Word- the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotional and expressive function.
And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

The main causes of speech errors:








Outdated words.
Words of foreign origin.
Dialectisms.
Colloquial and colloquial words.
Professional jargon.
Phraseologisms.
Clichés and cliches.

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word.

1.1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it.
Example: The fire grew hotter and hotter. The error lies in the wrong choice of word:
Inflame - 1. Heat to a very high temperature, become hot. 2. (trans.) To become very excited, to become overwhelmed by some strong feeling.
Flare up - start to burn strongly or well, evenly.

1.2. The use of significant and function words without taking into account their semantics.
Example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire, a large area of ​​forest burned down.
In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb to thank and is usually used only in cases where the reasons that cause a desired result are spoken of: thanks to someone’s help, support. The error arises due to the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb to thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

1.3. Selection of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).
Example: We offer complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases.
If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced with alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to drinking alcoholic beverages.

1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.
Example: A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.
Idle and festive are very similar words, with the same root. But they have different meanings: festive – an adjective for holiday (celebratory dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with business, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility. When choosing a word, you should take into account not only the meaning that is inherent in it in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
Example: A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything.

You can show an example, but not a sample. And you can be a role model, for example.
Example: Their strong friendship, tempered by life's trials, was noticed by many.

The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.
What should be distinguished from a speech error is the deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.
In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary.

3.Use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language and make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic connotations. Thus, the words error, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral and commonly used; hole, overlay - colloquial; gaffe – colloquial; blooper - professional slang. Using one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.

Example: Having made a mistake, the plant director immediately began to correct it.

When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account.
Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express different degrees of manifestation of a characteristic or action. But, even denoting the same thing, being interchangeable in some cases, in others synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.

Example: Yesterday I was sad.

The synonym sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences these synonyms are interchangeable. I look sadly at our generation...

4. Use of homonyms.
Thanks to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example: The crew is in excellent condition.

Is the crew a cart or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
Very often, ambiguity is caused by the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that have the same sound and spelling in certain forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.

5. Use of polysemantic words.
When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation is clear. When using polysemous words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of a word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a semantically complete segment of speech that allows one to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it also happens differently.
Example: He's already sung.

It’s not clear: either he started singing and got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

6. Verbosity.

The following types of verbosity occur:
1. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess, excessiveness) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically redundant.
Example: All guests received memorable souvenirs.

A souvenir is a keepsake, so memorable is an extra word in this sentence. A variety of pleonasms are expressions such as very huge, very tiny, very beautiful, etc. Adjectives denoting a characteristic in its extremely strong or extremely weak manifestation do not need to specify the degree of the characteristic.
2. Using unnecessary words. Superfluous not because their inherent lexical meaning is expressed in other words, but because they are simply not needed in this text.
Example: Then, on April 11, the Druzhba bookstore will take care of this so that you can smile.
3. Tautology (from the Greek tauto - the same logos - word) - repetition of words with the same root or identical morphemes. Not only students’ essays, but also newspapers and magazines are replete with tautological errors.
Example: Business leaders are business-minded.
4. Splitting the predicate. This is the replacement of a verbal predicate with a synonymous verbal-nominal combination: fight - fight, clean - clean.
Example: The students decided to clean up the school yard.

7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.
This error is the opposite of verbosity. An incomplete statement consists of missing a necessary word in the sentence.
Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous.

Kuprin may have nothing superfluous, but this sentence is missing (and not even just one) word. Or: “... do not allow statements on the pages of the press and television that could incite ethnic hatred.” So it turns out – “television page”.
When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also its scope. The use of words that have a limited sphere of distribution (lexical new formations, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

8. New words.
Poorly formed neologisms are speech errors.

Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on pothole repairs after the spring thaw.

And only the context helps to understand: “pothole repair” is the repair of holes.
Outdated words.
Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason have been forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.
Example: Today there was an open day at the university.

Here the obsolete word now (today, now, currently) is completely inappropriate.
Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denote: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.
Example: The peasants cannot stand their hard life and go to the main governor of the city.

Governor is the head of a region (for example, a province in Tsarist Russia, a state in the USA). Consequently, the chief governor is an absurdity; moreover, there could only be one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

10. Words of foreign origin.

Now many people have an addiction to foreign words, sometimes without even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.
Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading specialists.

Limit - set a limit on something, limit it. The foreign word limit in this sentence should be replaced with the words: goes slower, stopped, etc.

11.Dialectisms.

Dialectisms are words or stable combinations that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language and belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create speech characteristics of heroes. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates insufficient knowledge of the norms of the literary language.
Example: A scavenger came to see me and sat there the whole evening.

Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the statement.

12. Colloquial and colloquial words.

Colloquial words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Colloquial speech is a word, grammatical form or turn of phrase, predominantly of oral speech, used in a literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple casual speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the entire people.
Example: I have a very thin jacket.

Thin (colloquial) – holey, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur in cases where the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by context.

13. Professional jargon.

Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: typo - a mistake in the speech of journalists; steering wheel - in the speech of drivers, a steering wheel.
But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, listening and others spoil literary speech.
In terms of limited use and the nature of expression (jocular, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups of people (jargon of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.
Example: I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut doesn’t allow it.

Khibara is a house.

14. Phraseologisms.

It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, imaginative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units also give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.
1. Errors in learning the meaning of phraseological units.
1) There is a danger of literal understanding of phraseological units, which can be perceived as free associations of words.
2) Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.
Example: Khlestakov throws pearls before swine all the time, but everyone believes him.

Here the phraseology “throwing pearls before swine”, meaning “to talk about something in vain or to prove something to someone who is not able to understand it,” is used incorrectly – in the meaning of “inventing, weaving fables.”
2. Errors in mastering the form of phraseological units.
1) Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example: I'm used to giving myself full reports.

The form of the number has been changed here. There is a phraseological unit to give account.
Example: He constantly sits with his hands folded. Phraseologisms like folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfective participle with the suffix -a (-я).
Some phraseological units use short forms of adjectives; replacing them with full forms is erroneous.
2) Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example: It's time for you to take charge of your mind.

Most phraseological units are impenetrable: an additional unit cannot be introduced into the phraseological unit.
Example: Well, at least hit the wall!

Omitting a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.
Example: Everything returns to normal!..

There is a phraseological unit that goes round and round. Substitution of a word is not allowed.
3. Changing the lexical compatibility of phraseological units.
Example: These and other questions play a big role in the development of this still young science.

There has been a mixture of two stable expressions: it plays a role and it matters. You could say this: questions matter... or questions matter a lot.

15. Clichés and cliches.

Officeisms are words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to the official business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate, they are cliches.
Example: There is a lack of spare parts.
Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Words, phrases and even whole sentences become cliches, which appear as new, stylistically expressive means of speech, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.
Example: A forest of hands went up during the vote.
A type of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by standard prefixes: work - everyday, level - high, support - warm. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), and literary cliches (an exciting image, an angry protest).

49. Types of speech errors: methods of working to prevent and correct them.

Types and examples of speech errors

Speech errors – These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech.

Using words with meanings that are unusual for them. Example: We were shocked by the excellent performance of the players.

Repetition of cognate words in one sentence (tautology): The writer vividly describes the events of that day.

Speech impairment (occurs when the right word is missed). The car lost both of them.

A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras. Anna Sergeevna and the prince went to get married at the registry office.

Pleonasm (hidden tautology). Example: colleagues.

Using unnecessary words. A young girl, very beautiful.

Poor use of pronouns. This text was written by K. Ivanov. It refers to an artistic style.

Unjustified repetition of words. Maria loves flowers. Maria knows everything about them.

Causes of speech errors

“The complexity of the speech generation mechanism is a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors” Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin.

The main causes of speech errors are:

Misunderstanding of the meaning of a word (when a word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it). The fire grew hotter and hotter.

The use of synonyms (each such word can have its own functional and stylistic connotation, this leads to speech errors). For example: "blunder"- professional jargon, but "hole"- a colloquial word.

The use of polysemantic words (when using them, be sure to make sure that they are understandable to the interlocutor).

Lexical incompleteness of the statement (an important word is missing).

Use of outdated words. (Example: Now everything in the store is at a discount).

Words of foreign origin (if you have a passion for borrowed words, be sure to find out their exact meaning).

Errors in word formation (for example: they want; dog kennel; on the forehead, etc.)

Incorrect use of paronyms (words that are similar in sound, usually one part of speech, but different in meaning and structure). For example: addressee - addressee.

Lack of lexical compatibility in a sentence. A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything.(The word “sample” is used inappropriately and should be replaced with “example”).

Inappropriate use of dialectisms (expressions or ways of speech used by people of a particular locality). For example: The scavenger came to me and sat there until the morning. ( Shaberka - neighbor).

When choosing words, you need to pay attention to their meaning, usage, stylistic coloring, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

Often in the speech of people (especially very young people) there are lexical and stylistic errors, i.e. the use of words in an inaccurate or unusual meaning (and the reason for this is ignorance of the meaning of the word). IN book “Speech Secrets” edited by T. A. Ladyzhenskaya options for working to prevent and eliminate these errors are presented.

In the meantime, we offer you our selection designed to prevent speech errors:

Communicate with literate and educated people.

Visit theaters, museums, trainings.

Constantly monitor your speech (pronounce words correctly).

Essays and presentations are recognized as good speech exercises.

Errors in speech, grammar,
ethical, factual...

Getting ready to check essays on the Unified State Exam

We must admit:
poor education among today's youth.

(From an essay on the Unified State Exam)

Speech errors

Errors associated with incorrect or less successful use of words or phraseological units are classified in school practice as speech errors. Unified State Exam experts evaluate compliance with speech (lexical) norms according to criterion 10: if more than three errors are made in the work, the examinee receives zero points instead of the possible two.

Graduates violate the communicative accuracy of statements, using words and phraseological units in a meaning that is unusual for them or without due consideration of stylistic or emotionally expressive nuances of expressions: This word has no prototype in Russian. People who are stuck in laziness lose a lot. Our officials are sucking up to the mayor. These examples expose the poet as a romantic. Slava appears in this text as a workaholic patriot. Laziness is the monster of modern youth.

Numerous examples mixing paronyms, that is, words with the same root or similar sounding words with different meanings: The book gives hormonal education to a person. She has always been a closed, hidden person. Crystal honesty. He did not want to be treated for alcohol. The book should be treated with great care, it deserves it. The author maliciously denounces indifferent people.

Pleonasm is a mistake consisting of using an extra word; it is also often found in the essays of graduates: German Germany. The working proletariat. In a rural village. You need to read each book thoughtfully and carefully. But these heroes only talk and chatter. An interesting problem is revealed and touched upon here. The mother stood quietly and silently. These fashionistas are only interested in dresses and outfits. Flattering compliments. Money penalty.

Examinees are often violated the usual lexical compatibility words– resulting in speech errors: Today's youth read little and do not broaden their horizons. His speech is filled with an abundance of bookish words. Nerves and excitement overwhelmed the author. Today we have a dangerous and ill-mannered teenage generation.The mother stood with a pitiful appearance, tattered, in shabby clothes. The son treats his mother shamelessly. The veteran just wanted more understanding. Each word has its own unrivaled history.

Very little time is devoted to the study of phraseological units in the school curriculum - as a result, students have a very vague idea of ​​​​the norms for using stable combinations. They do not know the meaning of phraseological units well, often distort their composition, which leads to the destruction of the two-dimensionality of the image underlying it; There is a contradiction between images and context, which allows us to understand the expression literally:

One can only agree with this position with a squeaky heart.

These children were deprived of joy.

A difficult fate has befallen our people.

The children were poor; they ate bread and salt.

Low bow to those who fought.

A joke was played on him.

This act was the last straw that overflowed the barrel of gunpowder.

To prevent such hooliganism, it is necessary to strengthen and enlarge the internal organs.

Stylistic errors

The majority of speech errors are errors that are actually stylistic. These are anachronisms, that is, errors due to a mixture of vocabulary from different historical and social eras: Marmeladov once had a job, but then he was laid off. Actually stylistic are also errors resulting from mixing expressions of different styles, unmotivated use of dialectal, colloquial expressions, which contradicts the norms of the literary language: I slightly disagree with the author's point of view. Gogol showed Plyushkin with a similar miserliness. We need to fill our heads with knowledge. Catherine II sought to ensure that philosophers and writers glorified her name throughout the world. The author’s position is expressed by a proverb that reads: “People are greeted by their clothes.”–they guide you according to your mind.” Sharikov, having received some power, became a lawless man.

Quite often, speech defects in the texts of examination essays are felt, but it is very difficult to classify them; in this case, in our opinion, the score should be reduced according to criterion 6, and not 10. The same should be done with the next group of errors leading to a violation of the requirements for purity, richness and expressiveness of speech - these are speech defects that impair speech, but this is less gross violations than mistakes. Shortcomings are considered from the point of view of “better - worse, well said - not quite well said”; they are assessed less strictly both at school and by experts at the Unified State Examination. This is a tautology - a mistake consisting in the use of words that are repeated in a small context, the use of weed words: It was as if I looked in the mirror and saw myself. Based on the above, Tendryakov concludes...... I think that we should not be angry with the Ukrainians and even the Estonians.

Grammatical errors

Criterion 9 assesses compliance with grammatical norms in the texts of examination essays. Grammatical errors are caused by violations of the norms of word formation (word formation errors), form formation (morphological errors), norms of syntactic connection of words in phrases and sentences, as well as simple sentences within complex ones (syntactic errors).

Word formation errors- this is the result of word creation in violation of norms: words are formed according to models that do not exist in the literary language or it is not taken into account that the totality of actually existing lexemes does not completely coincide with the system of words that could be in the language, but they are not used in speech:

Shyness, shame, shame at the poor appearance of the mother. Bribery is the scourge of our time. Mistakes of heroes. The main problem is the timidity of the young teacher. Dealing with impudence is difficult. Vernacular words. Social order. Along the asphalt path. Since childhood, she had a penchant for music. The warriors showed tenacity and courage. We must understand that all this was not done in vain. The steadfast character of the characters evokes respect. L. Tolstoy called the people pushers of history. It is known that Gumilyov ridiculed Akhmatova’s talent.

Defects in the formation of forms of certain parts of speech are also varied and numerous.

At first Petrusha Grinev was also an undergrowth.

A worse example cannot be given.

In those years, Russia was hungry and poor.

Vysotsky’s work cannot be confused with anyone else.

You can talk about the fate of both sisters.

The veteran wanted words without falsehood.

The television news constantly reports violence against people.

We learn about their plans.

A person was needed who could help in this matter.

Gogol also wrote about the greatness of the Russian people.

Let's remember Gorky's Larra - he is also proud and selfish.

What kind of courage one must have to sing like that before death!

Vadim was haunted by remorse, but not for long.

Youth is a good time. Young, walking.

I was overcome by heart-fluttering thoughts.

Recently, the Estonian Seimas approved a resolution to demolish the monument to the liberating soldier.

The Russian language is incomprehensible.

This was the most wonderful way out of the situation.

Among syntax errors there are violations of control norms, norms of agreement between the predicate and the subject, incorrect word order in a sentence, confusion of direct and indirect speech, errors in the construction of a complex sentence:

Upon arrival in Britain, he himself immediately goes to London.

From a backward country, Russia has become a great power.

Russian youth are ready to lie down on the embrasure to prevent this.

Those who love literature know this name.

Good triumphs over evil - even fairy tales convince us of this.

D. Likhachev focuses attention on the problem of nationalism.

Not only he, but even all of us together could not do anything.

To confirm this, I will cite the following episode.

Cultural monuments that should be proud of, not destroyed, are being destroyed. Travel is not only a source of information, but also a component of history.

A good example of this problem is our public transport.

For the scientist's feat he was awarded the order.

I am sincerely surprised and admired by the writer's talent.

Violations are especially common in sentences with participial phrases:

Commenting on this text, it seems to me that the author loves to travel.

After visiting the museums, the traveler became bored looking at all these physical treasures.

Without caring about the monuments of small nations, they can disappear from the face of the earth.

Sitting by the river, I like to watch the life of ducks.

Without developing your talent, you can ruin it.

Since 2006, the grading system for long-response items has included two additional ones: K–11 – Compliance with ethical standards and K–12 – Maintaining factual accuracy in background material.

Ethical mistakes

In the first case we mean a special type of speech errors - ethical. Infrequently, there were works in which manifestations of verbal aggression and hostility were recorded, statements were found that humiliated human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person:

This text infuriates me.

Mikhalkov is a writer himself, so he encourages everyone to read books.

The works of Tver graduates are also not completely free from shortcomings of this kind:

You have to be completely crazy to read books today.

But you can’t be too kind, because you yourself will end up without pants.

Ageev is a very bright writer of his time, the writer’s story is an example of human stupidity.

I'm tired of these pensioners: they all cry; but if you don’t like it, let them go to the next world.

Why does the school curriculum force you to read all the junk that is called the classics?

While studying at school, I, like all modern youth, was engaged in nonsense.

It is ethically incorrect to call a writer only by his first name and patronymic: Alexander Sergeevich believed...; condescendingly evaluate the actions of famous writers: Dmitry Likhachev expressed his thoughts quite clearly. I would like to thank the author of the text for the ability to convey my thoughts.

The use of crude jargon is also considered an ethical error: Small nations gave our country a lot of things, knowledge, and we, like the last pigs, turned our backs on them. If I had been there, I would have given this cupcake a bite to eat for such an attitude towards my mother.

Factual errors

Maintaining factual accuracy in background material is also assessed against a specific criterion. This refers to errors when retelling the content of literary works, confusion in the dates of historical events, in the titles of works, the names of characters, the names of their authors, inaccuracies in quoting, etc.: The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “Live forever, learn!” Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed the old woman with an ax. The soldiers who defeated fascism returned to peaceful life and continued to write: “Moscow, how much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!” Having killed a moneylender for money, Raskolnikov also kills her pregnant sister Lizaveta. Happiness for Oblomov, as you know, was loneliness and indifference. In Turgenev’s story “Crime and Punishment”...... The examinees distorted the name of the writer V. Tendryakov as follows: Tundrikov, Trendyakov, Trundikov, although it was in the text before the eyes of the writers.

Exercise. Find and correct speech errors.

Examples of sentences for finding and qualifying speech errors:

Bulgakov regretted that the White army failed.

This young man repels everyone with his selfishness and selfishness.

The young teacher had no choice but to show his enormous knowledge.

This fact made a huge impression on me.

The main feature of Russia has always been respect for rank.

Nowadays, no one does anything selflessly and for free.

This man was a nobleman from the core to the bones.

This is the main problem inherent in the text.

After reading the text, you clearly understand and see the problem that the author conveys to us.

Chess develops combativeness and memory.

We are advised to listen to Mozart's music to improve mental performance.

The writer of this article says that the great Volga is located throughout Russia.

The name of my favorite writer Gogol burns like a hot coal in the fire of world literature.

A high school student, ashamed of his mother's poverty, lies to the boys that she is his former governess.

Vadichka burned with shame in front of his comrades, but still approached his mother.

This problem is provoked by the active development of science.

It was fate.

She wanted to help her family and her father.

School years were not wasted in vain.

Nowadays people read a book out of necessity.

The negative material presented in the article can be used when preparing future graduates for exams.

N.M. SERGEEVA,
Tver

The most common mistakes in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammatical errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logical errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling mistakes.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake– this is an error in the structure of a linguistic unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; This is a violation of any grammatical norm: word formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility– here an error was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or suffix was used;
• no comment, go instead of go,more easier– the form of the word is formed incorrectly, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay for travel, awarded– the structure of the phrase is broken (management standards are not followed);
• After skating on the skating rink, my legs hurt; In the essay I wanted to show the importance of sports and why I love it– sentences with participles (1) and homogeneous members (2) are constructed incorrectly, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammatical speech errors– these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word. These are mainly violations of lexical norms, for example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters in Goncharov’s novel of the same name “Oblomov”;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can only be noticed in context, this is what distinguishes it from a grammatical error, for the detection of which context is not needed.

Below are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Erroneous word formation - Trudol beam oh, above laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of a noun form - Many miracles A technology, not enough time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the adjective form - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the numeral form - WITH five hundred rubles
5. Erroneous formation of the pronoun form - Theirs pathos , ihi children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.
8. Impaired control - You need to make your nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
    Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - A country loved And was proud poet.
    In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing sentences with participles - Reading the text , there is such a feeling...
13. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
14. Errors in the construction of complex sentences - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.
15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said, what am I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
16. Violation of supply boundaries - When the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
17. Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms - Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it - We were shocked wonderful acting.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix - My attitude to this problem is not has changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
3. Non-distinction of synonymous words - IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to guide people A little to another track.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always succeed burn others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility - ​​​​​​ Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
8. The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques.Young young man, Very beautiful.
9. The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is told about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of a word - Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he’s done.
11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editorial office , he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Poor use of pronouns - This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style.I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of verbs, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by a feeling of compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately(follows: ...give.., teach... or...gives.., teaches...);
3. Errors in the use of active and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: flowing);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: going out);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author here was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with violations of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntax errors :

1. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
2. Errors associated with the use of particles, for example, unjustified repetition: It would be nice if the artist’s signature was on the picture; separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it relates (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems"(the restrictive particle “total” must come before the subject: “... only two problems”);
3. Unjustified omission of a subject (ellipsis): His courage (?) to stand up for honor and justice attracts the author of the text;
4. Incorrect construction of a complex sentence: The author of the text understands intelligence not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also with the concept of “smart” the idea of ​​free-thinking was associated.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are disorders associated with underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, clericalism, non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; polysemy not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

1. Non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look at the Philosophical Dictionary(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "to" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or furtively look somewhere, look in order to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, controls a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
2. Errors in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known its synonym was mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes significant space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us(in this case, instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; And non-lingual word impresses also requires synonymous replacement);
3. Errors in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motif makes us think(antithesis requires precision when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words “cheerful” and “major” are not antonyms;
4. Destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Do not put your finger in the mouth of this undoubtedly talented writer Zoshchenko, but just let him make the reader laugh.

Logical errors

Logical errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

1. comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence;
2. as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition and text errors

1. Bad start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...
2. Errors in the main part.
   • Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
   • Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.
   • The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.
3. Bad ending. Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors

Factual errors- a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

1. Distortion of the content of a literary work, incorrect interpretation, poor choice of examples.
2. Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.
3. Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.
4. Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters. Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, errors in indicating the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

Errors are taken into account when testing literacy (K7-K8)

1. To the rules learned;
2. Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
   • in exceptions to the rules;
   • in writing capital letters in compound proper names;
   • in cases of separate and continuous writing not with adjectives and participles,
   • acting as a predicate;
   • in writing And And s after prefixes;
   • in difficult cases of distinguishing between not and neither ( Where did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than...etc.);
   • in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
   • in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If an error is repeated in the same word or in the roots of words with the same root, then it is counted as one error.

1. Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per one rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
   • The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.
   • Errors for such a rule are not considered to be of the same type, in which, to clarify
2. Repetitive(a repetition in the same word or in the root of words with the same root is considered one mistake)

Spelling mistakes

1. ­ In word wrapping;
2. ­ Letters e/e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
3. ­ Uppercase or lowercase letters
   • in names associated with religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
   • with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
   • in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling surnames with first
   • parts of Don, Van, Saint... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
4. Integrated / hyphenated / separate spelling
   • in names, with in complex nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
   • to rules that are not included in the school curriculum. For example: in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, scattered);

Punctuation errors

• Dash in incomplete sentence;
• Isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
• Commas in restrictive and emphatic phrases;
• Distinguishing between homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
• In the transmission of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors– various techniques for abbreviating words, using spaces between words, various underlinings and font selections. These include: various clerical errors and typos caused by the inattentiveness of the writer or haste in writing.

Common graphic errors:

• Omission of letters, for example: the entire novel is based on this conflict (follows: built);
• Rearranging letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
• Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(follows: legendary);
• Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions...(follows: even).