After the author's words before the line. Punctuation marks for direct speech

To highlight direct speech, dashes or quotation marks are used, namely:

If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed before the beginning, for example:

The little girl ran and shouted:
-Have you seen your mother?

M. Gorky

1. If direct speech is in a line, without a paragraph, then quotation marks are placed before the beginning and at the end, for example:

   The little girl ran and shouted: “Have you seen your mother?”

   Note. Quotations inserted in the middle of a sentence are also marked with quotation marks, but they are not preceded by a colon, for example:

   Gogol rightly said that “in Pushkin, as if in the lexicon, all the wealth, flexibility and strength of our language was contained.”

   Belinsky

A sentence that stands in direct speech and indicates to whom it belongs (“the words of the author”) can:

A) precede direct speech; in this case, a colon is placed after it, and after direct speech - a punctuation mark in accordance with the nature of direct speech, for example:

He turned away and, walking away, muttered: “Still, this is completely against the rules.”

Lermontov

Finally I told her: “Do you want to go for a walk on the rampart?”

Lermontov

She looked and screamed: “This is Kazbich!”

Lermontov

b) follow direct speech; in this case, after direct speech there is a question mark, or an exclamation mark, or an ellipsis, or a comma (the latter instead of a period), and after this sign a dash, for example:

“What about Kazbich?” — I asked the staff captain impatiently.

Lermontov

- What about Kazbich? — I asked the staff captain impatiently.

“How boring it is!” - I exclaimed involuntarily.

Lermontov

- How boring it is! - I exclaimed involuntarily.

“She died...” Aksinya echoed.

“She died...” Aksinya echoed.

“There’s the district chieftain,” whispered Panteley Prokofievich, pushing Grigory from behind.

“There’s the district chieftain,” whispered Panteley Prokofievich, pushing Grigory from behind.

c) break direct speech into two parts; in this case put:

• after the author’s words - a period if the first part of direct speech is a complete sentence, and a comma if it is unfinished, followed by a dash; if direct speech is highlighted with quotation marks, then they are placed only before the beginning of direct speech and at the very end of it, for example:

  - Would you like to add some rum? - I said to my interlocutor. - I have a white one from Tiflis; it's cold now.

  Lermontov

  - Well, that's enough, that's enough! - said Pechorin, hugging him friendly. - Am I not the same?

  Lermontov

  “Listen to me,” said Nadya, “someday to the end.”

  “My name is Foma,” he answered, “and my nickname is Biryuk.”

  Turgenev

  “It’s going to rain,” Kalinich objected, “the ducks are splashing around, and the grass smells painfully.”

  Turgenev

  “Let’s go, it’s cold,” Makarov said and asked gloomily: “Why are you silent?”

  M. Gorky

  Note 2. The rules set out in this paragraph also apply to sentences containing quotes with indications of who they belong to.

  Note 3. Internal monologue (“mental speech”), which takes the form of direct speech, is also enclosed in quotation marks.

If several replicas appear on a line without indicating who they belong to, then each of them is highlighted with quotation marks and, in addition, separated from the adjacent one by a dash, for example:

“Tell me, beauty,” I asked, “what were you doing on the roof today?” - “And I looked where the wind was blowing.” - “Why do you need it?” - “Where the wind comes from, happiness comes from there.” - “Why did you invite happiness with a song?” - “Where he sings, he is happy.”

Lermontov

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation 1956

Our topic today is sentences with direct speech. Examples of such sentences are found everywhere: in fiction, magazines, newspapers, and journalistic materials. Already from the very name “direct speech” it becomes clear that in this case the author of the text conveys the words of a person exactly as they were spoken.

What is the difference between direct speech and indirect speech?

With direct speech, any utterance retains its characteristics - syntactic, lexical and stylistic. It is connected with the words of the author only in intonation and meaning, while remaining an independent construction.

If we are talking about sentences with indirect speech, then the author conveys someone else’s speech without its syntactic, stylistic and lexical features, keeping only the content of the statement unchanged. Moreover, depending on the author’s goals and context, the statement can be changed.

Let's take a closer look at sentences with direct speech. Examples of such structures might look like this:

• Ivan said: “Let’s quickly clean up the classroom and go to the park!”
• “It’s warm outside today,” Anna noted. “It seems like spring has finally come into its own.”
• “Would you like some tea?” - Daniel asked the guests.

Now let’s try to reformulate these same sentences so that instead of direct speech they use indirect speech:

• Ivan suggested quickly finishing cleaning the classroom and going to the park.
• Anna noted that it had become unusually warm outside and spring had finally come into its own.
• Daniel asked the guests if they would like to drink tea.

Basics of spelling sentences with direct speech

Punctuation when conveying direct speech directly depends on how the statement is positioned in a sentence relative to the words of the author.

Direct speech at the beginning of a sentence

The entire statement in this case is highlighted in quotation marks (“”). Depending on the type (exclamation or interrogative), the further transition to the author’s words may be different:

• for declarative sentences:“DIRECT SPEECH,” - the words of the author;
• for exclamatory (motivational) sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH!" - words of the author;
• for interrogative sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH?" - author's words.

Note! In declarative sentences, there is NOT a period at the end of the quotation. But an exclamation or an exclamation mark is a must. In addition, in declarative sentences there is a comma after the quotation marks, but in other cases there is not.

Here are some examples:

• “There will be a lot of mushrooms in the forest today,” the grandfather noted.
• “Do you think there will be a lot of mushrooms in the forest today?” - asked the boy.
• “There are so many mushrooms in the forest today!” - Zhenya exclaimed.

Direct speech at the end of a sentence

In another case, direct speech may be located after the author's words. Here everything is much simpler: immediately after the author’s words a colon is placed, and the entire quote is again enclosed in quotation marks.

Let's consider similar sentences with direct speech. Examples might look like this:

• Anya said: “I read an interesting book.”
• The librarian asked: “Have you finished reading the book you borrowed a week ago?”
• Dima exclaimed: “I have never read a more interesting story in my life!”

Note! In a declarative sentence, the quotation marks are closed first, and only then a period is added. But if you need to put an exclamation point, it must be placed exclusively inside quotation marks.

Direct speech between the words of the author

If a quote from someone’s statement is located between two fragments of the author’s words, the above rules seem to be combined.

Unclear? Then let's try with direct speech of this type:

• He said, “It looks like it’s going to rain today,” and put the umbrella in his bag.
• Igor asked: “How are you doing?” - and handed his classmate a bouquet of wild flowers.
• Katya shouted: “Faster! All come here!" - and began to wave her arms vigorously to attract attention.

You already know these rules, and therefore there should be no problems with such proposals at all - just be more careful!

Direct speech that is interrupted by the author's text

But this is a rather interesting type of proposal.

As always, direct speech begins with quotation marks. Before the author's words there is a comma and a dash, and after that there is a period, a dash and the continuation of the quotation. Wherein direct speech continues with a capital letter! At the end of a sentence, quotation marks are closed.

Let's look at such sentences with direct speech in practice. Examples that can be given in this case:

• “Let's buy a bouquet of flowers,” Lena suggested. “We’ll give it to mom.”
• “Grandma loves this set very much,” Roman noted. “My grandfather gave it to me.”

Note! If, due to a break in direct speech, the first part loses its semantic completeness and a feeling of understatement appears, then after the author’s words you need to put a comma, and the continuation of direct speech needs to begin lower case.

• “It would be nice,” said Igor, “it would be nice to walk along the embankment in the evening.”
• “It seems,” the girl noted, “they promised rain today.”

Simply put, if a sentence can be divided into two, and the reader will still understand everything, a period is needed. And if one of the fragments of direct speech individually does not carry any meaning, it makes sense to put a comma and continue the thought with a small letter.

Parsing sentences with direct speech

With direct speech, it is practically no different from ordinary speech. However, you will need, among other things, to name the author and direct speech, parse them (as two separate sentences), explain the placement of punctuation marks, and also draw a diagram.

This is how, in practice, direct speech turns out to be completely simple and understandable. The main thing is to analyze each example and try to create your own options based on the model.

“We’re talking, we’re talking...” or punctuation rules for direct speech

All our words that form monologues, dialogues and polylogues are direct speech in. Another thing is how to correctly formulate this statement, correctly inserting it into the author’s thoughts in the letter. What is the difference between indirect and direct? And what punctuation marks are used to indicate it in Russian? Details in this article.

In contact with

Direct speech in Russian: what is it?

In fact, direct speech is called words of the speaker that are inserted verbatim in the author's thoughts. This format is distinguished by individuality and belongs to the person whose words are reproduced. A person can use dialectisms, observe pauses, or saturate his statements with introductory constructions.

Attention! The introduction of this speech type does not provide for any additional conjunctions or pronouns.

The formatting of direct speech is usually highlighted using quotation marks or as a separate paragraph. As a variation, this can also include citation - this is the selection of the author's speech in quotation marks.

What is direct speech?

Design rules

How to write direct speech? The best way to remember punctuation is through diagrammatic rules.

Decoding of symbols: “P” – direct speech, “A” – words of the author.

For a better understanding, here are examples for the left column of the diagrams:

1. He shouted: “It’s starting to rain!”
2. He asked: “Has it started to rain yet?”
3. He thought: “It will rain soon...”
4. He shrugged: “It still rained.”

1. "We are going to walk!" – she laughed.
2. "We are going to walk?" – she asked.
3. “We’re already walking,” she answered on the phone.

And last are the examples for the right column of the diagrams:

1. He smiled: “Lunch was very tasty!” – and closed his eyes in pleasure.
2. She looked at him: “Do you really think so?” – and was very surprised.
3. He thought, looking into the distance: “Maybe you’re right...” and shook his head.
4. She ran up to him: “Dad, take a maple leaf,” and held it out with her little hand.

“P, – a. - P".

In such complex cases, the entire statement along with the author's words is placed in quotation marks.

Example: “I’ll come later,” he said. “Have dinner without me.”

Important! This speech type is not a member of the sentence!

Punctuation schemes

How to format the dialogue correctly?

Dialogue is the exchange of remarks between two people, so in writing this type of speech is formalized without quotes, and each replica is written on a new line. Before the beginning of the statement there is also a dash.

Diagram of an example dialogue:

Where "R" is a replica.

Same verbal example:

– We went on an excursion today.

- To the paleontological museum.

- Great!

– Yes, it was very interesting!

Sometimes you can find an unusual dialogue that is drawn out into a line. This is done because the lines are very short. These dialogues are formatted according to the same rules as the inclusion of author’s words.

For example:

- Who's there? – she asked. - It's me!

If a sentence contains two constructions with direct speech and each is based on its own verb, then a dash is placed before the beginning of the “second” construction.

“Let’s go, it’s already getting dark,” he said and quietly asked: “Aren’t you cold?”

And the most interesting case is the following design, when several remarks, this can be both a dialogue and a polylogue (exchange of remarks by several people), follow each other in a line. Moreover, it is not indicated who owns these words, whether they are the words of the author or the heroes of the conversation. In this case, each replica is written in separate quotation marks and with a dash.

“P, – a, – p?” - "P". - "P?" - "P". - "P?" - "P".

For example:

“Tell me, grandma, this is what I asked,” I asked, “do you need any more help around the house?” – “Thank you, grandson, there is still work for you.” - “Which one, grandma?” - “Yes, screw the door to the closet.” - “How long has it been falling off?” - “It’s been two days already, it’s so inconvenient.”

Design of dialogues

Attention! Dash and hyphen are not identical. A dash is placed inside sentences or at the beginning of dialogue, and a hyphen divides only words into component parts.

Varieties: quotation and improperly direct speech

As mentioned above, quotation differs from direct speech in Russian in that the latter can be indirect. And the most important difference is that a quote with its uniqueness can also be member of the proposal. The only similarity between a quotation and a given speech type will be quotation marks: both are always formalized in writing with them.

Punctuation rules for quoting:

• If a quotation becomes an indirect statement or another part of a sentence that fits organically into the text, then it is placed in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter. When analyzing a sentence, such a quote is also parsed, like the author’s words. For example: “It was immediately clear to those who acted as independent judges on the show who was who, and they did not allow themselves to be deceived.
• If a quotation becomes a part of a sentence, then it is written with a capital letter and is highlighted with quotation marks when writing. Such quotation is also not considered direct speech.

For example: “The love boat crashed into everyday life” - this line is more than 80 years old.

Standing apart is the improperly direct construction, which looks like a fragment of a narrative conveying thoughts, emotions, mood or attitude the depicted character. However, such direct speech with special intonation does not stand out in any way: neither syntactically nor punctuationally. The author of this technique in the literature is A.S. Pushkin, to speak and at the same time think for his character. This speech position is a translation of someone else's thoughts.

For example: This is his house. It is dilapidated, no one has been there for a long time. And here is the front door. God! How could he live here? There is a layer of dirt on the floor, the wallpaper is torn. A real hole!

This construction, naturally, is related to the author, therefore all pronouns and verb forms were chosen precisely from his position, but still such improperly direct speech has lexical and stylistic features that are inherent in our speech type. For example, the use of colloquial .

Examples of direct speech

When Andrei arrived home, his determination little by little evaporated... he looked out the window: Moscow was beautiful like spring. The townspeople admired the first dandelions...Where is Anna now? What is it like for her in a foreign land? Completely gone. What is she doing? Andrey returned to the computer and began typing the message again.

Mikhail Bakhtin first began to study the problem of this type of narration, and Voloshinov already spoke about its two-accent nature and the polyphony of such a tone of narration. Uspensky proposed to combine these constructions with the hero’s internal monologue and designate them as intermediate stage of transition of direct speech into indirect.

Sentences with direct speech. Punctuation marks in them

Sentences with direct speech. Ways to formulate someone else's speech

Conclusion

Thus, the answer to the question, what is direct speech, is the complete conviction that this is a rather important part of text fragments, since it absorbs not only the stylistic features of the speaker and reflects his individuality, but also conveys character traits, and also contributes to better understanding of the meaning. This type of speech makes the text more alive, saturates it with emotions and brings the reader closer to reality. And it’s not at all difficult to format it if you memorize simple punctuation rules schematically.

Direct speech is a way of conveying someone else's statement, accompanied by the author's words. In relation to the author’s words, direct speech is an independent sentence, which is intonationally and meaningfully connected with the author’s context, and forms one whole with it.

Formatting direct speech 1. Direct speech should be highlighted in quotation marks. 2. If the author’s words precede direct speech, then a colon must be placed after them. Start writing direct speech with a capital letter. Tanya, gently hugging her mother’s shoulders, tried to calm her down: “Don’t worry, Mom.” 3. If direct speech precedes the words of the author, then a comma and a dash should be placed after it. If direct speech contains an exclamation or a question, then a question mark or a dash should be placed after it. In all cases, the author’s words should begin with a small letter. Sentences with direct speech: “I won’t give you to anyone,” Anton whispered excitedly. "Who's there?" - Pashka asked in fear. "Let's run quickly!" - Seryozha shouted. Formatting direct speech in writing, when the author’s words are in the middle of direct speech, provides for the following cases:

1. If at the place where direct speech is broken there should not be any or there should be a colon, dash, comma or semicolon, then the author’s words should be highlighted on both sides with commas and a dash. “Do you know,” he began, “about Williams Hobbas and his interesting fate?”

“Do you remember,” Masha began the conversation sadly, “how in childhood you and your dad went to the forest?” Formatting direct speech in writing 2. If you are supposed to put a dot at the place where direct speech breaks, then after direct speech you need to put a comma and a dash, and after the author’s words - a dot and a dash. In this case, the second part should be written with a capital letter. The format of direct speech in this case looks like this: “It all ended so sadly,” Masha finished in tears. “But I didn’t even imagine this.” 3. If at the place where direct speech breaks, an exclamation mark is supposed to be placed, then this sign and a dash should be placed before the author’s words, and a dot and a dash after the author’s words. The second part should be written with a capital letter. “Why at seven?” Vanya asked. “They change at eight.” “Oh, it’s you, Nadya!” said Danya. “Look at this. How are you? Are you good?” 5. Formulation of direct speech when conveying dialogue. In this case, usually each replica must begin on a new line. Before the remark you need to put a dash and do not use quotation marks. Example of dialogue design:

Sentences with direct speech - You don’t eat anything and remain silent, master. - I'm afraid of enemy encounters. - How far is it still from Yakupov? - Four leagues. - Ha! Just about an hour's drive! - The road is beautiful, just press on the pedals, okay? - I'll press! - Ooh! Go!

Formatting direct speech in dialogue in a different form: remarks can be written in a row, each of them placed in quotation marks and separated from the others by dashes. For example, “Daisy! Daisy! - “Well, yes, Daisy; what else?" - “You are getting married!” - “Oh my God, I know! Leave quickly!” - “But you shouldn’t. They shouldn’t...” - “I know. But what can I do now? - “Are you unhappy?” - “Don’t torture me! I ask you to! Go away! The rules for formatting direct speech in writing are simple and accessible. Write correctly!

Someone else's speech- these are statements of other persons included in the author's narrative. Words that introduce someone else's speech are called author's words or author's words.

Methods of transmitting someone else's speech

To transmit someone else's speech, there are the following methods:

1) sentences with direct speech to convey it without changes.

For example: Misha asked: “ Vitya, please give me this book».

2) complex sentences with indirect speech to convey someone else’s speech with changes.

For example: Misha asked so that Vitya gives him a book .

3) simple sentences with an addition naming the topic of someone else’s speech.

For example: And for a long, long time grandfather about the plowman's bitter lot he spoke sadly.(N. Nekrasov.)

4) sentences with introductory words and introductory sentences to convey the source of the message.

For example: As the poets say, the autumn of life has begun.(K. Paustovsky.)

Different ways of transmitting someone else's speech are syntactic synonyms and can replace each other.

Sentences with direct speech

Direct speech- this is a verbatim reproduction of a statement by a person or group of people included in the author’s text.

In direct speech, the features of someone else's speech are preserved, therefore it can contain verbs in the form of the 1st and 2nd persons of the indicative and imperative mood, 1st and 2nd person pronouns, addresses, incomplete sentences, interjections and particles.

Direct speech can include not one, but several sentences.

The grammatical connection between the author's statement and direct speech is expressed by intonation. In addition, this connection is made with the help of verbs that introduce direct speech: spoke, noticed, shouted, etc. These are verbs with the lexical meaning of speaking and thinking. Here are some of them: speak, tell, say, repeat, order, notice, ask, whisper, ask, answer, exclaim, shout, think, assume, decide, dream.

Often the work of words that introduce direct speech is performed by verbs that denote the way a message is conveyed or the feelings that accompany speech.

For example: telegraph, signal, be offended, rejoice, laugh, receive a telegram: A fire was flashing on the shore: “Sail here! » (Flashing accompanies the action called).

Verbs that introduce direct speech in the composition of the author's speech can be located before direct speech, or after it, or in the middle of it.

For example: The water in the streams sang: “Spring is coming!” “Will the ice on the river break soon?” - Vova asked. “We need to prepare,” the guys decided, “birdhouses for the arrival of starlings.”

Sometimes verbs introducing direct speech may be missing.

For example: But Griboyedov is easy-going, he waves his hand carelessly:- Let's not worry about it too much. Time will take care of itself. (Yu. Tynyanov.)

Direct speech diverse. It could be:

1. People's speech:

a) people’s statements are the usual composition of direct speech.

For example: “Well, guys,” said the commandant, - now open the gate, beat the drum. Guys! Forward, on a sortie, follow me! (A. Pushkin.)

It was cold, I didn’t sleep for three nights, I was exhausted and started to get angry. " Lead me somewhere, robber! To hell with it, just to the point!- I shouted.(M. Lermontov.)

And mom clasped her hands and said: “ Don't be upset, Denis, about the mice. No and no need! Let's go buy you some fish! Which one do you want, huh?» (V. Dragunsky.)

The owner of the beast wiped his wet face with his palm and suggested to the owner in a dull and menacing voice: - Buy the skin, manager. (K. Paustovsky.)

b) verbatim transmission of another person’s statement as part of direct speech.

For example: ... Lyubochka herself wanted to write to you, but she already tore up the third sheet of paper and said: “ I know what a mocker dad is: if you make even one mistake, he will show everyone" Katya is still sweet, Mimi is still kind and boring. (L. Tolstoy.)

2. Inner speech that is, people's thoughts.

For example: It used to be that you stand in the corner, so that your knees and back hurt, and you think: “ Karl Ivanovich forgot about me; It must be calm for him to sit on an easy chair and read his hydrostatics - but what does it feel like for me?» (L. Tolstoy.) Lord, how much I expected from this journey! " I may not see anything in detail, I thought, but I have seen everything, been everywhere; but from everything seen, something whole will be formed, some kind of general panorama...» (F. Dostoevsky.)

3. Various inscriptions, quoting someone else's text.

For example: “My dear old man,” read by Tatyana Petrovna, - I’ve been in the hospital for a month now. The wound is not very severe - and in general it is healing. For God's sake, don't worry and don't smoke cigarette after cigarette. I beg you! (K. Paustovsky.) K. Chukovsky writes: “ The imagery of Nekrasov's poetry was its greatest strength».

4. Statements of various creatures and objects , which human fantasy gives the ability to think and speak: statements of animals and their inner speech, statements of mythical creatures, plants, objects of inanimate nature.

For example: When it became completely dark, Kashtanka was overcome by despair and horror. She pressed herself against some entrance and began to cry bitterly.<...>If she were a person, she would probably think: “ No, it’s impossible to live like that! You need to shoot yourself!» (A. Chekhov.)

Sadko entered the white stone room:
The king of the sea sits in his chamber,
The king's head is like a hay heap.
The king says these words:
- Oh, you, Sadko the merchant, a rich guest!
For a century you, Sadko, traveled on the sea,
He did not pay tribute to me, the king.

(Bylina "Sadko".)

PUNCTION MARKS FOR DIRECT SPEECH

In the text, direct speech is highlighted using quotation marks or dashes.

Direct speech is highlighted in quotation marks if it is in a line, without a paragraph (it can appear after the author’s words, before them, or inside them).

We present punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech in the table:

The scheme is proposed by me with direct speech	Example
"P", - a. "P?" - A. "P!" - A. “P...” - ah.	« Flattery and cowardice are the worst vices", Asya said loudly. « Don't you write poetry?“Pyotr Ivanovich suddenly asked. « Oh, it's deep here!“- she said with a laugh. « Don't scare me...“- she asked indifferently.
A: "P". A: “P?” A: “P!” A: “P...”	Here Mishka says: “ No need to argue. I'll try now». Alyonka says: “ I bet it won't work?» The bear shouts: “ It's working out great!» The hostess very often addressed Chichikov with the words: “ You took very little...».
III. Direct speech is broken by the words of the author: If there is no sign at the break site or there is a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the author’s words are highlighted on both sides by a comma and a dash, after which the first word is written with a lowercase letter; If there should be a period at the place of the break, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, after them - a period and a dash, and the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter; If there is a question or exclamation mark, or an ellipsis at the break in direct speech, then these marks are preserved before the author’s words and a dash is placed after the corresponding mark. After the author's words there is a dot and a dash, the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter. If the author's words contain two verbs of speech or thought, one of which refers to the first part of direct speech, and the other to the second, a colon and a dash are placed before the second part of direct speech and it begins with a capital letter.
"P, - a, - p." “P, - a. - P". "P? - A. - P". "P! - A. - P". “P... - ah. - P".	« Today, - said my sister, - we need to leave». « We will have to spend the night here,” he said. - You can’t cross the mountains in such a snowstorm». « What are you saying? - exclaimed Marya Gavrilovna.- How strange it is!» « Hello comrades! - he shouted to them. - Great». « No need... - said Vershinin. - No need, guy». « Let's go, it's cold, - Makarov said and asked gloomily: - Why are you keeping silent?» « What should I do? - he thought, and said out loud:- Okay, I'll go with you.».
A: “P” - a. A: “P?” - A. A: “P!” - A.	He said over his shoulder: “Follow me,” and without looking back he walked down the corridor. To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” - no one could give me a clear answer. They order him: “Shoot!” - and he shoots.

DIALOGUE. PUNCTION MARKS IN DIALOGUE

Transmitting someone else’s thought while preserving its form and content is also characteristic of dialogue

Dialogue is a conversation between two or more persons.

Dialogue(from Greek dialogos- “conversation, conversation”) is a natural form of direct communication.

The words of each person participating in the conversation are called replicas. The author's words may accompany the remark, or they may be absent. Each line of dialogue usually begins on a new line, is preceded by a dash, and no quotation marks are placed.

The dialogue consists of several replicas (of several, but not less than two). Here is the dialogue between the children, conveyed by M. Prishvin:

This spring, there was still snow in the dense spruce forests at the end of April, but in the swamps it is always much warmer: there was no snow there at that time at all. Having learned about this from people, Mitrasha and Nastya began to gather for cranberries.

Nastya, starting to get ready, hung a large basket over her shoulder on a towel.

- Why do you need a towel? - asked Mitrasha.

- What about it? - Nastya answered. - Don’t you remember how mom went to pick mushrooms?

- For mushrooms? You understand a lot: there are a lot of mushrooms, so it hurts your shoulder.

- And maybe we’ll have even more cranberries.

You see how the dialogue is structured: for every statement contained in a replica of one person, there is necessarily an answer in a replica of another person. The replicas are related to each other in content: they seem to cling to each other. And each of the replicas is constructed as a sentence of direct speech. Punctuation marks are placed in them according to generally accepted rules.

The dialogue is formatted in two ways:

1. Replies each begin in a new paragraph, are not enclosed in quotation marks, and each is preceded by a dash.

For example:

- Will you come?

- Don't know.

2. Replies follow in a line.

For example:

“So are you married? I didn't know before! How long ago?” - "About two years". - "On whom?" - “On Larina.” - “Tatyana?” - “Do you know them?” - “I’m their neighbor”(A.S. Pushkin).

If there are no author’s words between the lines of the dialogue when transmitting it in writing, and the lines themselves are enclosed in quotation marks, then a dash is placed between these lines.

For example: <...>The clerk could not come to his senses. “Well,” the general continued, “tell me: where did you meet Dubrovsky?” - “At two pines, father, at two pines.” - “What did he tell you?” - “He asked me, whose are you, where are you going and why?” - “Well, what about after?” - “And then he demanded a letter and money.” - "Well". - “I gave him the letter and the money.” - “And he?.. Well, what about him?” - “Father, it’s my fault.” - “Well, what did he do?..” - “He returned the money to me and the letter and said: go with God, give it to the post office.”(A. Pushkin.)

In the text nearby there may be sentences of direct speech in quotation marks and sentences - lines of dialogue, highlighted with a dash.

For example:

Spring has come... The bees have woken up from their winter sleep...

The bees flew to the cherry: “ Sweet cherry! Do you have a flower for the hungry bees?“Come see me tomorrow, my dear,” the cherry tree answers them. - Today I still don’t have a single open flower on me.(K. Ushinsky.)

This text contains two sentences of direct speech. The first comes immediately after the sentence of the author's speech, adjacent to it. A dash is placed before the second sentence of direct speech, since this sentence begins a paragraph.

SENTENCES WITH INDIRECT SPEECH

Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions that, as if, so that, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, which, how, where, when, why, etc. , or a particle.

Direct speech can occupy any position in relation to the author’s words, indirect speech always follows after the author’s words.

For example: I was told, that it was my brother.... (A. Pushkin.) She demanded so that I would look into her eyes and ask if I remember the minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. (A. Chekhov.) We talked about How do the birds I caught live? (M. Gorky.)

Direct speech can be replaced with indirect speech.

Indirect speech with conjunctions that seem to express the content of narrative sentences in someone else's speech.

For example: The hunter said what he saw on the lake of swans. The hunter said as if he saw swans on the lake. Hydrologists reported that in search of new sources of fresh water they explored hundreds of lakes in the steppes.

Compare: « I'll be waiting for you somewhere nearby"- said Valya.(A. Fadeev.) - Valya said, that she will be waiting for me somewhere nearby.

Indirect speech with conjunction to expresses the content of incentive sentences in someone else's speech.

For example: The captain ordered for the boats to be launched. The pike can barely breathe and asks Ivan Tsarevich, so that he would take pity on her and throw her into the blue sea.

Compare: Ivan Fedorovich... asked: “ Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them». (A. Fadeev.) - Ivan Fedorovich asked, for Lyuba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.

Indirect speech with pronouns and adverbs what, who, which, how, where, where, when, why etc. or whether a particle expresses the content of interrogative sentences in someone else's speech.

For example: I asked what time it was. We asked those we met where they were going. I asked my friend did he solve this problem?.

Compare: « Are you really thinking about playing hide and seek with me?“- said Vanya with annoyance.(A. Fadeev.) - Vanya said with annoyance, Am I thinking about playing hide and seek with him?.

A question conveyed in indirect speech is called an indirect question. There is no question mark after an indirect question.

When replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, since in indirect speech we convey other people's words on our own behalf. It is also important to understand that not all features of someone else's speech can be conveyed indirectly.

For example, in indirect speech there cannot be appeals, interjections, forms of the imperative mood and many other forms characteristic of oral speech. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, such words and forms are either omitted altogether or replaced by others.

For example: The teacher said: " Alyosha, go get some chalk" - The teacher told Alyosha, so he can go get some chalk.