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GENERAL INFORMATION
Italy is a country in southern Europe in the central Mediterranean. The coasts of Italy are washed by the seas: in the West - the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian, in the South - the Ionian, in the East - the Adriatic. Area – 301,230 km2 Population 60 million people. (2007) Capital - Rome Form of government - Parliamentary republic
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State symbols
State flag
National emblem
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Over 98% of the population is Italian. In the north of the country, in the border areas live Romansh (mainly Friuls), South Tyroleans (Austrians), French, Slovenes and Croats; In Southern Italy and on the island of Sicily - Albanians; In the south of the country - Greeks; On the island of Sardinia - Catalans; Jews, etc.
POPULATION
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The rich history of Italy begins around 500 BC, when the foundations of the powerful Roman Empire were laid, occupying by the 5th century AD. vast territories of Europe, Asia and North Africa.
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Features of Italians
Italians are a peculiar people. On the one hand, these are eccentric talkers with expressive facial expressions and active gestures in order to attract the attention of their interlocutor in any way, on the other hand, they are sedate people who love their home and family. Italians love to brag, talking about their home, work and the talents of their offspring. If you ask an Italian on the street to show you the way, he will be happy to explain and even offer to guide you, the only difficulty is that there are few English speakers in Italy, and this is where gesturing comes into play. The holy rule is siesta (lunch leading into afternoon rest) from 13:00 to 16:00. At this time, when all the shops, shops, and banks are closed, it is not even customary to make appointments or call each other. During siesta, as they say in Rome, “only dogs and French people walk.”
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Religion
Italians are very pious people. Italy is a Catholic country. According to statistics, 97.67% of Italian believers profess Catholicism. It is almost impossible to change your faith or simply leave the Church in Italy. Moreover, every believer is obliged to pay the pope the so-called “8% tax,” which, if desired, can be sent to the treasury. Such religious principles are largely determined by the close connection with the Vatican, a city-state on the territory of the modern Italian capital of Rome, as well as numerous agreements between the Church and the state.
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Traditions of Italy
Italians really appreciate the expression of interest in Italy as a country that is the ancestor of many types of arts and crafts. They rarely drink strong drinks, even the famous Italian grappa is not held in high esteem in their homeland. Italians drink local wine, which is an indispensable attribute of every dinner. Lengthy toasts are not accepted, and before drinking they say “chin-chin.” For a local man, friends are almost the meaning of life; they spend most of their free time with them, look to them for support in difficult times, and defend their honor and dignity with no less fervor than their own. For women, the opinion of their friends often means much more than the rest of the world - only the mother and father, perhaps, have more authority for an Italian. Respect for elders is all-encompassing - they are the first to enter the room, the first to sit at the table, and in general they usually preside over all ceremonies.
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Attractions
Venice is a city that has many epithets: “Queen of the Adriatic”, “city of canals and palaces”, “The most serene”, and these are only the most famous of them. Venice has a dual character: water and land, a long history and a dubious future, airy sophistication and vague sadness. The city is built on 117 small islands, between which there are 150 canals connected by amazing bridges.
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It is impossible to imagine Italy without its most colorful symbol - the Leaning Tower of Pisa on the Field of Miracles. The five-meter slope of the falling bell tower excites the imagination of tourists, every now and then forcing the Italians to save the architectural masterpiece by strengthening the foundation.
Attractions
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Pompeii is located in southern Italy near Naples at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. The city was buried for many centuries under a 7-9 meter layer of ash and volcanic rock. On August 24, 79, Vesuvius came to life. Archaeological scientists suggest that there were about 30 thousand inhabitants in Pompeii at that time, and that about two thousand died from the eruption. The antiquarian museum contains plaster casts of the townspeople who died during the disaster.
Attractions
Coat of Arms of Italy The steel cogwheel is a symbol of labor and it reflects the first article of the Constitutional Law, which states: Italy is a democratic republic founded on labor. The olive branch symbolizes the peacefulness of the nation, meaning the desire for internal harmony in the country and international brotherhood beyond its borders. The oak branch speaks of the strength and dignity of the Italian people. Nowadays, its presence indicates that it belongs to the Italian armed forces. The coat of arms of the Italian Republic consists of three elements: - a star - a cogwheel - olive and oak branches.
Anthem L"Italia s"è desta Dell"elmo di Scipio S"è cinta la testa. Dove"è la Vittoria?. Le porga la chioma; Chè schiava di Roma Iddio la creò. Stringiamoci a coorte, Siam pronti alla morte: Italia chiamò! Noi siamo da secoli Calpesti e derisi, Perchè non siam popolo, Perchè siam divisi; Raccolgaci un"unica Bandiera, un speme; Di fonderci insieme; Già l"ora suonò. Stringiamoci a coorte, Siam pronti alla morte: Italia chiamò! Uniamoci, amiamoci; L"unione e l"amore Rivelano ai popoli Le vie del Signore: Giuriamo far libero Il suolo natío; Uniti per Dio Chi vincer ci può ?. Stringiamoci a coorte, Siam pronti alla morte: Italia chiamò! Dall "Alpi a Sicilia Dovunque è Legnano Ogni uom di Ferruccio: Ha il cuor e la mano. I bimbi d"Italia Si chiamano Balilla: Il suon d"ogni squilla I vespri suonò. Stringiamoci a coorte, Siam pronti alla morte: Italia chiamò! Son giunchi che piegano Le spade vendute: Già l"Aquila d"Austria Le penne ha perdute. Il sangue d"Italia E il sangue polacco Bevè col Cosacco Ma il cor le bruciò Stringiamoci a coorte Siam pronti alla morte: Italia chiamò! Anthem
Italy Brothers, Italy has risen, following Scipio He looks at us from the pedestal. Oh, where are you, Victory? slave of Rome, you were created by heaven, bow your brow. Choir: Move your cohorts, be ready for death. Be ready for death, Italy is calling. Shift your cohorts, be ready for death. Be ready for death, Italy is calling! Their holy swords are ready for vengeance: the Austrian eagle has lost its plumage. He drinks the blood of Italians, He drinks the blood of Poles, Together with a Cossack, But his heart is already burning. Translation of the anthem into Russian
General information Italy is a country in southern Europe in the central Mediterranean. The coasts of Italy are washed by the seas: in the West by the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian, in the South by the Ionian, in the East by the Adriatic. About 20% of the borders are land, passing mainly through various parts of the Alps. In the North it borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, in the North-East. with Yugoslavia. The territory of Italy covers the southern slopes of the Alps, the Padana Plain, the Apennine Peninsula, the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and numerous small islands. Area 301.2 thousand km 2. Population 54.7 million people. (1971). Capital city Rome. Administratively, it consists of 20 regions (including 2 islands), which are divided into provinces, the latter into communes.
Over 98% of the population is Italian. In the north of the country in the border areas live Romansh (mainly Friuls) 350 thousand people, South Tyroleans (Austrians) 210 thousand people, French about 70 thousand people, Slovenes and Croats about 50 thousand people; in Southern Italy and on the island of Sicily Albanians (about 80 thousand people); in the south of the country there are Greeks (30 thousand people); on the island of Sardinia Catalans (10 thousand people); Jews (about 50 thousand people), etc. The official language is Italian. The official calendar is Gregorian. The monetary unit is the Italian lira (with the unit of account being 1 Euro)
Area sq. km Member of G8, ADB, EBRD, EU, MDB, NATO, OECD, CE Population growth 0.07% Life expectancy 76 (m), 83 (f) Languages Italian, German, French, etc. Literacy 98% GDP 1.733 trillion $ GDP per capita $ Religion Catholicism(98%)
Regions of Italy 16 regions and 5 autonomous regions*: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia*, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy, Marche, Molise, Piedmont, Apulia, Sardinia*, Sicily*, Tuscany , Trentino-Alto Adige*, Umbria, Valle Daosta*, Veneto
Geography Geography Italy is predominantly a mountainous country. Italy is predominantly a mountainous country. Active volcanoes (Vesuvius, Etna); frequent earthquakes Active volcanoes (Vesuvius, Etna); earthquakes are frequent. Heavy rainfall is not uncommon in Northern Italy. Summer rains are often accompanied by thunderstorms and hail. In the mountains, snow lasts for several months, but on the mountain tops it never melts. Heavy downpours are common in Northern Italy. Summer rains are often accompanied by thunderstorms and hail. In the mountains, snow lasts for several months, but on the mountain tops it never melts.
Government Italy is a parliamentary republic operating on the basis of the 1948 constitution, the head of which is the president. President of Italy (since May 13, 1999) - Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. The President is elected at a joint meeting by both houses of parliament and regional representatives for a term of 7 years. Prime Minister of Italy (since June 10, 2001) - Silvio Berlusconi. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Italy and approved by Parliament. The Cabinet of Ministers is represented by the Prime Minister of Italy and approved by the President. The Italian Parliament (Parlamento) is elected for 5 years (elections were held on June 23, 2001), and consists of two chambers: the Senate (Senato della Repubblica), consisting of 315 people (232 people are directly elected, 83 are proportionally regional representatives, and several person elected for life); The Chamber of Representatives (Camera dei Deputati), consisting of 630 people (475 seats are distributed on the basis of elections in single-member constituencies under a majoritarian system, 155 are proportionally regional representatives).
Government The legal system is based on the principles of civil law. Controversial issues are resolved by the courts. Certain issues are resolved in the constitutional court (Corte constituzionale), which consists of 15 people: 5 people appointed by the President, 5 people appointed by Parliament, 5 people appointed by the administrative Supreme Courts. The largest political parties and movements in Italy are: Forza Italia Movement, Center-Left Oliva Coalition, Christian Democratic Center, Christian Democratic Union, Green Party, Communist Party, Northern League and others. Suffrage in Italy is valid from the age of 18, except for presidential elections in the Senate, where suffrage begins at the age of 25.
Brief History Italy's rich history begins around 500 BC, when the foundations of the powerful Roman Empire were laid, occupying by the 5th century AD. vast territories of Europe, Asia and North Africa. At the end of the 5th century, modern Italy was conquered. Germans, Ostrogoths and Goths, whose reign lasted several centuries. At the end of the Middle Ages, rich city-states arose, existing peacefully until the middle of the 15th century, when neighboring states began a series of wars for the possession of the territories of the Apennine Peninsula. In 1861, King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia proclaimed the creation of a single state, which, however, did not yet include Rome and Venice. By 1870, Italy was already practically within its modern borders, and in July 1871, Rome became the capital of a united Italy.
In 1924, the fascist Mussolini regime came to power in Italy and lasted until 1943, when dictator Benito Mussolini was executed by partisans and Allied troops landed in Italy. In June 1946, the king of Italy abdicated the throne and left the country. Italy was proclaimed a republic. Since 1944, the political life of Italy has been very stormy, as evidenced by the frequent (sometimes two or three times a year) resignation of the country's government. Italy is a member of the UN and all specialized agencies of this organization, NATO, EU, CFE, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The government system is a republic. The head of state is President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (in office since May 28, 1992). The head of government is Prime Minister Romano Prodi (in office since May 16, 1996). Short story
Population The population of Italy (1995) is about people, in the largest cities: Rome (persons), Milan (persons), Naples (persons), Turin (persons), Palermo (persons), Genoa (persons), Bologna (persons) , Florence (person), Bari (person), Catania (person), Venice (person). Ethnic groups: Italians - 98%, Germans, Slovenes, Albanians, Greeks, French. Average life expectancy: 74 years for men, 81 years for women. Birth rate (per 1000 people) - 11 Death rate (per 1000 people) Religion: Catholics - 84%; the rest (Protestants, Muslims, Jews) - 16%. The official language is Italian.
Features of the population Italians are a peculiar people. On the one hand, these are eccentric talkers with expressive facial expressions and active gestures in order to attract the attention of their interlocutor in any way, on the other hand, they are sedate people who love their home and family. Italian men are gallant towards any woman, but family is sacred, and the head of the family, as a rule, carries with him photographs of his wife and children. Italians love to brag, talking about their home, work and the talents of their offspring. If you ask an Italian on the street to show you the way, he will be happy to explain and even offer to guide you, the only difficulty is that there are few English speakers in Italy, and this is where gesturing comes into play. When Italians meet people, they usually add a profession or specialty to their name: “Vincenzo, journalist.” The holy rule is siesta (lunch leading into afternoon rest) from 13:00 to 16:00. At this time (the hottest time), when all the shops, shops, and banks are closed, it is not even customary to make appointments or call each other. During siesta, as they say in Rome, “only dogs and French people walk.”
Special customs of Italians 1) Children In an Italian family there are 1 or 2 children, children are allowed to do whatever they want, no one scolds them 2) Laws In order to live in this country according to the law, an Italian citizen is obliged to learn all the rules and laws, seat belts are mandatory for everyone, but no one ever fastens them (in Italy, T-shirts with belts painted on them are very popular). 3) Handshake A handshake in Italy carries a certain symbol: it shows that the hands reaching out to each other are unarmed. 4) Taxes Italy is a country in which the level of taxes is one of the highest in the world, and whose population is famous for not paying taxes
Religion Italians are very devout people. Italy is a Catholic country. According to statistics, 99% of Italian believers profess Catholicism. In addition, the official census classifies as Catholics all those who were baptized in a Catholic church. It is almost impossible to change your faith or simply leave the Church in Italy. Moreover, every believer is obliged to pay the pope the so-called “8% tax,” which, if desired, can be sent to the treasury. In general, such religious principles are largely determined by the close connection with the Vatican - a city-state on the territory of the modern Italian capital - Rome, as well as numerous agreements between the Church and the state. According to the new concordat, marriages entered into in the Church are recognized as legally competent from the point of view of civil law. And marriages themselves are allowed for men from 16, and women from 14 years old. As for divorce, the situation here is at least interesting. Until recently, it was actually banned in Italy. These articles were finally abolished only after a popular vote in the mid-70s.
Traditions of Italy National holidays of Italy: January 1 - New Year (Capodanno); January 6 - Epiphany (Epifania); April 25 - Day of Liberation from Fascism (Festa della Liberazione); May 1 - Labor Day (Festa del Lavoro); The first Sunday in June is the Day of the Proclamation of the Republic; August 15 - Assumption (Ferragosto); November 1 - All Saints' Day (Ognissanti); November 4 - National Unity Day (Caduti); December 8 - Immaculate Conception (Immacolata Concezione); December 25 - Christmas (Natale); December 26 - St. Stephen's Day (Santo Stefano); Holiday with variable date - Easter Monday (Lunedi di Pasqua).
Transport Aviation transport. All major cities in Italy are connected by air lines, both with all countries of the world and with each other. Air tickets are significantly more expensive than train and bus tickets, but when traveling long distances it is better to take an airplane. Railway transport. It is very convenient, fast and cheap to travel around Central and Northern Italy by train. Trains in Italy are divided into six categories depending on travel distance, speed and class. Tickets can be purchased at the station or at any travel agency without paying tax. In addition to regular tickets, tickets are sold with various discounts: group, multiple, for youth (under 26 years old), etc. Most trains have buffets or dining cars. Long-distance trains have sleeping cars with local compartments depending on the class. The Eurostar superfast trains are especially good. Tickets are validated on the platform or on the bus. There is a ticket booking service (biglietteria telefonica) for Eurostar Italia and Intercity trains.
Transport Bus transport. In large cities, it is more convenient to use public transport rather than a car due to traffic restrictions in the city center and constant traffic jams on the streets. Tickets for the bus (and in Rome for the tram) should be purchased in advance at tobacco shops and newsstands. The ticket is valid for 1 hour after stamping (also in the metro). Bus stops - on request. Bus and tram tickets cost from $0.7 to $0.88. A book of 11 tickets costs $7. One-day passes, valid for the subway, trams and buses, cost $2.35, and weekly passes cost $10.59. Metro. Major cities in Italy have a metro (Metropolitana). It is convenient to use when traveling long distances. Tickets are sold from vending machines at each station and are valid for more than an hour; there are also one-day tickets that allow you to use all types of public transport. Fare: $0.65 per ticket or $5.8 per block of 10 tickets. City taxi. A taxi is expensive, but you can’t do without it.
Transport Automobile transport. Speed in cities is limited to 50 km/h. There are speed signs on motorways, but Italians sometimes break the rules. The highways are fast and fairly free (except in summer). The use of seat belts is mandatory. To transport children under 9 months, you need to use a special seat; children from nine months to four years old must ride in the rear seats. When parking, you need to pay attention to the signs: the police are harsh on violators - the car can be towed and you need to have enough cash to help it out. It is advisable to park the car in the garage at night. Voting is prohibited on the motorway. Car rental. In order to rent a car you must: be over 21 years old and have a valid driving license (EU license or country of residence license translated into Italian). Car rental is quite expensive, as is gasoline. You can rent a car if you have a credit card or with a cash deposit. Motorists can count on good road conditions. Most motorways have tolls. You can also pay for the right to use the motorway non-cash using a magnetic Visacard. You can relax, have a snack and refuel your car at special “Servizii” (service) stations.
Minerals 1) Iron ore (Aost, Elba Island) 2) Polymetallic ores 3) Mercury ores (Tuscany) 4) Manganese (Liguria and Central Italy) 5) Brown and hard coal (Sardinia, Tuscany, Umbria, Calabria) 6 ) Oil (Sicily, Padana Plain) 7) Natural gas (Padan Plain, Adriatic Sea shelf, Sicily) 8) Carrara marble (Carrara (Tuscany)) 9) Sulfur, potassium and rock salts, asphalt, bitumen (Sicily)
Industry 3) Electric power (one of the most technically developed industries) 4) Chemical (mainly works on imported raw materials) 5) Petrochemical (the most powerful in European countries) 1) Automotive industry. (1/4 of the manufacturing industry, employs 2 million people) - Ferrari, Maserati, Lancia; the largest is Fiat 2) Metallurgy (the aluminum industry is the most developed)
Industry - footwear production (2nd place in production after the USA, 1st place in its exports) - dairy industry (northern Italy) - cheese, milk - olive oil production (1/3 of that produced in the world) - furniture industry (Italy has a tradition of making antique furniture) - Italy is one of the first places in the world for the development of the jewelry industry (Florence, Rome, Venice have long been famous for their jewelry).
Tourism in Italy A significant part of the income to the Italian treasury comes from tourism; the major centers of tourism are: Rome Florence The most popular cities among tourists are: Rome, Vatican, Florence, Venice, Turin. The first four cities are famous for their Renaissance cultural values. Turin is famous for its ski resorts; in 2006 it hosted the XX Olympic Games
ROME The Italian capital is the largest attraction not only of the Apennine Peninsula, but of all of Europe. The story of the founding of Rome, telling the story of the brothers Romulus and Remus, who were suckled by a she-wolf and founded the city in 753 BC. on Palatine Hill, known to everyone. Even the founding day of the city is known - April 21.
COLISEUM Construction of the Colosseum began in 72 AD. Emperor Vaspasian, and ended just 8 years later. The construction of the amphitheater was carried out by captive Jews. Its real name is “Flavian Amphitheater”, and the Colosseum (Colosseum) is the name given to the grandiose structure by the Roman people. Few people know that the amphitheater served as an arena not only for bloody gladiatorial fights, but also for naval battles.
RUINS OF THE ROMAN FORUM The Roman Forum, which unites an ensemble of 22 monuments. The Forum has witnessed the rise and fall of the empires that once existed here. Its ruins tell the story of how art, history, religion and culture of mankind developed.
FONTANE DE TREVI Rome is a city of fountains, which are an integral attribute of almost every Roman square, saving the city from the stifling summer heat. The most beautiful of them is the De Trevi Fountain, a masterpiece of the Baroque era. The fountain was made in 1762 by the architect Nicolo Salvi according to the design of Alberti and Bernini. It serves as the facade of a large palace. Many beautiful bas-reliefs and statues decorate it. The fountain is famous not only for its delicious water, but also for the fact that it provides a significant increase to the city budget in the form of coins extracted daily from the bottom of the fountain.
Piazza di Spagna The youth center of Rome can easily be called the Piazza di Spagna, with its beautiful elegant staircase, where an exhibition of azaleas is held in the spring. The Trinita dei Monti church, overlooking the square, was built in 1495 with funds from the French government. She ministers to French Catholics living in Rome.
MASK “MOUTH OF TRUTH” Mask “Mouth of Truth”, located in the portico of the church of St. Mary in Cosmedin. A popular legend says that the mouth of the mask must close forever if the person who puts his hand in it lies in any oath or promise.
PANTHEON The Pantheon is considered the most perfect of all classical monuments preserved in the Italian capital. Between the second and third chapels there is a burial place in which the remains of Raphael rest. The inscription on his tombstone reads: “Here lies that Raphael who competed with the greatest Mother Nature. She feared that he would surpass even her in his creativity, and that she would wither away when he was gone.”
VATICAN St. Peter's Square. Pope John Paul II The papal state began in the 8th century, when King Pepin gave the Roman region to the pope. The name of the state comes from the name of the Monte Vaticano hill, on which a palace was built during the early Middle Ages, which became from the end of the 14th century. permanent residence of the head of the Catholic Church. In 1870, the Vatican became part of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1929 it again became a sovereign state.
St. Peter's Square. The Egyptian Obelisk The Vatican is separated from the rest of Rome by a wall and colonnade in St. Peter's Square. It occupies only 44 hectares and has less than a thousand inhabitants. Nevertheless, the Vatican has its own coat of arms and flag, it mints its own coin, which is circulated throughout Italy.
BASILICA OF SAINT PETER St. Peter's Basilica was built in the 15th-17th centuries on the site of an older basilica from the 4th century AD. Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini took part in its construction. The renovation of the façade of the Palais des Papes was completed by Raphael in 1519.
SISTINE CHAPEL To the north of the basilica is the famous Sistine Chapel, which serves as a chapel at the papal palace. The chapel was built during the time of Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere. The first mass took place there on August 9, 1483.
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel gained worldwide fame from the frescoes by Michelangelo on the ceiling vault and above the altar of the chapel. In 1508, Pope Julius II della Rovere commissioned Michelangelo Buonarotti to paint the ceiling of the chapel. The work lasted about four years - from 1508 to 1512: this is how the famous Scenes of Creation appeared.
Assisi was founded before the Roman era. Its first inhabitants were the Umbrians, then the Romans subjugated the city, and in the 3rd century Bishop Rufino brought the light of the Christian faith to Assisi. Assisi - the city of St. Francis and St. Clara. Generations of architects, builders, and masons have given Assisi a unique look. It seems that time has stopped here and the city has forever frozen in its medieval forms. Assisi captivates with its beauty, which is contained in its residential buildings, temples, and paintings by the greatest masters of the 13th-14th centuries. Even a short visit to Assisi will forever remain in your memory. Assisi is located on the western slope of the majestic Mount Subasio and is limited to the north by a deep gorge and to the south by the Umbrian valley.
Bologna is one of the most beautiful cities in Italy and this fact does not raise any doubt. The historic city center, painted in the recognizable shades of red brick, is considered one of the best preserved in Europe, it is the second best preserved in Italy after Venice. Currently, Bologna is the largest exhibition center in Italy. Many exhibitions and seminars are held here every year. Fairs of international importance: Cosmoprof (cosmetics, April), Simak (footwear, tanning) and Linea Pelle (leather products) - both are held in May, Saye (construction, October), Motor Show (December). In the very center of the city is its main square - Piazza Maggiore.
Venice Built on 122 islands connected by 400 bridges. This is a real monument city, where absolutely any building can claim the title of historical monument. Most of the Venetian canal streets are so narrow that you can easily rest your hands on the walls of opposite houses, while the buildings themselves reach a height of 7 floors. The canals have practically no banks - stately houses “grow” right out of the water. One of the main attractions of the city is the Grand Canal, which runs through the entire city and is about 4 km long. with a width of up to 70 m. The Grand Canal leads to the central square of Venice - Piazza San Marco.
Genoa Stretches 35 km along the coast from Voltri to Nervi. Genoa is a historical seaside city, the largest Italian port. Many ancient palaces have been preserved here, which still exude their former splendor, which, combined with the lively life of the port city, makes up the unique charm of today's Genoa. Thanks to the peculiarities of its layout, numerous gardens and parks and views of the Mediterranean Sea, Genoa is one of the most beautiful Italian cities. The maritime character of Genoa is evident in absolutely everything. Even the Royal Palace, with its main facade, is oriented towards the sleepless anthill of the port harbor.
Naples "Neapolis" - the New City, is the pearl of southern Italy. It is located in a picturesque location on the shores of the Gulf of Naples. The city has absorbed a variety of languages and cultures, creating its own unique “Neapolitan style”. The calling card of Naples is the Vesuvius volcano, at the foot of which the city is located. Even during the Roman Empire, the area was known as a vacation spot for the nobility, who built baths and stadiums, villas and theaters here. By the 19th century the nearby coast became a traditional resort for the aristocracy and bohemia, including Russians. The clean sea, mountain air, many thermal springs and rich culture attract many tourists to Naples.
Milan The capital of the Lombardy region is the second city in Italy after Rome in terms of population. It is home to about two million people. The city occupies an advantageous location from a geographical and economic point of view: Milan is located in the central part of the Padan Plain, at the intersection of the largest railways and roads in Europe leading from the passes through the Alps. The construction of a tunnel through the Gotthard mountain contributed to the growth and rapid development of the city. Milan is connected by shipping canals to the Po River, making it one of the main ports in Italy. Milan has two international airports: Milan - Linate Airport and Milan - Malpensa Airport.
Padua Founded around the 6th century. BC e., the birthplace of one of the oldest European universities and a major scientific and cultural center of the Middle Ages, is now considered one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. From Piazza Valle, narrow medieval streets, paved with uneven paving stones, radiate in different directions. In the city center, opposite Piazza del Santo, there is a house in which in the mid-15th century. Donatello lived. The beautiful Church of St. Antonio (Basilica del Santo) is one of the main attractions of the city. Every year in June, when the day of the saint revered by all Italians is celebrated, pilgrims from all over the world come to Padua to see the embalmed fragments of Antonio's body.
Pisa is famous for the carefully trimmed bright green grass carpet of Prato de Miracoli (Field of Miracles), on which rises the Baptistery, the Leaning Tower of the Campanile and the Camposanto Cemetery. This place was sacred back in Etruscan times, and in the Roman era the Palladium stood here. In 1063, in honor of the victory of the Pisan fleet, a cathedral began to be built in the harbor of Palermo on the foundations of the Palladium to perpetuate the victory of the “Maritime Republic”. And literally immediately the new building began to tilt, turning into the most popular tower in Italy, attempts to “save” it continue to this day. Now the Cathedral Square of Pisa is considered unparalleled in the world.
Pompeii was one of the most prosperous cities of the Roman Empire. The expansion of Pompeii begins in the 4th century BC. The city is developing according to a rectangular urban planning plan, the houses are built from limestone. Pompeii entered a period of rapid economic prosperity, largely due to the production and sale of wine and oil. The consequence of this prosperity was a noticeable increase in the construction of both public and private buildings. Pompeii's economy continued to flourish, allowing the construction of important public buildings such as the Amphitheater and Odeon to begin. The high level of fine art in Pompeii is surprising - frescoes, mosaics and statues.
Rimini An ancient and new city, is the center of the province of the same name. It offers a successful combination of a famous past and modern tourism organization. An ideal holiday destination for those who would like to alternate a day spent on the beach with nightly entertainment in a disco and learning about the values of the art of the past. The city of Rimini was founded by the Romans in 268 BC as a Latin colony, a strategic location and a crossing point for trade routes. In 90 BC, the colony turns into a city. In the Middle Ages, the city becomes free and controls its own destiny. At the end of the 13th century, the Malatesta family came to power.
San Marino Has the shape of an irregular quadrangle and is covered mainly by hills, in the center of which is Mount Titan. San Marino is surrounded by two Italian regions: Emilia-Romagna from the north-east, Marche-Montefeltro from the south-west. In the Republic of San Marino, the cult of the Saint is widespread and deeply revered, to whom legend attributes the founding of the Republic. The legend tells how a master stonecutter left his home island of Arbe in Dolmatia and came to Mount Titan to found a small community of Christians persecuted for their faith by the reigning emperor Diocletian at that time. It is known for sure that this area was already inhabited in prehistoric times.
Siena The city is friendly and faithful to its own traditions. Siena lives practically two parallel lives. On one side are tourists and thousands of professors and students of the university for foreigners, one of the best in Italy; on the other side are the Sienese, attached to their customs, seemingly incomprehensible neophytes. Siena is synonymous with pride, contrasts and a natural connection to the land. Legend has it that the city of Siena was founded by Senio and Ascio, nephews of Romulus, the first king of Rome. Although modern Siena looks quite peaceful, in the 11th-14th centuries Siena was a strong city that even Rome and Florence feared.
Sorrento has always been known as a prestigious holiday destination: Roman patricians built villas in the vicinity of the city, and Emperor Tiberius himself settled on the nearby island of Capri. The small resort town of Sorrento is located on steep cliffs of volcanic tuff, plunging into the Gulf of Naples. The city descends to the sea with beautiful green terraces, stopping on a high cliff. In ancient times, the steep banks on which Sorrento is located served as reliable protection from enemies. But what Sorrento cannot boast of are sandy beaches, or just beaches. You can count them on one hand along the entire length of the coastline, and descent to them is only possible using special elevators.
Florence This is not just another Italian city. This is Italy itself. Florence surprisingly harmoniously combines the grandeur and pomp of Rome, the romance of Venice, the power of the Vatican, and the peace and tranquility of Verona. Florence is the birthplace of the Renaissance, this is Michelangelo’s “David”, Botticelli’s “Venus”. Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello and other great masters lived and worked here. Florence is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It was here that the great Dante created his “Divine Comedy”, which was written in the Tuscan dialect, which later formed the basis of the future national Italian literary language.
Nikiforova Elizaveta.
General economic and geographical characteristics of the country.
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Italy Presentation of Nikiforova Elizaveta School No. 577 of St. Petersburg 2008-2009
Geographical location All of Europe is for viewing, and Italy is for living. Here is my opinion: whoever has been to Italy, say goodbye to other lands. Whoever was in heaven will not want to come to earth. N.V. Gogol.
Geographical location The country is located in the south of Europe. It occupies the Apennine Peninsula, the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, as well as many small islands (Pontine, Lipar, Aegadian, Tremiti). Area 301.2 thousand km2. It borders on the north with Switzerland, France, Austria and Slovenia, as well as San Marino and the Vatican City (enclaves). The territories of Italy include the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, Ischia, Capri and Elba.
The Apennine Peninsula is washed by 5 seas (clockwise): Adriatic (in the east), Ionian, Mediterranean (in the south), Tyrrhenian (in the west), Ligurian (in the northwest).
Official name: Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana). The currency of Italy is the euro. The time is 2 hours behind Moscow. Territory: 301,230 sq. km (Apennine Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Capri and other smaller islands). Administrative division: 20 regions. Italy is home to two tiny states: the Vatican in Rome and the Republic of San Marino, bordering the provinces of Marche and Emilia-Romagna.
Capital: Rome. Rome - the capital of the Republic of Italy since 1871, the administrative center of the Lazio region and the Roman province - spreads over an area of 150 square meters. km. This is a hilly area: the “eternal city” occupies 12 hills, and the historical center is located on seven of them: Capitol, Palatina, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelia, Aventine and Quirina. Rome is crossed from north to south by the Tiber River. Once it was a deep, navigable river that threatened residents with floods. Today it is “chained” in stone parapets and poses no danger.
Rome is a densely populated city. The number of inhabitants, since 1870 - when Rome became the capital - has grown from 200 thousand to 3 million.
Vatican. a separate city-state occupying an area of 44 hectares. The Vatican is a separate city-state occupying an area of 44 hectares. St. Peter's Square and St. Peter's Basilica
Italian government system: parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president. Giorgio Napolitano (June 29, 1925 (age 84)), current President of the Italian Republic (since May 15, 2006)
Typology: economically developed countries, G7 countries International organizations: UN (since 1955), EU (since 1957), NATO (since 1949), G7, etc. Human Development Index (HDI): 17th place (2006) Inflation (CPI): 1.5% (2006) Unemployment rate: 7% (2006)
Population of Italy Population: more than 60 million people (as of 2008) Ethnic composition of the population: Italians - 98%, Greeks, Friuls - 1.9%. In addition, the country is home to 300 thousand Austrians, 120 thousand Albanians, 100 thousand Slovenians, 90 thousand French, 50 thousand Jews, etc. Official language: Italian (Indo-European family, Romance group, Italo-Romance subgroup). In hotels, restaurants, and tourist centers, as a rule, you can communicate in English and French. German is understood in the ski resorts and resorts of the northern Adriatic. Any, even the most awkward, attempts to communicate in Italian will be greeted with enthusiasm. Religion: 98% of Italians are Catholics.
A little more about the population... At the moment, the country is in fourth place in terms of population among the countries of the European Union and in 23rd place among countries in the whole world. The population density is 199.2 people per square meter. kilometer - fifth place in the European Union. The highest density is in Northern Italy, where almost half of the country's total population lives. Type of reproduction - first. Population structure by age: from 0 to 14 years: 13.8% (men 4,121,246/women 3,874,971); from 15 to 64 years old: 66.4% (male 19,527,203/female 19,059,897); 65 years and older: 19.9% (male 4,823,244/female 6,741,172) (as of 2007). Population structure by gender for 2002: 94:100 (m.:f.) Average annual population growth in 2004 was 0.9% In terms of the aging index (ratio of the age group 65 years and older to the group 0-14 years), Italy ranks first place in Europe. average life expectancy - 79.2 years
Italians' favorite dish is spaghetti
Economy of Italy Italy is a highly developed industrial-agrarian country. Predominantly industrial and highly developed north and poor, agricultural south. Gross national product per capita is $28,300 per year.
Leading industries: mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, light and food processing. Italian car "Fiat"
Italy is one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers to the world market of cars, bicycles and mopeds, tractors, washing machines and refrigerators, radio-electronic products, industrial equipment, steel pipes, plastics and chemical fibers, car tires, as well as ready-made clothing and leather shoes, pasta , cheese, olive oil, wine, canned fruit and tomato.
Agriculture is dominated by crop production. Italy is one of the world's largest and Europe's leading suppliers of citrus fruits, tomatoes, and olives. The Calabria region is famous for its fishing products.
The country is considered one of the world's trendsetters in fashion and design. Milan is the center of Italian fashion. Large supermarkets and boutiques of all famous fashion houses (clothes, shoes, accessories). The best shops are located on Via Montenapoleone. The country is considered one of the world's trendsetters in fashion and design. Milan - the center of Italian fashion The best shops are located on Via Montenapoleone
It is impossible to get tired of shopping in Milan. TIFFANY, DOLCE & GABBANA, BYBLOS, MAZZINI, GIORGIO ARMANI, ROBERTO CAVALLI, HELMUT LANG, VON DUTCH, VICINI... it is impossible to pass by doors with such signs.
Transport in Italy
The climate in southern and island Italy is Mediterranean. Winters are mild (in January from +8 °C to +10 °C), summers are dry and hot (in July 23–26 °C). In Northern and Central Italy the temperatures in January are +(1-4)°C, in July +24°C, so Italy is a favorite destination for tourists all year round. T u r i z m
In the summer, tourists come to southern Italy to sunbathe on the beach and enjoy the incredibly beautiful nature of the country, and they go to the north all year round to engage in winter sports: skiing and snowboarding are always waiting for them on the snow-covered slopes of the Alps.
The most famous tourist cities in Italy are Venice, Verona, Milan, Naples, Pisa, Rome and Turin. Venice Pisa Naples
The famous Juliet's balcony in Verona
Italy's problems Lately, thanks to EU subsidies, the south of the country has made significant progress in some areas of the economy. This was partly due to a strong drop in the birth rate, which now, however, threatens a strong aging of the population. No less acute is the problem of waste disposal and the unsanitary condition of many cities. A clear confirmation of this was the recent so-called garbage crisis in Italy. A huge number of emigrants, especially Moroccans and Romanians, are a growing crime, in addition to their own mafia, which shoots itself periodically.
Prospects for the country Italy supplies and produces a huge number of goods, thereby ensuring a constant profit. Thousands of tourists tirelessly come to this wonderful country.
Italy is the largest region of international tourism (over 50 million people per year). Tourism in Italy is one of the leading sectors of the economy and accounts for 12% of GDP. Italy accounts for 5.6% of the global tourism market. According to this indicator, the country ranks 3rd in the EU after France and Spain.
The Doge's Palace in Venice is a great monument of Italian Gothic architecture, one of the main attractions of the city. Located on St. Mark's Square next to the cathedral of the same name. Although the first structure on this site dates back to the 9th century, the construction of the current building was carried out between 1309 and 1424, presumably by the architect Filippo Calendario. In 1577, part of the palace was destroyed by fire, and the restoration of the building was undertaken by Antonio de Ponti, the creator of the Rialto Bridge.
Blue Grotto grotto on the northern coast of the island of Capri (Italy). The length of the grotto is 56 meters, the width is 30, the height of the arch above the water level is 15 meters, the entrance height is up to 1.3 meters. The grotto has a single entrance from the sea, and you can only get into it by boat. Due to the low entrance, the grotto is not accessible in stormy weather. The bottom is flooded by the sea, thanks to which the light penetrating the grotto gives the water and the entire cave a beautiful azure color.
