Khalitdinov Rustam
Everyone knows from childhood that prefixes are a part of a word that stands before the root and serves to form new words and forms. Among the consoles there are Russian and foreign languages. There are many Russian prefixes, they are known to everyone: and others. There are prefixes that arose from full-valued words: For example:
Foreign language prefixes in Russian are predominantly of Greek and Latin origin
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ABSTRACT
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10th grade student
Khalitdinov R.I.
Foreign language prefixes in Russian.
Everyone knows from childhood that prefixes are a part of a word that stands before the root and serves to form new words and forms. Among the consoles there are Russian and foreign languages. There are many Russian prefixes, they are known to everyone:in-, on-, for-, on-, pro-, re-, from-, over-and others. There are prefixes that arose from full-valued words:Near-, between-, counter-, over-, after-. For example: international, confrontation, superconductivity, afterword.
Foreign language prefixes in Russian are predominantly of Greek and Latin origin:
- Greek prefix a-(an-) synonymous with the Russian prefix Not - , has the meaning of negation or absence of any property, quality:asymmetry, arrhythmia, immoral;
- anti- , also Greek, corresponds to Russian against, used to form words with the meaning of opposition, hostility, opposition:antisocial, anti-fascist, anti-terror, anti-Semite, anti-Christ, antibiotic– these words are on everyone’s lips. An antipode is a person who is opposite in his beliefs, traits, and tastes to someone else. We read from Grigorovich: I am by nature the antipode of Pechorin and I hate ladies' men and philanderers>> ;
- arch- - this prefix denotes the highest degree of manifestation of something expressed by the second part of the word: archival - very important, arch-conservative- extremely conservative archplut – the word speaks for itself;
- hyper- and hypo- - two prefixes with opposite meanings ( hyper- “above, above”, hypo- “below, under” ) indicate a position above and below the required norm. Compare hypertension and hypotension – high and low blood pressure. Physical inactivity – in the era of technological progress, reduced mobility of the human body, leading to many diseases. Hypocenter – earthquake source deep in the earth’s crust ( hypo- -under, below the earth).
Latin prefixes de- and des- denote cancellation, deletion, negation and are synonymous with Russian prefixes from- , not- , times- :
- deskilling – loss of qualifications, disinfection - disinfection in Russian, disinformation – incorrect, false information, deactivation – a very relevant word in our atomic age, means the removal of radioactive contamination from the surface of various objects, from soil, water and other objects;
- deportation means expulsion, expulsion from a country or forcible relocation of individuals, groups, peoples. Example:deportation of Zakaev from England.
Latin prefix inter- is also known to everyone. Equivalent to the Russian prefix between - or word in the middle:
- Interbrigada, intervidio, interclub, international and even an intergirl.
Less commonly used prefix infra- corresponds to the meaning of the wordunder, below, next to: infrared rays –electromagnetic radiation invisible to the eye, infrasound - vibrations that are not perceived by the human ear. A word from political vocabulary is now in use - infrastructure, or substructure - sectors in the economy and social life that are subordinate and auxiliary in nature, for example:Industrial infrastructure includes roads, canals, bridges, ports, transportation, communications, and so on; The Belarusian side undertakes to provide the necessary infrastructure– premises, roads, electricity, as well as maintenance personnel(from newspapers)
We continue to talk about the meaning of Greek-Latin prefixes in the Russian language.
Here is the Latin prefix known to everyone counter-, contra-, or in Russian against , denotes opposition, opposition, the opposite of what is expressed in the second part of the word: counter revolution, counter attack, counter reconnaissance, counter strike, counter fact. In the word rear admiral , which is written with a hyphen, part counter- does not matter against: admiral is a word from the French language, into which it came from Arabic, and means a military rank or rank of senior officer in the navy. And consoles counter and vice indicate order of precedence.
Regarding the Latin prefix con- , synonymous with our prefix s- or co- and denoting connection, accompaniment, joint action, then in the dictionary of foreign words there are about 60 words with this prefix. In some words it stands out clearly, for example, in the words con federation, union, association of any organizations, states, con sensus (con- - co- and sensus in Latin feeling - literally sympathy or general agreement on a controversial issue, achieved as a result of discussion -Duma deputies came to a consensus), consolidation (unification, consolidation, strengthening).
So, the prefix con- means co- or s- . But in many words it has merged with the root and is no longer perceived as a prefix. These are words likecontext, design, conglomerate, consortiumand many others.
The next prefix is also from Latin - fast- . It has the meaning of following, coming after something, after something: fast Impressionism is a movement in art. Latin expression fast factum - literally > , that is, after something has already happened, happened. Fast scriptum (literally >) – a postscript in a letter after a subscription, denoted by the letters P.S.
We know many words starting with the syllable re-: re construction, re vaccination, re organization, re broadcast and others. These words contain the Latin prefix re- , meaning resumption, repetition of action: revaccination - this is the repeated administration of a vaccine after a certain period of time to achieve immunity of the body to infection. The second meaning of this prefix is the opposite action or reaction. Re evacuation – return from the place of initial stay or accommodation.
Sub-, or in Russian sub- , located below what is indicated by the stem of the word. Every military man, and even civilian, knows the word sub Ordination is a system of official subordination of juniors to seniors, based on the rules of official discipline. When they say: violated subordination, it means that he did not obey the boss. IN subordination was strictly observed in the department, and the assistant chief of staff did not dare read the newspaper before the chief of staff(Serafimovich).
In the words subtropics, subarctic This prefix denotes a location nearby, near something.
Super console used in the language of young people as a separate evaluative word, it means the highest manifestation of any attribute or action: Cinema is great! (indeclinable adjective) We had a rest - great! (adverb) . In individual words this prefix has the same meaning: super express, super fashionable. There is also the meaning of “main” or “located on top, next to something”: super market, super cover.
Next console the ex- in the names of persons it is written with a hyphen and means “former”: ex-champion, ex - the president. Another meaning of this prefix is the Russian prefix from-, for example: ex humation (ex – from, humus in Latin "earth, soil"). Ex tradition (ex – from-, outside- and traditio – transfer) – extradition to a foreign state of a person who has violated the laws of that state.
Extra- synonymous with the prefix super- , denote “supreme, beyond the ordinary:extraordinary, extravagant– unusual, not corresponding to generally accepted norms, fashion. There is also an independent word extra , meaning “the best” when it comes to a type of product. In Russian it is an indeclinable noun.
With this, we will finish the conversation about foreign language prefixes and advise everyone to write prefixes correctly, and also to think more often about the meaning of not only the whole word, but also its parts, remembering the words of the great Pushkin: >.
- A-/an- >
- Anti->
- Archi->
- Hyper->
- Hypo- decrease against the norm >>
- De-/des- >
- Re->
- About - >
- Proto->
- Trans->
- Pan->
E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University
§ 2. Spelling of prefixes
Console, prefix (from lat. praefixus“attached in front”) is the part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (bezdorozhny - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the forehead - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: A in the meaning of “not”, anti - “against”, archi - “very”, counter - “against”, pan - “all”, sub - “under”, trans - “through” and etc.
2.1. Spelling of immutable prefixes
Most prefixes in Russian are unchangeable, i.e. Regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written uniformly. The spelling of such prefixes should be remembered. For a list of unchangeable prefixes, see the table:
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called out, stop, sediment, go numb |
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get there, get there, guess |
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belief, courtyard, cut, rely |
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boil, gap, trick, grow |
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In a special meaning: (meaning of kinship) great-grandmother, proto-language |
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attack, cover, overtake |
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wonder, prisoner, pick up, hammer |
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OVER- (NADO-) |
bite, crack, inscribe, tear |
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UNDER- (UNDER-) |
melt, sharpen, suggest, wait |
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OT- (OTO-) |
give away, rest, move aside, open |
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OB-(OBO-) |
trim, grind, wipe, go around |
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V- (VO-) |
to your heart's content, to sew in, to cling to, to involve |
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PRE- |
chairman, predecessor, predetermine |
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RE- |
humus, overflow, distortion |
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C- (CO-) |
move
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There is no prefix in the words: |
2.2. Spelling of prefixes in ...z - ...s
In the Russian language there are prefixes in which letters alternate Z
And WITH
:
WITHOUT- / BES- , RAZ- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), IZ- / IS-, NIZ- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / THRASS-)
In..click; walking along; ..do; burn..burn.
The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:
2.3. Spelling of prefixes PRE- and PRI-
Words starting with pre- And at-, have different origins in the Russian language.
Some came from Latin. In such words the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, bonus, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with a root beginning with pri (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their bookish character.
Finally, many words with pre- And at- are actually of Russian origin.
It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is clearly guessed.
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Let's remember some cases: |
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give shape, shine
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betray a friend, dreams
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2.4. Spelling of vowels in the prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.
Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: idleness, insignificant, worthless, worthless, draw.
2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of prefix and root.
Pere + skaz = retelling (-s-)
ras + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)
Remember:calculation (calc + even), but: calculate (calc + count);
uncountable (bes + s + even).
In words to tear apart, to tear apart, to ruin one 3 is written.
Answer from Irina Kulyomina[master]
in politics, and it’s not like that
Answer from KATYUKHA ALCHEVSKAYA[master]
ab-, (abs-; lat. ab-, abs-) - prefix meaning “removal”, “deviation”; corresponds to the Russian prefix "ot-".
prefix anti- meaning opposite
bi-two, twice duality
Hyper... - 1. The initial part of complex words that adds meaning: exceeding
Derivatives with the prefix DE- (DEZ-) name the processes of destruction of what constituted the essence of the past: de-Sovietization - “liquidation or transformation of councils as bodies of state power”; deindustrialization – “the process of disaggregation and simplification of the structure of industrial production”; de-bureaucratization - “rejection of bureaucratic methods of management, destruction of bureaucracy,” etc. “In its functional role, the prefix DE- approaches negation,” notes V.V. Baranov, “but this negation differs from the negation expressed by the prefix NOT-.
Di... (Greek di...), prefix meaning “twice”
dis-
In ancient Greek: a prefix that denies the positive meaning of a word (dismenes “unkind”) or enhances the negative one (dispenthes “causing terrible suffering”).
In Russian, the meaning of the prefix dis is “naming the absence of something or the opposite of what is called a motivating word”; in addition, the prefix acquired the additional meaning of violation, difficulty, disorder of any system.
For example:
1. Borrowed words with this prefix: dyspepsia (digestion); imbalance, dysfunction, dystrophy.
2. Words formed in Russian: disqualification, disharmony, discomfort.
The prefix is productive in the Russian language (especially in scientific terminology) in the formation of adjectives and nouns.
inter-
(lat. inter between, among, mutually) a prefix meaning: location between structures, connection, interaction between them; corresponds to Russian “between”, “among”, “mutually”.
counter- (meaning “against”, it is always written together - although it means “against”, it obeys the basic law of spelling our prefixes!
Greek prefix "pan-" means "all", "universal. also "everywhere" everywhere" - in medicine
Poly- (poly-)
prefix denoting: 1. Large quantity; a bunch of. 2. The extreme degree of manifestation of any symptom. 3. Generalized; affecting various parts of the body.
re- "opposite action" or "reaction"
SAT...
A prefix as part of words that have the following meanings: 1) located below or under what is indicated by the base of the word, for example. : subcortical, subaqueous; 2) indicating subordination, the dependence of one action or object on another, for example. : chain of command, sub-inspector;
3) less in one or another parameter than what is indicated by the stem of the word, for example. : subgiant, subcontinent; 4) located near what is indicated by the stem of the word, for example. : suborbital, subtropics.
eks- (ek-)
In ancient Greek, the prefix had the meaning:
1) outward movements, moving away, removing (eksago “I’m bringing out”);
2) completion (eksidasko “learning”);
3) high degree of attribute (ekselos "very clear").
M. N. Slavyatinskaya notes that “most words with the prefix ex- are of Latin origin (ex-).” In Russian, the prefix is mainly used in the first meaning (the Russian prefix “iz-” is synonymous); ex- is used in the meaning of “high degree of attribute.” The Greek prefix did not acquire new meanings in the Russian language.
Examples of words: ecstasy (from eks- “the highest degree of symptom”, “outward movement” and stase “strike”, riot, stop, transformation” - the highest degree of delight, inspiration); eczema (from eksemo “to spew out, spew out”; rash on skin, a disease with a characteristic rash); exergy (from ek-, eks- “the highest degree of symptom” and ergon “work” - the maximum work that a thermodynamic system can perform), ectopia (literally “displacement” - congenital or acquired displacement of an internal organ or tissues with access to the surface of the body).
The console is productive in the field of medical terminology
The adoption of foreign words into Russian ones has been going on for several centuries. This is due to the conquest and unification with new territories during the times of Kievan Rus, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, etc. As a result of foreign borrowings, along with other words, we received foreign prefixes that have their own meaning. Foreign prefixes in the Russian language are found as often as parts of Russian origin. Most often they come from Greek or Latin.
The following foreign prefixes are often used: extra-, ex-, ultra-, trans-, super-, sub-, proto-, post-, pan-, counter-, infra-, inter-, dis-, dis-, dis- , de-, hypo-, hyper-, archi-, anti-, a-.
For a simpler understanding of these components of the word, it is necessary to establish their scope and meaning.
Extra-
Console extra- has a meaning similar to Russian out- And above- :
extra thin, extra ordinariness, extra polishing, extra sense, extra fashionable.
The psychic suggested that in this house there had previously been many ghosts that frightened the residents and instilled fear in them.
Prefix ex-
The prefix ex- indicates the predecessor, past tense:
the ex-spouse, the ex-continent, the ex-chairman, the ex-Prime Minister.
The ex-husband of the TV star made a very loud statement that he did not love his wife and married her for money.
Ultra-prefix
Console ultra- means further, more, beyond:
ultra sound, ultra revolution, ultra centrifuge, ultra microscopic, ultra violet.
Ultrasound is used in an ultrasound machine, which allows you to examine different tissues in the human body and, based on what you see, make an accurate diagnosis.
Prefix trans-
Console trance - has two meanings. The first is moving in space, the second is being located outside the boundaries of something:
trance agency, trance aggressive, trance probe, trance plantation, trance letter, trance arctic.
The Transatlantic Alliance is a trade association of Western countries led by the United States of America.
Super console
Console super- has the meaning above, above, and is used to denote the ultimate quality or parameter:
super position, super aviation, super giant, super fashionable, super quartermaster, super series.
The Super Series is a significant event in American football that is attended by a large number of people.
Sub-prefix
Foreign language prefixes sub- used as often as Russian sub-, they have the meaning of a non-predominant feature:
sub stratosphere, sub rent, sub ordination, sub marina.
Sublease is the operation of renting an object that is already rented.
Prefix re-
Console re- can be used in two meanings. The first is to reproduce, repeat an action:
re vaccination, re fast, re translator
The second is in contrast:
re adaptation, re gress, re master, re emigrant re organizational, re innovative.
Prefix proto-
Proto- indicates a predecessor, source, highest, major or senior degree:
proto star, proto type, proto story, proto plasma.
A prototype is a kind of mock-up of a future product, which, after careful development, will be put into mass production.
Post-fix
Fast- similar to the Russian part of the word after-:
fast volcanic, fast apocalyptic, fast qualification, fast position, fast modernism.
A post-volcanic island formed in the ocean, on which many trees, shrubs and some representatives of the animal world immediately appeared.
Prefix pro-
Pro- indicates commitment to a certain point of view, involvement in someone’s interests:
about Soviet, about American, about rector, about imperialist.
Prefix pan-
Pan- indicates comprehensiveness:
pan Americanism, pan Arabism, pan Germanist, pan psychism, pan theism, pan thehistorical.
Prefix counter-
Counter- has a synonymous meaning to the Russian particle against-:
counter offensive, counter intelligence service, counter argument, counter-admiral, counter revolution.
A counteroffensive is a retaliatory offensive by troops that is designed to break the enemy’s offensive.
Prefix inter-
Console inter- used instead of the Russian part of speech between- , or used instead "inside" :
inter nationalism, inter prettified, inter puncture, inter No, inter face, inter position, inter granule.
Prefix dis-, dis-
Console dis- is used before consonants, and design - vice versa. They indicate the opposite and carry a negative meaning:
diz Uria, dis harmonious, dis skilled, dis proportional, dis functional.
Prefix de-
Console de- used before consonants, dez- placed before vowels. Indicates cancellation, destruction and negation:
de mobilization, de carbonation, de qualify, de ratification, de orientation, de information, de organization, de deactivation.
Infrastructure attachment
Infra- similar to the Russian part of speech under-:
infra structure, infra sound, infra microbiology.
Prefix hypo-
Hypo- is an antonym of a foreign language prefix hyper- , and denotes a decrease in the norm:
hypo vitaminosis, hypo kinesia, hypo tonia, hypo glossal.
Prefix hyper-
Console hyper- has the same meaning as the Russian prefix above- , which means excessive:
hyper function, hyper secretion, hyper market, hyper trophy
Hypersonic speed is a speed above the speed of sound, due to which an object can reach the desired point in much less time.
Arch prefix
Console arch- indicates the highest degree of an adjective or noun, has a qualitative meaning:
archi scammer, archi scientific, archi bishop, archi Mandrit.
Anti-prefix
Console anti- has a similar meaning to the Russian part of speech contra-, used to indicate the opposite meaning of a word:
Prefix a-
Console A- is intended to give a negative meaning to adjectives and nouns, it does not carry a qualitative meaning:
- symmetrical - A symmetric;
- moral - A moral;
- normal - A normal.
Prefix over-
Along with foreign language prefixes, the Russian part is also used above- , which denotes the highest degree of qualitative assessment of an object, is used with adjectives and adverbs with a sign of action. It consists of two parts: attachments With- and adverbs top , is an analogue of a foreign language super- :
above smart, above long, above spicy, above private, above power, above exactly, above profit, above lesson.
