesson objectives:
Determine the causes, goals and sources of industrialization. - emphasize the role of the labor heroism of the Soviet people during the years of industrialization. - study the results of industrialization.
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Lesson plan. 1. Reasons and goals of industrialization. 2. The first five-year plan. 3. Second Five-Year Plan. 4. USSR in the late 30s.
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Was Stalin right? “To slow down means to fall behind. And the laggards are beaten. But we don't want to be beaten. We are 50-100 years behind advanced countries. We must run this distance in 10 years. Either we do this or we will be crushed." I.V.Stalin. Class quote.
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By the mid-20s. The economic development of the USSR reached the pre-war (1913) level. But this was the level of predominance of handicraft forms of economy, this was the economy of a country that sold agricultural products and raw materials (wood, coal) on the world market.
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The weak economic condition of the country was complicated by the growing technical lag of the USSR from other countries. The public mood of the late 20s. The expression of J.V. Stalin quite accurately defined: “Either we eliminate the backlog, or we will be crushed.”
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What reasons did Stalin have for saying this? Remember the foreign policy situation in the mid-20s. How is our country doing with Western countries?
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XIV Party Congress 1925. Objective: “To transform the USSR from a country importing machinery and equipment into a country producing them.” I.V.Stalin
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In 1927, a grain procurement crisis broke out in the country. It was caused by a shortage of manufactured goods, crop failure and low purchase prices for grain. The aggravation of the international situation led to the fact that townspeople began to buy essential goods, and peasants began to hide bread and other products. The leaders of the state went to the village. Food detachments were actually revived again. Cards were introduced in the country.
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Nowadays the term modernization is often used. How do you understand this word?
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Modernization is the process of transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one based on the renewal of all aspects of life. Hostile “capitalist environment”. Economic backwardness of the USSR from foreign countries. Reasons for Modernization of the 30s The NEP could not quickly solve the problem of the economic backwardness of the USSR from foreign countries. April 1929 - The Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks approved the Stalinist program and Stalin announced the curtailment of the NEP.
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Two points of view on industrialization. .
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Bukharin, Tomsky, Rykov really adhered to a slightly different strategy and continued to dream about a world revolution: yes, a world revolution will happen, but it will not happen tomorrow or the day after tomorrow, but maybe in five to ten years. And while we have to wait, Russia must strengthen its agrarian essence. There is no need to develop industry: sooner or later we will get the industry of Soviet Germany.
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But after the failure of the revolution in Europe, Stalin, Molotov, and a number of other government members realized that it was unlikely to hope for a world revolution, let alone in the coming years, or even in the coming decades. It was then that a course towards industrialization of the country emerged, which Bukharin did not accept. Let's judge for ourselves who was right in this dispute. Russia harvested grain with scythes, which it bought from Germany. We were already building the Turksib, the second track of the Trans-Siberian Railway - and we bought the rails in Germany.
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The country did not produce light bulbs, thermometers, or even paints. The first pencil factory in our country, before it was given the name of Sacco and Vanzetti, was called Hammer. That is, by today's standards it was something African. That is why the idea of industrialization arose in order to acquire at least the very minimum of what every country should have. On this basis, a conflict arose between Stalin and Bukharin.
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Stalinist modernization Industrialization Cultural revolution Collectivization
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Goals of industrialization Overcoming technical and economic backwardness Increasing the number of the industrial working class, the main support of the party Development of basic industries Achieving technical and economic independence Creation of a powerful defense industry
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With the socialist method of farming, economic planning was provided. The Five-Year Plan is a five-year plan for the socio-economic and political development of the USSR, approved by the Congresses of Soviets, and later by the Party Congresses. The main task in the first period was the creation of heavy industry.
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The first five-year plan 1928 -1932 Goal: Implementation of the GOELRO plan (What kind of plan is this?) - Creation of basic industries (fuel, metallurgical, chemical, mechanical engineering) - Elimination of unemployment. Slogan: “Five-year plan in four years!” Enterprises: Dneproges, Kuznetsk and Magnitogorsk metallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants, Moscow and Gorky automobile plants. Mines: Donbass, Kuzbass, Karaganda. Turkestan-Siberian Railway.
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In the West, industrialization was carried out using funds received from the development of agriculture and light industry. But in the USSR there was no time to implement this approach. The plan provided for an increase in industrial production by 180%, agricultural production by 55%. Heavy industry was to develop at a faster pace - 230% in 5 years. Stalin at this time put forward the idea of the “Great Leap Forward” - in order to catch up with the West in 5-10 years, which had gone ahead in its industrial development by 50-100 years. 2.The first five-year plan. Ya. Romas. Morning of the First Five Year Plan
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The impending industrialization brought to the fore the search for funds to carry it out. It was impossible to count on attracting foreign capital: the economic blockade of the USSR by Western countries continued. Funds for industrialization were received within the country from trade in grain, gold, furs, timber, and the use of cash savings of the population.
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Loans from the population Grain export Sales of raw materials (oil, timber) gold, museum treasures Organization of competition and shock work Labor enthusiasm Sources of industrialization
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An important source of resources should be emphasized - the labor upsurge of the working class, which manifested itself in socialist competition and the Stakhanov movement.
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In 1935, coal miner A. Stakhanov exceeded the coal production rate by 14 times. His initiative spread to other industries. Stakhanov movement - Alexei Stakhanov - a mass movement of followers of A.G. Stakhanov in the USSR, innovators of socialist production - workers, collective farmers, engineering and technical workers, who many times exceeded the established production standards.
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Since October 1935, weavers Evdokia and Maria Vinogradov first serviced 100 looms, then 144 looms, and from November 1935 to July 1936 - 216 looms. Evdokia Vinogradova
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Stakhanovites P.N. Angelina - in agriculture A.H. Busygin - in the automotive industry I.I. Gudov - in the machine tool industry I.M. Kravchuk - in the coal industry N.S. Smetanin - in the footwear industry
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“Enthusiasm... and for the years of the first five-year plan you can’t find another word, it was enthusiasm that inspired young people to daily exploits.” I. Ehrenburg At the end of 1929, the slogan was proclaimed: “Five-year plan in 4 years!”
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The enormous scale of economic transformation required a huge amount of labor. In 1930, the last labor exchange in the USSR was closed. But the bulk of the workers were unqualified. Announcements about the recruitment of workers.
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To solve this problem, higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, evening faculties and technical colleges factories were opened in the USSR. It was then, in the mid-30s, that the famous slogan “Personnel decides everything” appeared. For the period 1928-1937. Universities and technical schools have trained about 2 million specialists.
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A significant part of the funds went to the reconstruction of old enterprises, which turned into powerful factories. At the same time, the construction of new large factories and power plants began.
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In 1927, construction began on the Turkestan-Siberian Railway, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, an agricultural engineering plant in Rostov, and automobile plants in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod. And, although the first five-year plan was underfulfilled in many respects, there was a huge leap in industrial development.
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“The work proceeded along the lines of correcting and clarifying the five-year plan in the sense of increasing the pace and reducing the time frame... People who chatter about the need to reduce the rate of development of our industry are enemies of socialism, agents of our class enemies” J.V. Stalin.
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Second Five-Year Plan 1933 - 1937. Goal: Completion of the creation of a technical base in all industries. Enterprises: Ural and Kramatorsk heavy engineering plants, Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, Ural Carriage Works, Azovstal, Zaporozhstal, aircraft factories in Moscow, Kharkov, Kuibyshev.
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In 1932, announcing the success of the 1st Five-Year Plan, Stalin noted that there was now no need to “spur the country” and the 2nd Five-Year Plan provided for a reduction in the growth rate of industrial output from 30 to 16%, while the growth of light industry should have been higher than growth heavy.
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The plan provided for the creation of industrial bases in the Urals, Siberia, and Central Asia. May 15, 1935 The first metro line was launched between the Sokolniki and Park Kultury stations.
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Attention was also paid to the industrialization of agriculture. Thanks to the emergence of domestic tractor manufacturing in 1932, the USSR abandoned the import of tractors from abroad, and in 1934 the Kirov Plant in Leningrad began producing the Universal row crop tractor.
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Industrialization - the creation of heavy industry, large-scale machine production. n. XX century – Russia is an agrarian-industrial country of the 2nd echelon of modernization, the result of the revolution and civil war – agrarianization by the mid-20s – economic recovery was basically completed. The USSR reached the level of 1914. The XIV Party Congress in 1925 set a course for industrialization while maintaining the alliance of the working class and peasantry and the balanced development of industry and agriculture
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Reasons for abandoning NEP The problem of compatibility of NEP and communist ideology The possibility of a “petty-bourgeois degeneration” of Soviet power Problems of reconstruction of large-scale industry Rising unemployment Promotion of the slogan (1926) - “Catch up and overtake the capitalist world” Worsening of Anglo-Soviet relations (an attempt to organize a political and economic blockade THE USSR)
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Possible options: liberal policy towards capitalist elements in the country, in foreign trade, attracting foreign capital “NEP” - based on a balance between industry and agriculture, between small-scale commodity and socialist structures while maintaining commanding heights by the state, accelerated industrialization using foreign economic methods of regulating the economy
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Elimination of the technical and economic backwardness of the country; achieving economic independence; creation of a powerful defense industry; development of basic industries (metallurgical, fuel and chemical). Goals of industrialization
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Intra-party struggle about the methods, pace of industrialization, and sources of accumulation. Bukharin Nikolai Ivanovich Trotsky Lev Davidovich Leiba Davidovich Bronstein. "Right" "Left"
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Intra-party struggle for “over-industrialization”; for the transfer of funds from agriculture to industry through tax policy, he proposed imposing an “industrial tribute” on the village. by increasing taxes on the nepman in the city and the kulak in the countryside. For unequal exchange between city and countryside. proposed to raise the wages of rural workers as the main source of funds for the development of industry, against growing bureaucracy., For gradual transformations. For the development of market relations in the agricultural sector of the economy For lowering prices for manufactured goods Reducing land taxes and expanding land lease Facilitating the hiring of labor “Left” “Right”
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Introduction of the card system and subscription to government loans (led to a halving of wages) Income from light industry and agriculture Income from foreign trade Export of oil, gold, timber, sale of treasures of museums and churches Use of forced labor of the Gulag (main directorate of camps) Sources of financing
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1927-1928 grain procurement crisis In the fall of 1927, 128 million poods of grain were shortfall. Cities and the army were under the threat of famine; plans for grain exports collapsed. In 1928, it was necessary to introduce a rationing system for the distribution of food in cities. It was decided to take bread from the peasants by force, using emergency measures. This caused resistance from the peasants, and uprisings occurred in a number of places.
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Ways out of the crisis Bukharin N.I. Rykov A.I. Tomsky M.P - Help from abroad - Introduction of more flexible purchase prices - Industrialization through the development of light industry - Production of consumer goods - Establishing trade exchange between city and countryside - Rise of agriculture “right deviation” Stalin I.V. V.V. Kuibyshev, V.M. Molotov, K.E. Voroshilov, Ya.E. Rudzutak - Course towards accelerated industrialization - “liquidation of the kulaks as a class” - Creation of large socialist collective farms (kolkhozes) in the countryside “general line” Therefore, in the spring of 1928, Stalin proposed to begin confiscating the “surplus” from the kulaks and middle peasants. This was opposed by Bukharin and head of government A.I., who shared his views on the NEP. Rykov and the leader of Soviet trade unions M.P. Tomsky In November 1928, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the views of Bukharin, Rykov, Tomsky and their supporters were declared a “right deviation” and condemned as an attempt to save the rural bourgeoisie and disrupt the construction of socialism.
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As a result of a tough and unprincipled struggle, Stalin became the sole and indisputable leader of the CPSU (b), which gave him the opportunity, in his own words, to “send the NEP to hell”
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The first five-year plan 1929 -1932. 2 plans: starting (under unfavorable conditions) and optimal (under maximally favorable conditions) Two years later it was increased Creation of 1235 (1500) enterprises Slogan - “Technology decides everything!”
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At the end of 1932, the successful and early implementation of the 1st Five-Year Plan was announced in 4 years and 3 months.
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Results of the first five-year plan Dneproges Magnitogorsk, Kuznetsk and Zaporozhye metallurgical plants Stalingrad tractor plant Moscow and Gorky automobile plants Uralmash 12.5 million new workers, incl. from the village 8 million people. Socialist competition since 1929 65% of workers Shock brigades - 26% of workers Izotov movement (training new workers in production) Heroic work, enthusiasm
Lesson Objectives: Identify the causes, goals and sources of industrialization. Consider possible options for industrialization. Study the results and consequences of industrialization. Find out the origins of the labor heroism of Soviet people during the years of industrialization.
Let's get acquainted with the features of industrialization in the USSR in the 30s. Let us consider the social problems of the first five-year plans. The GULAG system. At what cost was the success of industrialization achieved? What are the results of industrialization?
AT THE LESSON!!! Lesson question!!! What helped the Soviet Union to industrialize in a short time? Indicate in your notebook!!! Years, events, facts in table form!!!
Was Stalin right? “To slow down means to fall behind. And the laggards are beaten. But we don’t want to be beaten. We are 50-100 years behind advanced countries. We must run this distance in 10 years. Either we do this or we will be crushed." I.V.Stalin.
The situation in the economy of the USSR in the 1920s. The need for industrialization.
To ensure the economic independence of the Soviet Union from foreign countries. Create a basis for the development of the Armed Forces. Increase the size of the industrial working class, the main support of the ruling party. Raise the standard of living of the population. Industrialization goals:
Objective: “To transform the USSR from a country importing machinery and equipment into a country producing them.” J.V.Stalin XIV Party Congress 1925.
Alternative approaches to industrialization Stalin and Bukharin Who is right?
Grain procurement crisis: causes and ways out Questions Stalin I.I. Bukharin N.I. Causes of the crisis Weak industry gives rise to commodity hunger. Errors in the implementation of the economic course. The main culprit is the saboteur, the political leader of the country. Ways out Industrialization and collectivization. Search for economic leverage. Who is right?
I.V.Stalin N.I.Bukharin Adoption of emergency measures: accelerated pace of development of heavy industry collectivization of peasant farms liquidation of the kulaks as a class centralized planning Inclusion of economic levers: gradual pace of development of light industry. development of the cooperative movement in the countryside, strengthening of taxation of kulaks, market elements. Two points of view on industrialization. .
The triumph of the "Stalinist alternative" Why? Stalin's version of industrialization - the result of subjective reasons or an objective pattern?
USSR during the first five-year plans
Economic development of the USSR by 1940.
“There are no fortresses that the Bolsheviks would not take” “The work proceeded along the line of correcting and clarifying the five-year plan in the sense of increasing the pace and reducing the time frame... People who chatter about the need to reduce the rate of development of our industry are enemies of socialism, agents of our class enemies” And .V.Stalin.
Cast iron produced million tons. Tractors thousand pcs. Cars thousand units Produced in 1928 3.3 1.8 0.8 Plan for 1932 10 53 100 Stalin's amendments to the plan 15-17 170 200 Actually made in 1932. 6.1 50.8 23.9
Industrial production during the first five-year plans Produced in 1928 Plan for 1932 Produced in 1932
Results of five-year plans First five-year plan 1928-1932 Second Five-Year Plan 1933-1937 Azovstal, Zaporizhstal Dneproges Magnitogorsk, Kuznetsk metallurgical plants Mines of Donbass and Kuzbass Stalingrad, Kharkov tractor plants. Moscow, Gorky automobile plants, Chelyabinsk tractor Ural, Kramotorsk heavy engineering plants. Aviation factories in Kharkov, Moscow, Kuibyshev.
Loans from the population Grain export Sales of raw materials (oil, timber) gold, museum treasures Organization of competition and shock work Labor enthusiasm Sources of industrialization
Former peasants overnight became workers. The workers found themselves completely dependent on labor—if you didn’t work, you starved. Thousands of Gulag prisoners - victims of repression - worked and died on the construction of industrial giants “Man is the most valuable capital”, “Personnel decide everything!” I.V.Stalin
“Enthusiasm... and for the years of the first five-year plan you can’t find another word, it was enthusiasm that inspired young people to daily exploits.” I. Ehrenburg Socialist competition. Five-year plan at 4 years old!
In 1935, coal miner A. Stakhanov exceeded the coal production rate by 14 times. His initiative spread to other industries. Stakhanov movement M. Mazai N. Izotov P Krivonos A. Busygin P. Angelina E. Vinogradova Alexey Stakhanov
Results of industrialization indicators by industry Actual capacity in 1913 Capacity commissioned during industrialization Coal, million tons per year Iron ore, million tons Cast iron, million tons per year Steel, million tons per year Cars thousand units Tractors, thousand units Harvesters, thousand units 29 9 4.2 4.3 0 0 0 189 29 14.6 13.9 200 100 45 Commissioning of critical production facilities
Countries 1918–1929 1930–1941 1. USSR All industry Large industry 2. USA 3. England 4. France 6.9 9.7 3.1 1.2 7.9 16.5 18 .0 1.2 2.1 – 2.2 Average annual growth rates of industrial production in the USSR, USA, England and France 1. What changes occurred in the economy of the USSR during industrialization? 2.What new industries appeared in the structure of the Soviet economy during industrialization? 3.Which branches of industrialization developed most successfully?
The USSR is an industrial-agrarian country. New industries have been created. The economic independence of the country has been achieved. A powerful military-industrial complex has been created. The material and technical base of the national economy has been reconstructed. Unemployment has been eliminated. Achieving goals.
The GULAG system. (main directorate of camps.)
decline in the standard of living of the population lagging behind light industry famine 1932-33 robbery of the village mass repressions 1935 Stalin I.V.: “Life has become better, life has become more fun” The price of the industrial breakthrough Was it really so? What was the price for success?
“Stalin’s industrialization based on the enslavement of the peasantry, mass repressions, forced labor, and state oppression is, although fast, a very one-sided and superficial modernization.” L.M.Batkin.
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Presentation on the topic: Industrialization in the USSR
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1. Reasons for industrialization. Cultural property intended for sale abroad. In the mid-20s, the problem of industrialization came to the fore. This was explained by the need: to create MTB socialism, achieve economic independence of the country, strengthen its defense capability. Stalin, taking advantage of the next crisis of the NEP, announced the “offensive of socialism along the entire front.” The accelerated development of basic industries (fuel and raw materials, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, etc.) on which the general state of the economy depended came to the fore.
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1. Reasons for industrialization. American equipment In the West, industrialization was carried out using funds received from the development of agriculture and light industry. But in the USSR there was no time to implement this approach. Therefore, industrialization was carried out through the plunder of the village and the sale abroad of raw materials, bread, cultural values. In conditions of limited resources, the leadership moved to their centralized distribution and to the planning of the entire economy.
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2.The first five-year plan. Ya. Romas. Morning of the First Five-Year Plan. In 1927, the development of the 1st five-year plan began. In 1929, it was approved. It was planned to increase industrial production by 180%, agricultural production by 55%. Heavy industry was to develop at a faster pace - 230% in 5 years . Stalin at this time put forward the idea of the “Great Leap Forward” - in order to catch up with the West in 5-10 years, which had gone ahead in its industrial development by 50-100 years.
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2.The first five-year plan. Dneproges dam. Millions of people responded to Stalin's call with enthusiasm. It was not possible to fulfill the five-year plan, but a huge step forward was made in the industrialization of the country. Heavy industry production increased 2.8 times, industrial giants were built - the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant , Magnitka, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants, Turksib, aviation, chemical electrical industries, etc. appeared. The USSR reduced the import of foreign equipment
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3. Social aspects of the 1st Five-Year Plan. Announcements about the recruitment of workers. The huge scale of economic transformations required a huge amount of labor. In 1930, the last labor exchange was closed in the USSR. But the bulk of the workers were unskilled. To solve this problem, higher and secondary specialized educational institutions were opened in the USSR, and evening classes were opened faculties and factories of technical colleges. Over 5 years, 130 thousand specialists were trained, mainly from workers
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3. Social aspects of the 1st Five-Year Plan. V. Denis. N. Dolgorukov. 1st Five Year Plan. At the same time, there were shortcomings in the social sphere - already low wages were eaten up by taxes, rising prices and inflation. The repressions started by Stalin against his opponents led to the creation in 1930 .The Main Directorate of Camps (GULAG). The cheap labor of prisoners made it possible to implement such grandiose projects as the construction of the White Sea Canal and the Moscow-Volga Canal.
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4.Second Five-Year Plan. G. Ordzhonikidze. People's Commissar of Heavy Engineering. The fulfillment of the tasks of the 2nd Five-Year Plan led to the transformation of the USSR from an agricultural country into a powerful industrial country. The growth of industry was 2.2 times. 80% of the increase was achieved due to newly built enterprises. The country was able to overcome the 10-year period outlined by Stalin through incredible efforts and the USSR came out on top in Europe in terms of industrial production.
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5. Stakhanov movement. A. Stakhanov. in mine 2, the five-year plan did not lead to an increase in the standard of living of the population. Food cards were abolished, but the general price level increased. Workers were forced to sign up for government loans. Housing conditions did not improve, because the number of residents in cities grew. At this time, the Stakhanov movement arose. In 1935, A. Stakhanov exceeded the coal production norm by 14 times. His initiative spread to other industries. Stakhanovites received up to 2,000 rubles a month and received awards.
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6. Results of the 1st five-year plans. P. Sokolov-Skalya. The train is coming! In terms of industrial growth rates, the USSR overtook Tsarist Russia by almost 3 times. It took 2nd place in the world in terms of overall indicators and was a leader in the growth rate of industrial production. The USSR became economically independent of the West, which at that time, like our country, was at the stage of industrialization society. But these successes were achieved due to overstraining the economy and its disproportionate development, to the detriment of light industry and agriculture.
Industrialization in the USSR Socialist industrialization of the USSR (Stalin's industrialization) is the process of accelerated expansion of the industrial potential of the USSR to reduce the gap between the economy and developed capitalist countries, carried out in the 1930s. The official goal of industrialization was to transform the USSR from a predominantly agricultural country into a leading industrial power. The beginning of socialist industrialization as an integral part of the “triple task of a radical reconstruction of society” (industrialization, collectivization of agriculture and cultural revolution) was laid by the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy (). At the same time, private commodity and capitalist forms of economy were eliminated.
Reasons for industrialization Necessity: creating MTB socialism achieving economic independence of the country strengthening its defense capability Stalin, taking advantage of the next crisis of the NEP, announced the “offensive of socialism along the entire front.” The accelerated development of basic industries (fuel and raw materials, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, etc.) came to the fore. on which the general state of the economy depended.
Conditions for industrialization In the West, industrialization was carried out using funds received from the development of agriculture and light industry. But in the USSR there was no time to implement this approach. Therefore, industrialization was carried out through the robbery of the village and the sale of raw materials, bread, and cultural property abroad. In conditions of limited resources, management switched to their centralized distribution and planning of the entire economy.
GOELRO Already during the Civil War, the Soviet government began developing a long-term plan for the electrification of the country. In December 1920, the GOELRO plan was approved by the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and a year later it was approved by the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The plan provided for the accelerated development of the electric power industry, tied to territorial development plans. The GOELRO plan, designed for 1015 years, provided for the construction of 30 regional power plants (20 thermal power plants and 10 hydroelectric power stations) with a total capacity of 1.75 million kW. The project covered eight main economic regions (Northern, Central Industrial, Southern, Volga, Ural, West Siberian, Caucasian and Turkestan). At the same time, the development of the country's transport system was carried out (reconstruction of old and construction of new railway lines, construction of the Volga-Don Canal). The GOELRO project laid the foundation for industrialization in Russia. Electricity production in 1932 compared to 1913 increased almost 7 times, from 2 to 13.5 billion kWh.
The first five-year plan In 1927, the development of the first five-year plan began. In 1929, it was approved. It was planned to increase industrial production by 180%, agricultural production by 55%. Heavy industry was to develop at a faster pace - 230% in 5 years. Stalin at this time put forward the idea of the “Great Leap Forward” - in order to catch up with the West in 5-10 years, which had gone ahead in its industrial development by years.
Results of the first five-year plan In terms of industrial growth, the USSR overtook Tsarist Russia by almost 3 times. It took 2nd place in the world in terms of overall indicators and was the leader in the growth rate of industrial production. The USSR became economically independent from the West, which at that time, like our country, was at the stage of an industrial society. But these successes were achieved at the expense of overstraining the economy and its disproportionate development, to the detriment of light industry and agriculture.
Collectivization Collectivization is the process of uniting individual peasant farms into collective farms (collective farms in the USSR). It was carried out in the USSR in the late 1920s and early 1930s. (the decision on collectivization was made at the XV Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1927), in the western regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia after the Second World War, in Cuba in 1960s The goal of collectivization is the formation of socialist production relations in the countryside, the elimination of small-scale commodity production to resolve grain difficulties and provide the country with the necessary amount of marketable grain.
The main stages of collectivization 1928 - the beginning of the forced creation of collective farms (25 thousand people) In the newspaper "Pravda" Stalin's article "The Year of the Great Turning Point" The policy of "elimination of the kulaks as a class" was announced Famine. 40s - Final stage
Peasant Question (1929) Population about 160 million people. 80% - peasantry 26 million farms million poor farms million middle peasant farms. - over 1 million kulak farms.
Consequences -+ Diversion of huge funds from the development of agricultural production Conditions have been created for an industrial leap Alienation of peasants from property and the results of labor, elimination of economic incentives in agriculture. Gained independence from the import of important agricultural crops Massive “departure” of peasants from the countryside, labor shortage Additional labor to the city Strengthening the social base of the Stalinist dictatorship Increased level of mechanization of agricultural labor
The main tasks of the cultural revolution were to overcome cultural inequality and make cultural treasures accessible to the working people. Elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. In 1923, the voluntary society “Down with Illiteracy” was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin.
Public education On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the “Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR.” The basis is the principle of free education. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the priority right to enter universities. In 1930, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution “On universal compulsory primary education.” By the end of the 30s, mass illiteracy in our country had been largely overcome
Church and religion On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree was issued on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the validity of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of church and state and the confiscation of all church property.
