Errors in speech, grammar,
ethical, factual...
Getting ready to check essays on the Unified State Exam
We must admit:
poor education among today's youth.
(From an essay on the Unified State Exam)
Speech errors
Errors associated with incorrect or less successful use of words or phraseological units are classified in school practice as speech errors. Unified State Exam experts evaluate compliance with speech (lexical) norms according to criterion 10: if more than three errors are made in the work, the examinee receives zero points instead of the possible two.
Graduates violate the communicative accuracy of statements, using words and phraseological units in a meaning that is unusual for them or without due consideration of stylistic or emotionally expressive nuances of expressions: This word has no prototype in Russian. People who are stuck in laziness lose a lot. Our officials are sucking up to the mayor. These examples expose the poet as a romantic. Slava appears in this text as a workaholic patriot. Laziness is the monster of modern youth.
Numerous examples mixing paronyms, that is, words with the same root or similar sounding words with different meanings: The book gives hormonal education to a person. She has always been a closed, hidden person. Crystal honesty. He did not want to be treated for alcohol. The book should be treated with great care, it deserves it. The author maliciously denounces indifferent people.
Pleonasm is a mistake consisting of using an extra word; it is also often found in the essays of graduates: German Germany. The working proletariat. In a rural village. You need to read each book thoughtfully and carefully. But these heroes only talk and chatter. An interesting problem is revealed and touched upon here. The mother stood quietly and silently. These fashionistas are only interested in dresses and outfits. Flattering compliments. Money penalty.
Examinees are often violated the usual lexical compatibility words– resulting in speech errors: Today's youth read little and do not broaden their horizons. His speech is filled with an abundance of bookish words. Nerves and excitement overwhelmed the author. Today we have a dangerous and ill-mannered teenage generation.The mother stood with a pitiful appearance, tattered, in shabby clothes. The son treats his mother shamelessly. The veteran just wanted more understanding. Each word has its own unrivaled history.
Very little time is devoted to the study of phraseological units in the school curriculum - as a result, students have a very vague idea of the norms for using stable combinations. They do not know the meaning of phraseological units well, often distort their composition, which leads to the destruction of the two-dimensionality of the image underlying it; There is a contradiction between images and context, which allows us to understand the expression literally:
One can only agree with this position with a squeaky heart.
These children were deprived of joy.
A difficult fate has befallen our people.
The children were poor; they ate bread and salt.
Low bow to those who fought.
A joke was played on him.
This act was the last straw that overflowed the barrel of gunpowder.
To prevent such hooliganism, it is necessary to strengthen and enlarge the internal organs.
Stylistic errors
The majority of speech errors are errors that are actually stylistic. These are anachronisms, that is, errors due to a mixture of vocabulary from different historical and social eras: Marmeladov once had a job, but then he was laid off. Actually stylistic are also errors resulting from mixing expressions of different styles, unmotivated use of dialectal, colloquial expressions, which contradicts the norms of the literary language: I slightly disagree with the author's point of view. Gogol showed Plyushkin with a similar miserliness. We need to fill our heads with knowledge. Catherine II sought to ensure that philosophers and writers glorified her name throughout the world. The author’s position is expressed by a proverb that reads: “People are greeted by their clothes.”–they guide you according to your mind.” Sharikov, having received some power, became a lawless man.
Quite often, speech defects in the texts of examination essays are felt, but it is very difficult to classify them; in this case, in our opinion, the score should be reduced according to criterion 6, and not 10. The same should be done with the next group of errors leading to a violation of the requirements for purity, richness and expressiveness of speech - these are speech defects that impair speech, but this is less gross violations than mistakes. Shortcomings are considered from the point of view of “better - worse, well said - not quite well said”; they are assessed less strictly both at school and by experts at the Unified State Examination. This is a tautology - a mistake consisting in the use of words that are repeated in a small context, the use of weed words: It was as if I looked in the mirror and saw myself. Based on the above, Tendryakov concludes...... I think that we should not be angry with the Ukrainians and even the Estonians.
Grammatical errors
Criterion 9 assesses compliance with grammatical norms in the texts of examination essays. Grammatical errors are caused by violations of the norms of word formation (word formation errors), form formation (morphological errors), norms of syntactic connection of words in phrases and sentences, as well as simple sentences within complex ones (syntactic errors).
Word formation errors- this is the result of word creation in violation of norms: words are formed according to models that do not exist in the literary language or it is not taken into account that the totality of actually existing lexemes does not completely coincide with the system of words that could be in the language, but they are not used in speech:
Shyness, shame, shame at the poor appearance of the mother. Bribery is the scourge of our time. Mistakes of heroes. The main problem is the timidity of the young teacher. Dealing with impudence is difficult. Vernacular words. Social order. Along the asphalt path. Since childhood, she had a penchant for music. The warriors showed tenacity and courage. We must understand that all this was not done in vain. The steadfast character of the characters evokes respect. L. Tolstoy called the people pushers of history. It is known that Gumilyov ridiculed Akhmatova’s talent.
Defects in the formation of forms of certain parts of speech are also varied and numerous.
At first Petrusha Grinev was also an undergrowth.
A worse example cannot be given.
In those years, Russia was hungry and poor.
Vysotsky’s work cannot be confused with anyone else.
You can talk about the fate of both sisters.
The veteran wanted words without falsehood.
The television news constantly reports violence against people.
We learn about their plans.
A person was needed who could help in this matter.
Gogol also wrote about the greatness of the Russian people.
Let's remember Gorky's Larra - he is also proud and selfish.
What kind of courage one must have to sing like that before death!
Vadim was haunted by remorse, but not for long.
Youth is a good time. Young, walking.
I was overcome by heart-fluttering thoughts.
Recently, the Estonian Seimas approved a resolution to demolish the monument to the liberating soldier.
The Russian language is incomprehensible.
This was the most wonderful way out of the situation.
Among syntax errors there are violations of control norms, norms of agreement between the predicate and the subject, incorrect word order in a sentence, confusion of direct and indirect speech, errors in the construction of a complex sentence:
Upon arrival in Britain, he himself immediately goes to London.
From a backward country, Russia has become a great power.
Russian youth are ready to lie down on the embrasure to prevent this.
Those who love literature know this name.
Good triumphs over evil - even fairy tales convince us of this.
D. Likhachev focuses attention on the problem of nationalism.
Not only he, but even all of us together could not do anything.
To confirm this, I will cite the following episode.
Cultural monuments that should be proud of, not destroyed, are being destroyed. Travel is not only a source of information, but also a component of history.
A good example of this problem is our public transport.
For the scientist's feat he was awarded the order.
I am sincerely surprised and admired by the writer's talent.
Violations are especially common in sentences with participial phrases:
Commenting on this text, it seems to me that the author loves to travel.
After visiting the museums, the traveler became bored looking at all these physical treasures.
Without caring about the monuments of small nations, they can disappear from the face of the earth.
Sitting by the river, I like to watch the life of ducks.
Without developing your talent, you can ruin it.
Since 2006, the grading system for long-response items has included two additional ones: K–11 – Compliance with ethical standards and K–12 – Maintaining factual accuracy in background material.
Ethical mistakes
In the first case we mean a special type of speech errors - ethical. Infrequently, there were works in which manifestations of verbal aggression and hostility were recorded, statements were found that humiliated human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person:
This text infuriates me.
Mikhalkov is a writer himself, so he encourages everyone to read books.
The works of Tver graduates are also not completely free from shortcomings of this kind:
You have to be completely crazy to read books today.
But you can’t be too kind, because you yourself will end up without pants.
Ageev is a very bright writer of his time, the writer’s story is an example of human stupidity.
I'm tired of these pensioners: they all cry; but if you don’t like it, let them go to the next world.
Why does the school curriculum force you to read all the junk that is called the classics?
While studying at school, I, like all modern youth, was engaged in nonsense.
It is ethically incorrect to call a writer only by his first name and patronymic: Alexander Sergeevich believed...; condescendingly evaluate the actions of famous writers: Dmitry Likhachev expressed his thoughts quite clearly. I would like to thank the author of the text for the ability to convey my thoughts.
The use of crude jargon is also considered an ethical error: Small nations gave our country a lot of things, knowledge, and we, like the last pigs, turned our backs on them. If I had been there, I would have given this cupcake a bite to eat for such an attitude towards my mother.
Factual errors
Maintaining factual accuracy in background material is also assessed against a specific criterion. This refers to errors when retelling the content of literary works, confusion in the dates of historical events, in the titles of works, the names of characters, the names of their authors, inaccuracies in quoting, etc.: The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “Live forever, learn!” Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed the old woman with an ax. The soldiers who defeated fascism returned to peaceful life and continued to write: “Moscow, how much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!” Having killed a moneylender for money, Raskolnikov also kills her pregnant sister Lizaveta. Happiness for Oblomov, as you know, was loneliness and indifference. In Turgenev’s story “Crime and Punishment”...... The examinees distorted the name of the writer V. Tendryakov as follows: Tundrikov, Trendyakov, Trundikov, although it was in the text before the eyes of the writers.
Exercise. Find and correct speech errors.
Examples of sentences for finding and qualifying speech errors:
Bulgakov regretted that the White army failed.
This young man repels everyone with his selfishness and selfishness.
The young teacher had no choice but to show his enormous knowledge.
This fact made a huge impression on me.
The main feature of Russia has always been respect for rank.
Nowadays, no one does anything selflessly and for free.
This man was a nobleman from the core to the bones.
This is the main problem inherent in the text.
After reading the text, you clearly understand and see the problem that the author conveys to us.
Chess develops combativeness and memory.
We are advised to listen to Mozart's music to improve mental performance.
The writer of this article says that the great Volga is located throughout Russia.
The name of my favorite writer Gogol burns like a hot coal in the fire of world literature.
A high school student, ashamed of his mother's poverty, lies to the boys that she is his former governess.
Vadichka burned with shame in front of his comrades, but still approached his mother.
This problem is provoked by the active development of science.
It was fate.
She wanted to help her family and her father.
School years were not wasted in vain.
Nowadays people read a book out of necessity.
The negative material presented in the article can be used when preparing future graduates for exams.
N.M. SERGEEVA,
Tver
All people, at least once in their lives, make speech errors. There are thousands of examples, especially when it comes to the Russian language, which, as you know, is distinguished by its richness and diversity. But you need to speak competently, so it’s better to develop your speech. For your own development, it is worth finding out what types of speech errors exist and what you need to do to avoid using them.
Speech and its specificity
Speech is an abstract category that cannot be perceived directly. It is also an important indicator of human culture, thinking and, of course, intelligence. By talking, you can learn many things, understand the complexities associated with society, nature, and convey the information received through communication. But everyone makes mistakes - both verbally and in speech. And in order to achieve perfection in terms of knowledge of the Russian language, you need to recognize all the mistakes - starting with stylistic ones and ending with speech ones. And to begin with, I would like to touch on the topic of concepts. What do they represent in Russian? This is a deviation from existing ones. You can live peacefully without knowing about them, but how effective such a person’s communication with others will be is a question. It just might be misunderstood.
Pronunciation
It is worth briefly listing the types of speech errors that exist in the Russian language. So, these are pronunciation, lexical, phraseological, stylistic, spelling, morphological, punctuation and, finally, syntactic. The first of these include those errors that were made due to a violation of spelling. The most common speech errors in the Russian language. If a person says instead of “almost” the word “poshti”, confuses the accents (“alcohol” - “alcohol”), reduces “thousand” to “thousand” - this means that he makes mistakes that are shameful for a native speaker.
Lexicology
Speaking about the types of speech errors, it is impossible not to mention lexical ones. They are also quite common. These include those blots that occur due to the use of phrases or words in a meaning that is unusual for them. the morphemic form of words is distorted, as well as the rules of semantic agreement. By the way, in lexicology there is also a classification of speech errors. There are three types. The first refers to the confusion of those words that are close in meaning. Some manage to express themselves this way: “I’ll stand on foot.” The second type is a mixture of words that are similar in sound. It occurs quite often: single - single, clarinet - cornet, escalator - excavator, etc. And finally, the third type of error is the confusion of words that are close in both sound and meaning. The sender is often confused with the addressee, and the diplomat with the diplomat. One cannot help but mention the “author’s” errors. To be more precise, it’s about writing non-existent words. For example, “Georgian”, “spinner”, “heroism”, etc.
Semantic coordination
Violating the meaning of a sentence by introducing an inappropriate word into it is also a common speech error. Examples can be taken from everyday life: “I raise this toast.” You can’t say that, because “to lift” means to move something. And a toast is solemn words. There is no way to raise them. Therefore, it is better in this case to either replace “toast” with the word “glass” or instead of “raise” to say “pronounce.” In both cases it will be both competent and logical. By the way, using this same example you can understand how to identify a speech error and what needs to be done to avoid it altogether. Before uttering a phrase whose correctness is in doubt, you should remember the meaning of the words involved in its construction. As is the case with the example given. Also often found in speech are tautologies and so-called pleonasms. The latter include combinations of two words that are completely identical. The most striking example is the phrase “huge metropolis”. It would be better to say “big city”. After all, “megapolis” is translated that way, so there is no need to add the definition “huge” here. By analyzing in this way everything you want to say, you will be able to avoid a lot of mistakes. In addition, such training develops speech and thinking. And finally, a tautology. Everything is simple here: “saw the video”, “shot arrows”, “assigned a task”, “did the job”, etc. Synonyms come to the rescue here - you can replace one word with another - and the phrase will look more logical.
Morphological and syntactic illiteracy
Sentences with speech errors related to morphological ones can be heard every day - in the market, in the subway, on the street, in a store. We are talking about the incorrect formation of a particular word. For people who speak Russian well, such “pearls” hurt their ears. For example, “play the piano”, “it was cheaper there”, “one pair of jeans”, “that towel”, etc. In this case, you just need to memorize the words so as not to use them in the wrong form. consist of an incorrect combination of words. “Reading Yesenin made a huge impression” - here a logical question arises: did you read his works, or did Sergei Alexandrovich himself read them? Or, for example, the following sentence: “There are a lot of cans on the shelf” - there is an obvious incorrect agreement. And there are many such examples. Some people say this accidentally, in a hurry, others - out of ignorance. In any case, it is worth correcting yourself so that your interlocutor does not consider his opponent illiterate.
Writing rules
People make grammatical and speech errors not only in the process of live communication. Many people make mistakes during correspondence, drawing up reports, and writing texts. These include: A person admits them because he does not know how to hyphenate, write or abbreviate words. They forget to put two “nn” instead of one, they write “a” instead of “o”, they neglect soft signs at the endings of verbs with “sh”. Errors can be minor (for example, a person missed a letter by missing a key), but there are also outright absurdities. There was even a case when a schoolboy made four mistakes in the word “hedgehog”, writing “yosh”. However, this is a child who is just learning, and when adults, accomplished individuals make absurd mistakes, it is at least strange. Therefore, you need to watch your speech so that, as they say, you don’t get into trouble.
Logic in speech
Our speech should be logical - everyone knows this. Therefore, you must try not to violate cause-and-effect relationships, not to skip links in your explanations, not to rearrange parts of the sentence and, of course, not to “run” ahead of your thoughts. To communicate clearly, you need to present information in a way that your interlocutors can understand. It's not that difficult, you just need to concentrate on your thoughts.
Expanded classification
Many speech errors were examined, examples of which clearly show what exactly this or that defect consists of. But in fact, there are many more types of such “blurs”; the expanded classification of speech errors is, accordingly, more voluminous. Take, for example, errors involving the unjustified use of certain words. “Thanks to you, he got sick” - sentences like this are very common. The use of the word “thanks to” is impossible here, since it carries a completely different emotional connotation. And sometimes people make mistakes that even sound funny. For example, “Gogol’s “nose” is filled with deep meaning” or “Two horses rode into the yard. These were the sons of Taras Bulba” - the pronouns were used very poorly. By the way, speech errors can also include a person’s poor vocabulary. This is usually due to his small vocabulary. He often uses the same words and repeats himself a lot. This should also be avoided.
Speech development
Having examined these and found out the nature of their occurrence, you can understand that speaking competently is not so easy. But almost every person wants to express himself in such a way that he is understood. To do this, you need to constantly work on yourself and your speech, developing it. How to prevent speech errors? To do this, you need to read fiction, visit exhibitions, museums and theaters, talk with smart and educated individuals. All this is needed to expand your vocabulary and gain experience in using certain words. By the way, a parallel can be drawn between such speech development and learning a foreign language. After all, everyone knows that when a person finds himself in a language environment, he learns it better. In this case, the same thing - by communicating more with literate people and devoting time to cultural events, you can become more educated.
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We all learned Russian at school, and many knew it perfectly, but still, no, no, and mistakes slip through in our speech. Also at the most inopportune moment - in a letter to a future employer or in the comments, where vigilant grammar Nazis immediately flock.
website publishes for you an article about the most common mistakes in the Russian language. They can be easily avoided if you remember simple rules or hint phrases.
Birthday I
It happens that the frequency of erroneous use of words and stable phrases simply “buries” the language norm. But we know how to do it right! This happened, for example, with Happy Birthday. As a phrase, just don’t distort it! Every now and then you hear: “I’m going to a birthday party.” e", "I congratulate you on your birthday we eat" It is not right. Need: “I’m going to a birthday party I", "Happy birthday I».
Secondly, there is a "birthday I", but there is no such thing as a "birthday e" In addition, many people capitalize both words. This seems to give significance to the expression, but according to the rules of the Russian language this is a mistake. It is acceptable, although not entirely correct (birthdays are not a universal celebration), to capitalize the first word, but not both.
All in all
There are words “in general”, “in general”. The same spelling is considered a mistake: “in general” and “in general”.
CallIt
TO O Company and K A company
The word "to" O“company” comes from the Latin word panis (“bread”), that is, a company was originally the name given to a group of dining companions. The word "to" A"campaign" comes from another word - campus, that is, "field", including "battlefield". The word "campaign" meant a military campaign. These two words are homophones, meaning they sound the same but are spelled differently.
You can remember the difference like this: to O the company decided to hold A company.
Not and Neither
A real headache for proofreaders and editors. The legal use of these particles is sometimes not always obvious. “Ni” is an intensifying particle and is used when negating a predicate; it can also be used as a connecting conjunction.
I won't not a step, I won't drink not an ounce.
when the whole day is nothing but problems
and it doesn't work out not a damn thing
I get into a bubble bath
at the mouth
“Not” usually expresses negation and is used most often with verbs, gerunds and in some other cases. When in doubt, it's best to look in the dictionary.
my conscience spoke to me
and talks and talks
what a pity that I I don't understand
Hebrew
Dress and Wear
Another very common mistake in oral speech. Can O kid someone and on to put something on yourself or someone. To learn this simple rule, it is enough to remember the mnemonic phrase: “ On put on clothes O give birth to Hope."
"-Tsya" and "-Tsya"
The spelling of “-tsya” and “-tsya” in verbs is very easy to check. You need to ask the question: “What are you doing? T? / “What's going on t?. If there is a soft sign in the question, then it will be in the “-tsya”. Despite all the ease and simplicity of the technique, this mistake occurs extremely often.
Units And face down
It would seem that you are writing the word “ed” And nitsa" - check it with the word "unit And n”, and everything will fall into place, but no... For some reason many persistently write with an “e” at the root and that’s it... Don’t do that.
As if
Writing hyphens anywhere is a common whim of many people. “How” is written with a hyphen if it is followed by “-that”, “or”, “something”. “As if” is written separately.
Well, hardly
E With presso and latte
Overseas words are unlucky in Russian. They are constantly being changed. Among the words now commonly used, one can recall the names of coffee “espresso”, “latte” and “cappuccino”. They always want to call the first “expresso”, in the second they constantly strive to emphasize the last syllable, although it’s correct on the first, in the third, for some reason, they put two “ch” when writing it.
Borrow and Lend
Financial literacy in Russia leaves much to be desired, so it is not surprising that the words “borrow” and “lend” are constantly confused in our country. “Borrow” is to borrow, so saying “lend me money” is incorrect. You also cannot borrow from someone, you can only borrow from someone. It would be correct: “Lend me money”, “Can I borrow from you?”
During e(pretext)
Since school, the words “during” and “during” are often spelled incorrectly. Firstly, they write together, which is a serious mistake, and secondly, they confuse the letters at the end of words. To remember how to write correctly, you can do this: a preposition with a noun “during” can be separated by a dependent word, and the preposition “during” is inseparable.
For example: in a fast flowing river, But during the evening.
At th you
The perfect form of the verb "to go" is often written as "to come" or "to arrive." What is right? According to modern language rules, it is correct to write “at th you." Difficulties in writing this verb come from such a phenomenon in the Russian language as suppletivism, that is, the formation of forms of the same word from different roots. We write “to go”, but “to come”. The “come” option is now considered obsolete.
Bud at good
When we say the word “future”, we just want to add an extra “yu” to it, by analogy with the word “next”. But you shouldn’t do this, no matter how much you would like to.
Keep in mind
“Keep in mind” is always written separately. Just remember this if you want to be considered a literate person. But there is a preposition “in view”, which means “for a reason”, do not confuse it.
Comma between subject and predicate
A comma between subject and predicate is a serious mistake. Unless there is an introductory word or definition between them, but they are separated according to their own rules.
Types of speech errorsSpeech errors- this is a violation of the laws of use of language units in speech, as well as shortcomings in the formation of syntactic structures.
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Types of speech impediments |
Examples |
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1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it |
My brother became a diplomat at an international performing arts competition |
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2. Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by a prefix or suffix |
Economical electrical appliances are now being produced - they consume little electricity |
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3. Violation of lexical compatibility |
To bring joy, to give care |
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4. Using an extra word (pleonasm) |
Surround, old veterans |
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5. Use nearby (or close) words with the same root (tautology) |
The teacher teaches students, the following picture shows |
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6. Poor use of personal and demonstrative pronouns |
The girl took the plate, walked up to the dog and put it on the floor |
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7. Violation of aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms |
The bird was lying on the grass and trembling all over |
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8. Repeating the same word |
The author is trying to show us the difference between the Motherland and native places. Love for the Motherland begins with its culture. |
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9. Use of a word (or expression) of a different stylistic coloring |
This novel is truly one of Tolstoy's best novels. |
Types of grammatical errors
Grammatical errors are a violation of the norms of word and form formation, as well as the norms of syntactic connections between words in a phrase and sentence.
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Types of grammatical errors |
Examples |
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Derivational |
Erroneous word formation |
Borrowed, back and ridiculed |
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Morphological |
1. Errors in the formation of noun forms |
Our engineer, a lot of banana and tangerine, light tulle |
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2. Errors in the formation of adjective forms |
More beautiful, brightest, sweetest |
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3. Errors in the formation of pronoun forms |
All the work in their house, left the reception |
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4. Errors in the formation of verb forms |
I dare, vacuum it, burn it out |
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Syntactic |
1. Violation of agreement 2. Impaired control 3. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate 4. Errors in constructing sentences with participles 5. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases 6. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members 7. Errors in constructing complex sentences 8. Displacement of direct and indirect speech |
It was the famous deputy Sergeeva. I don't have the slightest idea about what happened. Twenty-one people came to the meeting. Opening the window, it started to rain The sea roared dully, agitated by the storm that had begun in the morning. The class teacher talked about the progress of the graduates, their behavior and why they study so poorly. |
Types of logical errors
Logical errors are a violation of the sequence (logic) of presentation.
Logical errors consist of violating the rules of logical thinking. This type of error includes the following shortcomings in the content of the work:
1) violation of the sequence of utterances;
2) lack of connection between parts and sentences;
3) unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought;
4) fragmentation of one micro-theme by another micro-theme;
5) disproportionality of parts of the statement;
6) lack of necessary parts;
7) rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for presentation);
8) unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person).
Logical errors (L)- associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS CORRECTED AND TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN EVALUATING A STUDENT’S WORK
Sherstobitova I.A., Associate Professor, Department of Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg APPO
Belokurova S.P., methodologist of the IMC Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg
Gvozdinskaya L.G., head Center for Humanitarian Education of St. Petersburg APPO
Speech errors (P)– these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, i.e. a violation of lexical norms. This is pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-discrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, polysemy not eliminated by the context.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS CORRECTED AND TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN EVALUATING A STUDENT’S WORK
Sherstobitova I.A., Associate Professor, Department of Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg APPO
Belokurova S.P., methodologist of the IMC Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg
Gvozdinskaya L.G., head Center for Humanitarian Education of St. Petersburg APPO
Grammatical errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. a violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS CORRECTED AND TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN EVALUATING A STUDENT’S WORK
Sherstobitova I.A., Associate Professor, Department of Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg APPO
Belokurova S.P., methodologist of the IMC Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg
Gvozdinskaya L.G., head Center for Humanitarian Education of St. Petersburg APPO
Factual errors (F)– a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge).
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Ethical errors (E)– violation of the system of values and rules of ethics in the work: statements that degrade human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person, hostility, manifestations of verbal aggression, slang words and phrases.
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