330 - solemn ceremony of consecration of Constantinople.
868 - Chinese monk Wang Jie produced the Diamond Sutra. This is the oldest accurately dated printed document that has survived to this day.
1709 - the first mass emigration of Germans from the Palatinate to North America began.
1712 - The Tula Arms Factory was founded. In 1912, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the plant’s existence, a monument to Peter I, the patron father of Tula craftsmen, was unveiled.
1818 - Bessarabian region was formed as part of Russia.
1833 - The English sailing ship Lady of the Lake sank in the Atlantic Ocean after colliding with an iceberg. 215 people died.
1860 - landing of Giuseppe Garibaldi's "thousand" in Sicily.
1858 - Minnesota became the 32nd US state.
1867 - At a conference in London, European powers guaranteed the independence and neutrality of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
1878 - Max Hedel attempted to assassinate German Emperor Wilhelm I, who was not injured.
1881 - imperial manifesto, compiled under the influence of K. P. Pobedonostsev, chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod: the new Tsar Alexander III (son of Alexander II) confirmed his commitment to protecting the autocracy and its foundations, opening the era of counter-reforms and political reaction.
1891 - Otsu Incident, Japan.
1896 - Tomsk Technological Institute (now Tomsk Polytechnic University) was founded.
1900 - the cruiser Aurora was launched at the St. Petersburg plant “New Admiralty” (future “Admiralty Shipyards”).
1907 - The Ukrainian Scientific Society was founded in Kyiv.
1911 - I. I. Stakhovsky made the first flight in Russia on the Voisin-Canard seaplane.
1916 - Albert Einstein publicly presented his theory of relativity.
1918 - at the instigation of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a resolution to close Moscow newspapers publishing “false rumors ... solely to sow panic among the population and restore citizens against Soviet power.”
1920 - The Oxford University Council allowed women to receive education within its walls.
- The first issue of the newspaper “Gudok” was published.
1926 - the airship "Norway" took off from Spitsbergen to Teller (Alaska, USA) for the first airship flight to the North Pole. Among the crew members are outstanding personalities: Amundsen, Umberto Nobile and Lincoln Ellsward.
1927 - The American Academy of Motion Picture Arts is formed.
1928 - The world's first regular broadcast of television programs began in New York.
1931 - The bankruptcy of the Austrian bank Kredit-Anstalt began a financial crisis in Central Europe.
1932 - The Ethnographic Museum opened in Riga.
1937 - By order of the NGO, Marshal Tukhachevsky was relieved of his post.
- The Northern Military Flotilla was transformed into the Northern Fleet.
1939 - Khalkhin-Gol conflict began.
1941 - as a result of a fascist air raid on London, Queens Hall, which for many years was the main concert hall in London, was completely destroyed.
1944 - The State Defense Committee issued a resolution on the deportation of Tatars, Bulgarians, and Greeks from Crimea.
1945 - The State Defense Committee of the USSR decided to provide a loan to the Provisional Government of Austria.
1949 - Israel joined the UN.
- The Kingdom of Siam is renamed Thailand.
- The first Polaroid camera was sold in New York. It cost $89.95 back then.
1950 - at a conference of the three great powers in London (Great Britain, USA, France), a decision was made to strengthen economic, political and military cooperation and the participation of West Germany in it.
1955 - a meeting of representatives of eight European socialist countries began in Warsaw to ensure peace and security in Europe, at which a treaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance (Warsaw Pact) was concluded.
1959 - a conference of the foreign ministers of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and France on Germany and the Berlin question opened in Geneva. Observers from the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic are present.
1960 - Israeli intelligence agents captured Nazi criminal Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires, who was then secretly taken out of the country, tried and executed.
1961 - the first takeoff of the Ka-25 helicopter took place (test pilot D.K. Efremov).
1967 - Great Britain, Denmark and Ireland officially announced their desire to join the EEC.
1970 - The UN Security Council decided to grant independence to the Bahrain Islands, which had been the subject of a dispute between Iran and Britain for almost two centuries.
1971 - 120 Labor MPs declared their opposition to the idea of Britain joining the European Economic Community.
1981 - Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical "Cats" premiered in London.
1985 - Madonna's single "Crazy For You" (from the movie "Vision Quest") took first place in the United States.
1987 - The Indian government introduced direct rule in the state of Punjab.
2000 - the billionth resident of this state, Asta Arora, was born in India.
2003 - Paul McCartney became the first rock musician to perform at the legendary Colosseum arena. Only 400 spectators attended the concert, tickets for which were sold at a special auction.
- “Saliera” by Benvenuto Cellini was stolen from the Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum.
2004 - The first PSP console was demonstrated to the public at a press conference held by Sony as part of E3 2004.
- The legendary Argentine football player Diego Maradona was admitted to the Castelar psychiatric clinic in the suburbs of Buenos Aires for treatment for drug addiction.
- 33 new Swiss Guards took the oath of office in the Vatican. Shortly before the solemn ceremony, John Paul II received the future guards of the Vatican and urged the recruits to perceive their duties as the fulfillment of their baptismal vow to serve Christ and the Church.
- It was announced in Paris that Russia, represented by the All-Russian State Television and Radio Company (VGTRK), officially became the owner of a 16% stake in EuroNews. Thus, Russia, following France, Italy and Spain, has become one of the most influential European countries participating in the work of EuroNews.
- The longest reality show “Dom-2”, listed in the Guinness Book of Records, started on the TNT channel.
2008 - in connection with the 225th anniversary of the Black Sea Fleet, a parade was held in Sevastopol Bay.
2009 - for the second time in a row, the Russian national team won the World Ice Hockey Championship.
Today, May 11, the world celebrates Mother's Day, in Belarus they celebrate the Day of the State Emblem and State Flag of the Republic of Belarus, and in the USA on this day they celebrate National Day, when you can eat what you want
International holiday - Mother's Day
Today, May 11th, is a wonderful holiday that is over 100 years old - Mother's Day. Every year in many European countries, the USA, Japan, Canada and China, on the second Sunday of May, one of the brightest and kindest holidays is celebrated - Mother's Day. The tradition of celebrating Mother's Day most likely was born in the times of ancient Greece, when its inhabitants celebrated holidays springs dedicated to Rhea, the mother of the great god Zeus. And in England, since 1600 there has been a tradition of celebrating Mothering Sunday on the fourth Sunday in May. On this day it was necessary to visit parents and it was impossible to work. The initiator of this Mother's Day holiday was a young American woman from West Virginia, Anna Jervis, who in 1907 proposed honoring mothers in memory of her prematurely deceased mother.
Day of the State Emblem and State Flag of the Republic of Belarus
In the Republic of Belarus, on May 14, 1995, the first referendum was held, initiated by the head of state, which raised the issue of introducing a new State Flag and State Emblem of the Republic of Belarus. Every second Sunday in May, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus, the Day of the State Emblem and State Flag of the Republic of Belarus is celebrated in Belarus.
National Eat What You Want Day
On May 11, every resident of the United States can give their stomach a holiday, because on this day you can eat whatever you want. Who and when suggested celebrating this holiday is unknown, but according to one version, its founder was former TV actor, radio host and co-founder of Wellcat Holidays & Herbs Thomas Roy. This holiday is not suitable for dieting, because this is the only day of the year when you can indulge yourself and enjoy the food you adore. Today you can afford any delicacy or dish that under normal circumstances you would never try.
Unusual holidays
Today, on May 11, unusual and funny holidays are celebrated - the Holiday of Pleasant Expectations and Mary Poppins Waiting Day, and today they celebrate a cool holiday - Ironed Laces Day.
A holiday of pleasant expectations
On this day, May 11, no one expects anyone. The most important condition today is to receive pleasant surprises that will arise unexpectedly at the most unexpected moment. You only need to come visit today unexpectedly!
Waiting Day for Mary Poppins
If today, May 11, the cold north wind changes to a warm south wind, then know that you should expect Mary Poppins to visit with a black umbrella, in formal shoes without heels, and in a checkered cape. She always appears behind a cloud and quietly descends to the nearest clearing in the forest, and then comes to visit those who are really waiting for her.
Ironed Laces Day
Today, May 11, is a cool holiday - Ironed Laces Day. This unusual activity may seem pointless, but who knows, maybe someone is doing it. Have you ever ironed your shoelaces?
Holiday according to the folk calendar
Birch tree
This day was popularly dedicated to birch sap. In ancient times, birch sap was collected and stored for future use. This is a tasty and very healing juice, it flows along the upper branches of the tree, it can cure any sick person, but it could not be prepared on a foggy or rainy day, then such a drink would be of little use.
From this day on, birch sap was given to all patients suffering from spring fevers. Before this, on a clear, fine day, they were wiped with melted March snow or bathed in rainwater.
In Rus', birch sap was also used to treat arthritis, furunculosis, scurvy and swelling, as well as gout. It was used as a diuretic. Doctors recommended drinking birch sap as an anti-inflammatory three times a day.
Magic rituals were performed to treat the sick. On this day, we went out to the crossroads with a votive incense and waited for the warm wind from the south. This wind necessarily entered the amulet, which was then put on the patient. People used to say, “If the wind is warm, there will be a big guy.”
Our ancestors had the following signs on this day: if there was a clear sunrise, then there would be a clear summer. But if the night is warm and starry, then there will be a good harvest. People believed that on this day you need to have a hearty lunch, then the beds will be fertile.
Name day May 11 at Anna, Vitaly, Kirill, Maxim
May 11th in history
1945 - The Red Army completed the “Prague Operation”, which ended with the liberation of Czechoslovakia.
1949 - The Kingdom of Siam is renamed Thailand.
1949 - Israel is admitted to the UN.
1970 - The UN Security Council decided to grant independence to the Bahrain Islands, which had been the subject of a dispute between Iran and Great Britain for almost two centuries
1989 - M. Gorbachev announced the unilateral withdrawal of 500 Soviet nuclear warheads from Eastern Europe.
2000 - The billionth resident of this state, Asta Arora, was born in India.
2004 - The legendary Argentine football player Diego Maradona was admitted to the Castelar psychiatric clinic in the suburbs of Buenos Aires for treatment for drug addiction.
International Migratory Bird Day
The holiday is celebrated annually on the second weekend of May. And the history of its creation begins with the International Convention for the Conservation of Birds, signed in 1906. Russia joined this convention in 1927. Today, Migratory Birds Day is a worldwide campaign, the goal of which is to inform the general public about all the habits of migratory birds, to study in detail their habitats and movement paths. Various events organized in honor of the day call for more careful consideration of the habitats of migrating birds, so as not to disturb their usual ecosystem.
Since time immemorial, people have admired birds. They composed various legends, stories, and fairy tales in their honor, and tried to tame them and use them in their farming activities. Numerous elements of Egyptian mythology with images of migrating birds also confirm their enormous influence on ancient civilizations. Scientists have long proven that migrating birds make a significant contribution to maintaining the modern ecosystem of the Earth: thanks to the activities of these birds, for example, some plants are pollinated. However, there is nothing superfluous in the world; everything that exists is a link in a single chain of existence; if even one link is removed, the integrity of the system will be in danger of extinction. And the ancient Egyptians knew this very well.
Rocket Festival in Thailand
The Rocket Festival is a traditional spring festival and is held annually in Thailand in early May, mainly in the northeastern regions of the country. A few days before the event, the Thais make rockets from a variety of materials, and at the height of the holiday they launch them into the sky. Today, this ritual is more of an entertaining nature; it symbolizes “letting off steam” before starting difficult land work. That is why during the festival, people “have a blast” in full, holding vibrant dance performances and noisy colorful parades.
Residents of Thailand strive to launch rockets into the sky so that they rise as high as possible above the horizon. And as a combustible component for launching structures, people use a simple structure made of gunpowder and bamboo. Although this activity is quite dangerous, the Thais are not at all afraid. The launch of rockets traditionally begins with a toast and solemn exclamations from their creators. Prepared performances and concerts often complement the “look” of this truly “explosive” festive event.
May 11 in the folk calendar
Maxim-Berezosok
In Rus', on May 11, people remembered the Great Martyr Maxim Dorostolsky, who suffered for his faith, and dedicated this day to birch sap. By this period, the white-trunked beauties were producing very tasty juice in full swing and generously shared the delicacy with people. The most delicious and healing juice was concentrated in the upper sections of the tree. If someone managed to get one, then it was believed that this moisture was capable of healing any sick person.
Birch sap was also prepared for future use, so that it would always be in stock - both tasty and very healthy! It will lift your spirits in any bad weather. However, it was still not recommended to collect it on a rainy or foggy day, otherwise the juice would be deprived of all “magical” powers. But the drink collected on a sunny, clear day was widely used to treat various ailments: scurvy, colds, fever, arthritis, furunculosis, gout and many other diseases. It was also used to relieve severe swelling.
The old people watched the weather on Maximov Day. So, if the sunrise is clear, it means they were waiting for the same summer. The warm and starry night of May 11 promised good bread. The tradition of this day was to have lunch as heartily as possible so that the arable land and beds would be filled with energy and produce a good harvest.
Historical events of May 11
In the mid-19th century, the population living in these parts barely exceeded six thousand people. Soon the government developed projects to build railways and water canals in these places, which subsequently attracted new residents to the state. Over the course of seven years, about 200 thousand people came here for permanent residence. Today, Minnesota is home to about five million residents. And the name of the state is based on the name of the river of the same name, which in the Indian language is literally interpreted as “a river reflecting the sky.” It is interesting to note that it was in this state that everyone’s favorite Milky Way chocolate bars were “born”, and the most unusual ban in Minnesota is dressing women in a Santa Claus costume. For this offense, representatives of the fairer sex face up to thirty days in prison.
Alexander the Third was the second son of Alexander the Second. His elder brother Nikolai Alexandrovich was supposed to inherit the throne, but this was not destined to happen. In the spring of 1864, he was struck down by tuberculosis, and Nikolai soon died. Then they began to prepare his younger brother for the inheritance. After the death of his father (in 1881), Alexander II assumed his governing rights. In the first year of his reign, the emperor published a manifesto testifying to the indestructibility of the principles of autocracy. The provided document buried the last hope of possible constitutional changes in the government system. This manifesto was immediately dubbed “pineapple” by the people. But the thing is that any manifesto in the country was not read, but read aloud, and the clumsy phrase “and on us” quickly turned into a meaningless “pineapple”.
Born on May 11
Carl Friedrich von Munchausen(1720 - 1797) - an outstanding German baron. His name at the moment is rather a household name, identifying liars and braggarts. For many years Munchausen served in the Russian army, taking part in the wars with the Turks. And after retiring, he returned to his homeland, where he soon became famous as a teller of vivid and unusual stories that took place during his military service, and even published his own book, “A Guide for Merry Men.” Eyewitnesses noted that the baron was known as a man of the broadest soul, was extremely clean, conscientious, and loved children very much.
Robert Reynolds(1891 - 1962) - famous astronomer of the United States of America, president of a large astronomical society. Reynolds also led the design of solar telescopes. Later, the largest solar telescope at that time, belonging to the Whale Peak National Observatory, was named after him.
Richard Phillips Feynman(1918 - 1988) - renowned theoretical physicist, known as a participant in the Manhattan Project. In 1965, he was awarded the Nobel Prize "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electrodynamics, which had profound consequences for the further development and study of elementary particle physics."
Name day May 11
Name day is celebrated on May 11: Victor, Anna, Vitaly, Maxim, Kirill, Ignatius, Mira, Zinon, Yana.
Chinese monk Wang Jie produced the Diamond Sutra. This is the oldest accurately dated printed document extant.
The Tula Arms Factory was founded. In 1912, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the plant's existence, a monument to Peter I, the patron father of Tula craftsmen, will be unveiled
At a conference in London, the European powers guaranteed the independence and neutrality of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Imperial manifesto, compiled under the influence of K. P. Pobedonostsev, Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod: the new Tsar Alexander III (son of Alexander II) confirmed his commitment to protecting the autocracy and its foundations, opening the era of counter-reforms and political reaction
At the instigation of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a resolution to close Moscow newspapers that published “false rumors... solely to sow panic among the population and incite citizens against Soviet power.”
The airship "Norway" took off from Spitsbergen to Teller (Alaska, USA) for the first airship flight to the North Pole. Among the crew members are outstanding personalities: Amundsen, Umberto Nobile and Lincoln Ellsward
The bankruptcy of the Austrian bank Kredit-Anstalt began the financial crisis in Central Europe
The State Defense Committee issued a resolution on the deportation of Tatars, Bulgarians, and Greeks from Crimea
The State Defense Committee of the USSR decided to provide a loan to the Provisional Government of Austria
At a conference of the three great powers in London (Great Britain, USA, France), a decision was made to strengthen economic, political and military cooperation and the participation of West Germany in it
A meeting of representatives of eight European socialist countries to ensure peace and security in Europe began in Warsaw, at which a treaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance (Warsaw Pact) was concluded.
A conference of the foreign ministers of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and France on Germany and the Berlin question opened in Geneva. Observers from Germany and the GDR are present
Israeli intelligence agents captured Nazi criminal Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires, who was then smuggled out of the country, tried and executed.
The UN Security Council decided to grant independence to the Bahrain Islands, which have been the subject of a dispute between Iran and Britain for almost two centuries.
120 Labor MPs have declared their opposition to the idea of Britain joining the European Economic Community.
Significant events in the world of music - BIRTHDAYS
I a bright representative of the French violin school was born May 11, 1728 in Bordeaux in the family of a violin maker. It was his father who gave him his first violin playing skills. At the age of 13 he successfully made his debut in Paris "Spiritual Concerts". IN 1762 the musician became the concertmaster of the orchestra of these concerts. WITH 1773 By 1777 Gavinier together with F.-J. State Secretary and his student S. Leduc already headed the society itself, having done a lot for its development. When did the Paris Conservatory open? Gavinier V 1795 became the first professor of violin. Gavinier raised a brilliant galaxy of students.
IN The musician's repertoire included concertos and sonatas Corelli, Geminiani, Locatelli, Tartini, Y. and K. Stamitsev, Leclerc, Mondonville, Blawe, Berto and much more.
E Even in his youth he was ranked among the best violinists in France. Gavinier, summarizing the best achievements of violin art of his time, opened new ways of development of violin art of the 19th century.
F French violinist, composer and music teacher passed away September 8, 1800.
– one of the most talented Russian composers of the late 19th – early 20th centuries was born May 11, 1855. His creative activity began during the heyday of Russian classical music. First the student Rimsky-Korsakov, and then his friend and colleague at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, Lyadov was a contemporary Mussorgsky, Borodin, Tchaikovsky, Glazunov And Scriabin. IN 1870s he was close to the circle of composers of the “Mighty Handful”, later he became a member "Belyaevsky circle".
In 1877 Anatoly Lyadov He graduated with honors from the St. Petersburg Conservatory and was retained there as a professor of harmony and composition. Among the students Lyadova- And N. Myaskovsky. IN 1885 Lyadov began teaching theoretical disciplines at the Court Singing Chapel.
N A little later, on behalf of the Imperial Geographical Society, he was engaged in the processing of folk songs collected during expeditions and published several collections, highly valued by researchers of Russian folklore.
TO composer's heritage Lyadova small in volume and consists mainly of works of small forms.
(Israel Balin) born May 11, 1888. American composer who wrote more than 900 songs, 19 musicals and scores for 18 films. Influence Berlin on the creation of an American song is quite comparable to the influence on the creation of a Soviet song.
WITH it is read that he was born in Tyumen. At the same time, in his interviews 1930-1940 Berlin said that he was born in Mogilev. And when Steven Spielberg 1980s decided to make a film about and met with the composer about this, he unexpectedly revealed that he was actually from Tobolsk.
WITH the most famous work Berlin- hymn "God Bless America" (1918 ), considered the unofficial anthem of the United States. Also among the most famous works Berlin- song "Puttin' on the Ritz" (1929 ), which has been called the unofficial anthem of Hollywood, and "The White Christmas"- one of the symbols of the Christmas holidays in America.
P esnya "White Christmas" first appeared in 1942 in the film "Weekend Inn" by Bing Crosby. Already being an old man, Berlin I heard this composition performed and was horrified. "White Christmas" entered the Guinness Book of Records as the best-selling song of the 20th century: more than 30 million records sold.
Died in his sleep September 22, 1989. His son-in-law notified the press, and when asked if he had died Berlin from some illness, he replied: “No, he was 101 years old, he just fell asleep.”
AND singer of songs and romances was born May 11, 1905 in a family of gypsy musicians. My father created an ensemble of singers and dancers and organized a tour of Russia. U Vali there were four older brothers: Ivan, Nikolai, Alyosha And Dmitriy, and also sister - Marusya. Each of the children in the ensemble had their own role. Subsequently Valentina I sang a lot with my brother Alyosha.
IN beginning of the Civil War Dimitrievichi We went to Vladivostok, and from there to China. They performed in Japan, the Philippines, India, Greece, Morocco, Spain. IN 1929 they moved to France. Senior Dimitrievich opened a Russian restaurant - cabaret "Golden Fish". IN 1940 new emigration to South America. Ensemble Dimitrievich performed on the stage of theaters in Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay.
In 1960 father, sister died Marusya, and soon - brother Ivan. Alexei traveled and danced a lot. Valya called him to her place. He came to Paris in 1961 and soon began to sing.
Valentina And Alexei Dimitrievich
In 1962 with the help of the famous writer Kessel, a record appeared "The Last Voices of the Gypsies". Signed up for it Valya Dimitrievich And Volodya Polyakov. Alyosha they were accompanied on guitar. The next album came out in 1968. on her Alyosha Dmitrievich sings with his friend Yul Brynner- famous American actor of Russian origin. The third record came out two years later: the record Vali And Alyosha Dimitrievich. Valya differed from her brother in being more “classical”. This can be heard both in the voice and in the repertoire. "Black eyes" in her performance they appear to be a true masterpiece. Camp songs Valya I often sang first in Gypsy, then in Russian. Gramophone heritage of both Dimitrievich– four disks.
Died October 20, 1983 and was buried at Saint-Genevier-des-Bois, near Alyosha.
N Dutch singer born May 11, 1926. She began her singing career in 1940s as part of a duet Scholten & Van 't Zelfde. WITH 1945
worked with Henk Scholten, whom she married a year later.
M Moldovan, Russian and Norwegian jazz pianist, composer, band leader born November 7, 1956 in the Ukrainian city of Kamenets-Podolsky.
P After graduating from music school, he entered the Khmelnytsky Music College, then moved to Balti, where he continued his studies at the music school in piano. Michael started his musical career in 1977 at the Chisinau State Philharmonic at VIA "Bucuria" under the direction of Alexandra Biryukova(Moscow saxophonist from jazz orchestra A. Krolla ), where she was a soloist Maria Codreanu.
Since 1980 Alperin played in the Chisinau ensemble "Quart", organized Simon Shirman – first jazz quartet in Moldavia. The quartet's musical style combined jazz with Moldovan folk melodies (ethno-jazz). IN 1983-84 played in an ensemble "Arsenal" by Alexey Kozlov; V 1984-85 – in a duet with a saxophonist Simon Shirman. Then - legendary "Moscow Art Trio" as part of Mikhail Alperin(piano), Arkady Shilklopera(horn) and Sergei Starostin(vocals).
WITH 1991 lived and worked in Oslo (Norway), participated in various international jazz festivals, including in Moscow ( International festival "Bohemia-Jazz"). He used Moldovan motifs in his improvisational compositions.
Significant events in the world of music - SIGNIFICANT DATES
May 11, 1967 recorded a song "Baby You're A Rich Man", which was included in the album "Magical Mystery Tour".
WITH English Madonna's "Crazy For You"(from the movie "Vision Quest") May 11, 1985 took first place in the USA.
Sh Vedas duet Roxette May 11, 1991 took first place in the American charts with the song "Joyride".
May 11, 2003 became the first rock musician to be honored with performing at the legendary Colosseum arena. Only 400 spectators attended the concert, tickets for which were sold at a special auction.
May 11, 2008 in honor of the 70th anniversary Evgenia Nesterenko a performance took place at the Bolshoi Theater "Nabucco", in which the singer successfully performed the part of Zechariah.
Updated: April 13, 2019 by: Elena
