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microscope Inozemtseva V.I. Municipal educational institution Poltava secondary school Kartalinsky district Chelyabinsk region
English physicist Robert Hooke 1665 R. Hooke published an album of drawings called “Micrography”. Among them was a thin section of cork wood, the structure of which resembled a honeycomb, a clear and regular arrangement of “microscopic pores” or “cells”. R. Hooke first used the word “cell” (1663, while examining a section of the cork and core of an elderberry) Robert Hooke
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek. Leeuwenhoek's microscopes, of which he personally made more than three hundred during his life, were a small, pea-sized spherical lens inserted into a frame. Microscopes had a stage, the position of which relative to the lens could be adjusted using a screw, but these optical instruments did not have a stand or tripod - they had to be held in the hands of Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, who lived in Holland in the 17th century
The first microscopes
1930s electron microscope appeared (USA) Modern microscopes
Structure of a microscope microscope Optical part Gives an optical image Mechanical part Serves for ease of use of optical parts Lighting mirror Observation Lens Eyepiece Tube revolver Includes: base Subject table Tripod with screw (cradle cap)
Structure of a microscope 1. Eyepiece 2. Tube 3. Holder 4. Coarse focusing screw 5. Fine (micrometer) focusing screw 6. Turret 7. Lens 8. Stage
Magnification factor The magnification of the lens is indicated on its frame (5,8,40, etc. The lens gives an inverse image of the object. The eyepiece consists of two lenses: collecting - facing the object; Ophthalmic - facing the eye. The eyepiece magnifies the image of the object received from lens. Numbers on the frame (7,10,15)). How many times a microscope magnifies can be found by multiplying the magnification values of the eyepiece and the image of the object. for example: an eyepiece with 7x and a lens with 8x magnification magnify objects 56 times (7*8=56) this is a low magnification. When working with 40x magnification, we will get an image magnified by 280,400, 600 times, depending on which eyepiece will be used (7*40=280, 10*40=400, 15*40=600). This increase is called large
The photograph shows not only the exoskeleton, but also the internal organs of the flea, right down to the nuclei of tiny cells that glow with blue dots. What can nature not amaze us with?!
tentacles of the Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia), magnified 30 times. The tentacles are known for stinging enemies very strongly and painfully.
Flower of Arabidopsis Thaliana (cress), a famous organism in plant biology and genetics, magnified 20 times
Electron micrograph of a suture made in the intestine using surgical sutures. These threads are made from microfilament nylon and can be thinner than a human hair.
Photo of an Atlantic salmon embryo
A photograph of a simple form of algae called Penium. Seaweed is the largest and most complex form of algae
The nucleus of a plant cell, which is a complex protein structure similar to loops and which is formed between paired chromosomes during cell division necessary for reproduction
Freshwater algae photographed at 100x magnification
Topic: Structure of a microscope Equipment: Microscopes, gauze wipes Work progress. How to handle a microscope: When removing the microscope from its case, grasp it by the curved part of the tripod, supporting the base. Place it opposite your left shoulder - with the tripod facing you. Do not place the microscope in direct sunlight. In natural light, use a flat mirror; in artificial light, use a concave one. Try to look through the microscope with your left eye without closing your right eye. Keep the device clean and do not touch its glass (lenses) with your fingers. Wipe dirty lenses with a clean soft cloth. Using the picture from the textbook, study the structure of a microscope and a hand-held magnifying glass.
Laboratory work: “Structure of onion skin cells.” Purpose: To study the structural features of a plant cell using the example of onion skin Equipment: Light microscope, digital microscope, slide, gauze, pipettes, beaker with water, dissecting needle, cover glass, iodine solution, filter paper, onion scales. 4. Report on the work: drawings of a group of cells. In the figure, indicate the main parts of the cell (wall, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleus). Conclusion: The skin cell of onion scales consists of a membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, and nucleus. On an unstained preparation you can see the membrane, cytoplasm, and vacuole. When the preparation is stained with iodine, the nucleus becomes visible. I stain the preparations so that previously invisible parts of the cell become visible.
Cell structure
1. Who first discovered the cell? a) Robert Virchow b) Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek c) Robert Hooke 2. In what year? a) 1600 b) 1930 c) 1665 2. The outside of the cell is covered with: a) cytoplasm b) membrane c) plastids 3. Green plastids are called: a) leucoplasts b) chloroplasts c) chromoplasts 4. Internal environment of the cell , where all organelles are located, is called a) cytoplasm b) nucleus c) vacuole 5. Chromosomes are located in a) nucleus b) cytoplasm c) vacuole 6. The main structural unit of the body a) root b) organ c) cell Test
Sites used http://skuky.net/22606 http://molbiol.ru
Kotosonov Alexander
Contains information about the history of the creation of microscopes, types of microscopes and the principle of their operation
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History of microscopy Today it is difficult to imagine human scientific activity without a microscope. The microscope is widely used in most laboratories of medicine and biology, geology and materials science. The results obtained using a microscope are necessary when making an accurate diagnosis and monitoring the progress of treatment. Using a microscope, new drugs are developed and introduced, and scientific discoveries are made. Microscope - (from the Greek mikros - small and skopeo - look), an optical device for obtaining an enlarged image of small objects and their details that are not visible to the naked eye. The human eye is capable of distinguishing details of an object that are separated from each other by at least 0.08 mm. Using a light microscope, you can see parts with a distance of up to 0.2 microns. An electron microscope allows you to obtain a resolution of up to 0.1-0.01 nm.
The first microscope was created in 1595 by Zacharius Jansen (Z. Jansen). The invention involved Zacharius Jansen mounting two convex lenses inside a single tube, thereby laying the foundation for the creation of complex microscopes. Focusing on the object under study was achieved through a retractable tube. The microscope magnification ranged from 3 to 10 times. And it was a real breakthrough in the field of microscopy! He significantly improved each of his next microscopes. History of microscopy
In 1625, a member of the Roman "Academy of the Vigilant" ("Akudemia dei lincei") I. Faber proposed the term "microscope". The first successes associated with the use of the microscope in scientific biological research were achieved by R. Hooke, who was the first to describe a plant cell (around 1665). In his book Micrographia, Hooke described the structure of a microscope. In 1681, the Royal Society of London discussed this peculiar situation in detail at its meeting. The Dutchman A. van Leenwenhoek described amazing miracles that he discovered with his microscope in a drop of water, in an infusion of pepper, in the mud of a river, in the hollow of his own tooth. Leeuwenhoek, using a microscope, discovered and sketched spermatozoa of various protozoa, details of the structure of bone tissue (1673-1677). Leeuwenhoek's best magnifying glasses were magnified 270 times. With them, he saw for the first time blood cells, the movement of blood in the capillary vessels of the tadpole's tail, and the striping of muscles. He discovered ciliates. He plunged for the first time into the world of microscopic single-celled algae, where the border between animal and plant lies; where a moving animal, like a green plant, has chlorophyll and feeds by absorbing light; where the plant, still attached to the substrate, has lost chlorophyll and ingests bacteria. Finally, he even saw bacteria in great variety. A new world of living beings was opening up, more diverse and infinitely more original than the world we see. History of microscopy
History of microscopy In 1668, E. Diviney, by attaching a field lens to the eyepiece, created a modern type eyepiece. In 1673, Havelius introduced a micrometer screw, and Hertel proposed placing a mirror under the microscope table. Thus, the microscope began to be mounted from those basic parts that are part of a modern biological microscope.
History of microscopy The works of the English optician J. Sirks (1893) marked the beginning of interference microscopy. In 1903, R. Zsigmondy and N. Siedentopf created an ultramicroscope; in 1911, M. Sagnac described the first two-beam interference microscope; in 1935, F. Zernicke proposed use the phase contrast method to observe transparent, weakly scattering objects in microscopes. In the middle of the 20th century. The electron microscope was invented, and in 1953 the Finnish physiologist A. Wilska invented the anoptral microscope. M.V. made a great contribution to the development of problems of theoretical and applied optics, improvement of microscope optical systems and microscopic equipment. Lomonosov, I.P. Kulibin, L.I. Mandelstam, D.S. Rozhdestvensky, A.A. Lebedev, S.I. Vavilov, V.P. Linnik, D.D. Maksutov and others.
Main types of microscopes:
OPTICAL MICROSCOPE Monocular optical microscope
How an optical microscope works An objective (to an object) is a lens or lens system with a very short focus that provides high magnification. The resulting image is viewed by the eye through the eyepiece (eye), which is a longer focal length lens (or system), which allows for normal visual perception. Between the lenses there is a metal case - a tube, in which the movement of the lenses is provided to obtain a clear image of a section of an object (or an entire small object). The magnification of an optical microscope can reach up to 2000 times (an exception to this rule are nanoscopes, with which you can overcome the Abbe effect ). Otherwise, the size of the objective lens will be such that the phenomenon of diffraction will appear. The path of rays in the microscope is up to you. The maximum resolution of a light optical microscope is 0.2 µm
Examples of images obtained using optical microscopes
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE Transmission electron microscope
An EM is turned “upside down” compared to a light microscope. Radiation is applied to the sample from above, and an image is formed at the bottom. The principle of operation of an EM is essentially the same as that of a light microscope. The electron beam is directed by condenser lenses onto the sample, and the resulting image is then magnified using other lenses. At the top of the EM column is a source of electrons - a tungsten filament, similar to that found in a conventional light bulb. A high voltage (for example, 50,000 V) is applied to it, and the filament emits a stream of electrons. Electromagnets focus the electron beam. A deep vacuum is created inside the column. This is necessary in order to minimize the scattering of electrons due to their collision with air particles. Only very thin sections or particles can be used for examination in an electron microscope, since the electron beam is almost completely absorbed by larger objects. Using an electron microscope, it is possible to achieve high resolution - in practice, 0.5 nm. Maximum useful magnification x250,000 Operating principle of an electron transmission microscope
Pollen Poliovirus (30 nm) Examples of electron microscope images:
Probe microscope SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPE
Scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) were the first devices that made it possible to observe and move nanoobjects. The basis of an atomic scanning microscope (AFM) is a probe, usually made of silicon and representing a thin cantilever plate (called a cantilever). At the end of the cantilever (length about 500 μm, width about 50 μm, thickness about 1 μm) there is a very sharp spike (length about 10 μm, radius of curvature from 1 to 10 nm), ending in a group of one or more atoms. When the microprobe moves along the surface of the sample, the tip of the spike rises and falls, outlining the microrelief of the surface, just as a gramophone stylus slides along a gramophone record. Operating principle of a scanning microscope
At the protruding end of the cantilever there is a mirror area onto which the laser beam falls and is reflected. When the spike lowers and rises on surface irregularities, the reflected beam is deflected, and this deviation is recorded by a photodetector, and the force with which the spike is attracted to nearby atoms is recorded by a piezoelectric sensor. Data from the photodetector and piezoelectric sensor are used in a feedback system that can provide, for example, a constant value of the interaction force between the microprobe and the sample surface. As a result, it is possible to construct a volumetric relief of the sample surface in real time. The resolution of the AFM method is approximately 0.1-1 nm horizontally and 0.01 nm vertically. Magnification level 109. The needle of a scanning tunneling microscope, located at a constant distance (see arrows) above the layers of atoms of the surface under study. The principle of operation of a scanning microscope
Ant E. coli bacterium Examples of images obtained using SPM:
X-RAY MICROSCOPE
The operation of such microscopes is based on the use of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 0.01 to 1 nm (i.e., on high penetrating power and a sharp change in the absorption of X-rays with a change in the atomic number of elements), which makes it possible to study very small objects with their help. Based on the resolution of R.M. in terms of their power, they can be positioned as something between optical and electron microscopes. The most common are projection (shadow) R.M., in which an object (a metal sample, a botanical section, etc.) is located near a point source of X-ray radiation (microfocus X-ray tube); a diverging beam of X-rays illuminates the sample and forms an enlarged image on a photographic film/screen remote from it. The principle of operation of an X-ray microscope
Human platelet Diatom Rat tail Examples of images obtained using PM:
Russian scientists have made a 3D microscope to study nanoobjects Research of nanoobjects
Russian nanobiotechnologists, combining several recognizable methods of microscopy, designed a device that makes it possible to study the three-dimensional structure of objects at the nanoscale level and their optical characteristics; they outlined their development in an article published in the ASC Nano magazine. Typically, scanning microscopy is used to study nanostructures, where the standard is “palpated” with a sharp probe. But this method provides only a two-dimensional image and does not allow one to study the three-dimensional structure of the standard. Previously, Anton Efimov, the founder of the Skolkovo resident company SNOTRA, found a method to circumvent this limitation by cutting the standard into the thinnest layers and scanning each separately. The jointly acquired data provides insight into the structure of a three-dimensional object. The creators of the article in ASC Nano, scientists from the laboratory of nano-bioengineering of the State Nuclear Research Institute "MEPhI" and the company "SNOTRA", designed a device that not only cuts the standard, but also conducts spectroscopy of the layers, allowing you to determine the composition of the standard by the way it reflects or absorbs light. For now, the microscope exists in the form of separate devices. The next task is to “pack” it into a single device. Invention of Russian scientists
Thank you for your attention!
Dutch spectacle maker Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias Jansen are believed to have invented the first microscope in 1590.
More than 350 years have passed since the world's first microscope was invented. During this time it was significantly modernized:
quality has improvedimages, increased
increase.
Huygens invented a simple two-lens eyepiece system in the late 1600s.
Galileo developed the "occhiolino", or compound microscope with a convex and concave lens, in 1609.
In 1665, Englishman Robert Hooke designed his own microscope and tested it on a cork. As a result
In 1665, the Englishman RobertHooke designed his own microscope and
I tried it on a traffic jam. As a result
research, the name “cells” appeared.
Leeuwenhoek's microscopes were small products with one very strong lens. They were very detailed
look at the images.German scientists from the Institute of Biophysical Chemistry developed an optical microscope called Nanoscope in 2006.
Microscope - an optical device for obtaining magnified images of small objects and their details invisible to the naked eye
eye.The name of the device comes from two Greek words: (mikros), which means (small) and (skopeo) - I look.
1 - eyepiece; 2 - revolver for changing lenses; 3 - lens; 4 - ratchet for rough aiming; 5 - micrometric screw for
1 - eyepiece; 2 - revolverfor changing lenses; 3 -
lens; 4 -
rack for rough
tips; 5 -
micrometer screw for
precise aiming; 6 -
object table; 7 -
mirror; 8 - condenser.
Microscopy (ISS) (Greek μΙκροσ - small, small and σκοποσ - I see) - the study of objects using a microscope.
Microscopy (ISS)(Greek μΙκροσ -
small, small and
σκοποσ - I see) -
studying objects with
using micro
oscopa.
Types of microscopy: -Optical microscopy -X-ray microscopy -Electron microscopy -Scanning probe microscopy
The resolution of a microscope is the ability of the microscope to produce a clear, separate image of two close
located pointsobject.
Types of microscopes: -Optical microscopes -Electron microscopes -Scanning probe microscopes -X-ray microscopes
-Differentialinferential-contrast
microscopes
Optical microscope (usually called simply microscope, from the Greek μικρός - small and σκοπέω - I look) - a device for obtaining
enlarged imagessmall objects that
impossible to see
with the naked eye.
Types of optical microscopes: -Working laboratory microscopes -Binocular microscopes -Steriomicroscopes -Metallographic
microscopes-Polarizing microscopes
-Luimeniscence microscopes
-Measuring microscopes
Areas of application of the optical microscope: - for studying the inhomogeneities of the surface of solid opaque bodies, such as
rocks, metals, fabrics; Vmicrosurgery, etc.
- for carrying out immunochemical tests,
immunological, immunomorphological
and immunogenetic studies.
- in laboratory practice, technology and
mechanical engineering.
An electron microscope is a device for observing and photographing a multiply (up to 106 times) magnified image.
objects in whichinstead of light rays
electron beams are used
accelerated to high energies in
deep vacuum conditions.
Types of electron microscopes: - transmission electron microscope - scanning electron microscope
Areas of application of electron microscopes in biology: - Cryobiology - Protein localization - Electron tomography - Cellular
tomography- Toxicology
- Particle analysis
- Pharmaceutical quality control
- Virology
Scanning probe microscopes (SPM, English SPM - Scanning Probe Microscope) - a class of microscopes for obtaining images
Scanningprobe
microscopes (SPM, an
Ch. SPM - Scanning Probe
microscope)
- class of microscopes for
image acquisition
surface and its
local characteristics.
Types of scanning probe microscopes: - scanning atomic force microscope - scanning tunnel microscope
Types of scanningprobe
microscopes:
- scanning
tunnel
microscope
X-ray microscope - a device for studying very small objects, the dimensions of which are comparable to the length of the X-ray
X-raymicroscope
- device for
research is very
small objects, sizes
which are comparable to
x-ray length
waves.
Types of X-ray microscopes: - projection X-ray microscopes - reflective X-ray microscopes
Applications of X-ray microscope: - scanning atomic force microscope - scanning tunneling microscope
Applicationx-ray
microscope:
- scanning atomic force microscope
- scanning
tunnel microscope
A differential interference contrast microscope is a microscope used to create contrast in unstained
Differentialinterference contrast
microscope is
microscope,
used for
creating contrast in
unpainted
transparent samples.
Conclusion: The microscope is the most important discovery of mankind. After all, if there were no microscope, a person would not be able to examine small
details. Using microscopesI determine the shape, structure and many others
characteristics of microobjects. WITH
using a microscope occurs
development and introduction of new drugs.
Slide 2
Dictionary
Microscope (Greek μικρός - small and σκοπέω - I look) is a laboratory optical system for obtaining enlarged images of small objects for the purpose of examination, study and application in practice.
Slide 3
- The human eye is capable of distinguishing details of an object that are separated from each other by at least 0.08 mm.
- Using a light microscope, you can see parts with a distance of up to 0.2 microns.
Slide 4
An electron microscope allows you to obtain a resolution of up to 0.1-0.01 nm.
Slide 5
Jansen microscope
Its increase ranged from 3 to 10 times. Each subsequent microscope has been significantly improved.
Slide 6
The first major improvement of the compound microscope is associated with the name of the English physicist Robert Hooke (1635-1703).
Slide 7
Idea by H.G. Hertel's idea of illuminating transparent objects from below using a mirror was first brought to life in the microscopes of E. Kelpeper. Since the 30s. XVIII century he begins to produce a tripod model of a complex microscope, under the table of which there was a mirror. The microscope included several lenses that provided magnification from 25 to 275 times.
Slide 8
Along with the main line of development of the tripod, which gradually brought the microscope closer to the instrument we are familiar with today, unique models were periodically constructed in the 18th century. For example, to bring the object closer to the lens, they tried to use the principle of the structure of a compass.
Slide 9
A. Leeuwenhoek's "microscope" consisted of two silver plates with round holes, between which there was a single lens, at its focus a holder for the object was placed.
Slide 10
Vincent and Charles Chevalier pioneered the practice of making achromatic lenses by gluing lenses from different types of glass with Canada balsam, thereby eliminating the refraction of light rays at the border of both lenses.
Slide 11
In the first half of the 18th century. The so-called “hand-held” or “pocket” microscope, designed by the English optician J. Wilson, became widespread. “Handheld” microscopes were very popular among amateur microscopists.
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Optical microscopes A little theory... The human eye is a natural optical system characterized by a certain resolution, i.e. the smallest distance between the elements of the observed object (perceived as points or lines), at which they can still be different from one another. For a normal eye, when moving away from the object by the so-called. best vision distance (D = 250 mm), average normal resolution is 0.176 mm. The sizes of microorganisms, most plant and animal cells, small crystals, details of the microstructure of metals and alloys, etc. are significantly less than this value. Classifications of optical microscopes:
Near-field optical microscopy (NOM) is an optical microscopy that provides better resolution than a conventional microscope. Increasing the resolution of the BOM is achieved by detecting the scattering of light from the object under study at distances shorter than the wavelength of light. If the probe (detector) of a near-field microscope is equipped with a spatial scanning device, then such a device is called a near-field scanning optical microscope. Such a microscope allows one to obtain raster images of surfaces and objects with a resolution below the diffraction limit.
Example image: A confocal microscope is an optical microscope that has significant contrast compared to a conventional microscope, which is achieved by using an aperture placed in the image plane to limit the flow of background scattered light. This technique has gained popularity in scientific research in biology, semiconductor physics and spintronics.
Electron microscopes A little theory An electron microscope (EM) is a device that allows you to obtain images of objects with a maximum magnification of up to 10 times, thanks to the use of an electron beam with energies of 30÷200 keV or more instead of a light flux. The resolution of an electron microscope is 1000÷10000 times greater than the resolution of a light microscope and for the best modern instruments can be several angstroms. To obtain images in an electron microscope, special magnetic lenses are used to control the movement of electrons in the instrument column using a magnetic field. Classifications of electron microscopes:
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a device in which an image from an ultrathin sample (about 0.1 μm thick) is formed as a result of the interaction of an electron beam with the sample substance, followed by magnification with magnetic lenses (objective) and recording on a fluorescent screen or photographic film. or a charge-coupled device (CCD). The first FEM was created by German electronics engineers Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska on March 9, 1931. The first practical transmission electron microscope was built by Albert Prebus and J. Hillier at the University of Toronto (Canada) in 1938, based on principles previously discovered by Knoll and Ruska. Ernst Ruske was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for its discovery in 1986.
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is an electron microscope class device designed to obtain an image of the surface of an object with high (several nanometers) spatial resolution, as well as information about the composition, structure and some other properties of surface layers. Based on the principle of interaction of an electron beam with the substance under study. Modern SEMs can operate over a wide range of magnifications from approximately 10x (equivalent to the magnification of a strong hand lens) to approximately 500x the magnification limit of the best optical microscopes.
Scanning probe microscopes Scanning probe microscopes (SPM Scanning Probe Microscope) are a class of microscopes for obtaining an image of a surface and its local characteristics. The imaging process is based on scanning the surface with a probe. In general, it allows you to obtain a three-dimensional image of the surface (topography) with high resolution. The scanning probe microscope in its modern form was invented (the principles of this class of devices were laid down earlier by other researchers) by Gerd Karl Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in 1981. For this invention they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1986, which was divided between them and the inventor of the transmission electron microscope, E. Ruska. A distinctive feature of SPM is the presence of: 1) a probe 2) a system for moving the probe 3) a recording system. Scanning probe microscopes
Atomic force microscope (AFM atomic-force microscope) is a high-resolution scanning probe microscope. Used to determine surface topography with resolution from tens of angstroms down to atomic. Unlike a scanning tunneling microscope, an atomic force microscope can examine both conducting and non-conducting surfaces.
Scanning tunneling microscope Scanning tunneling microscope (STM, English STM scanning tunneling microscope) is a variant of a scanning probe microscope designed for measuring the topography of conducting surfaces with high spatial resolution. In STM, a sharp metal needle is brought to a sample at a distance of several angstroms. When a small potential is applied to the needle relative to the sample, a tunneling current occurs. The magnitude of this current depends exponentially on the sample-needle distance. Typical pA values at distances of about 1 Å. The scanning tunneling microscope is the first of a class of scanning probe microscopes; atomic force and scanning near-field optical microscopes were developed later.
X-ray microscopes An X-ray microscope is a device for studying very small objects whose dimensions are comparable to the x-ray wavelength. Based on the use of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 0.01 to 1 nanometer. X-ray microscopes are between electron and optical microscopes in terms of resolution. The theoretical resolution of an X-ray microscope reaches 2-20 nanometers, which is an order of magnitude greater than the resolution of an optical microscope (up to 150 nanometers). Currently, there are X-ray microscopes with a resolution of about 5 nanometers. Reflective X-ray microscopes. Projection X-ray microscopes. Laser X-ray microscopes.
