Many people make mistakes every day in their speech and do not even suspect that they look ridiculous. It's time to correct the situation, so your attention is the most common speech errors.
The great and mighty Russian language is studied in schools and other educational institutions, but still there are a huge number of people who make mistakes in the simplest and most banal words. Stop being ignorant, it's time to get better! We learn to speak correctly.
1. As they say: calls
That's right - call. A very common mistake that is heard everywhere. Develop a useful habit of stressing correctly and teach others.
2. As they say: lie down
That's right - put or put. Literate people just turn their ears into a tube when they hear the phrase “lay a brick” and the like. The perfective verb "put" is never used without a prefix.
3. As they say: put on / put on
That's right - put on something, and dress someone. If you look at the picture, the explanation is more clear. The mistake is very common, for example, you can hear the phrase - "I put on jeans" and so on.
4. As they say: what time is it?
That's right - what time is it? Don't upset people and ask the right question. There is another way to ask this question: what time is it?
5. As they say: birthday
That's right, birthday. To check, you should use the question - the day of what? During congratulations, you can also hear such options - “happy birthday” or “happy birthday”. All this is wrong. If you are writing a congratulation to someone, you do not need to start every word with a capital letter, this is wrong, strange and does not increase the significance of the written text.
6. As they say: theirs
That's right - them. The vernacular is now common, but if you want to be a cultured person, then do not use such forms. To eradicate such a bad habit, a comparison of this word with a chemical element was even invented as a mockery.
7. As they say: borrow money
That's right - lend money. Don't make mistakes in managing verbs. Remember that the word "borrow" is used in the context of "from whom?", not "to whom?".
8. As they say: company / campaign
That's right - you need to know which word to use where, because the difference in spelling is only one letter, and the meanings are completely different. A company is a group of people who are together, or some kind of enterprise. Campaign - military actions or measures for the implementation of a socio-political or economic task. To remember the difference, learn a simple phrase - "the company decided to run a campaign."
9. As they say: espresso
That's right, espresso. Baristas in different establishments every day hear this notorious “expresso” in the order dozens of times, but few of the customers want to get not a cup of delicious coffee, but a train.
10. As they say: latte
Many make a mistake in the word latte, emphasizing the last syllable, but correctly - on the first: latte.
11. As they say: one
That's right - a unit. Even such a simple word is misused by many. Use for yourself a proven word - "one".
12. As they say: in general
That's right - in general / in general. Do not combine these two words and get nonsense. Remember that these are different words and they have different meanings.
What distinguishes you when you meet literate person? No, not a smart look, not a high forehead and not having a diploma from a prestigious educational institution. Literacy of a person is manifested in his speech. And today, when there are more than enough opportunities for education, it is simply a shame not to know the elementary and to make mistakes in the simplest phrases.
Therefore, the editorial "So simple!" will tell how to learn to speak correctly and beautifully. To do this, you do not need to cram textbooks on the grammar of the Russian language. It is enough to consciously approach the speech and take responsibility for every word spoken.
How to learn to speak correctly
distinctive trait of a literate person that his speech is informative. With the help of a small number of words, he is able to clearly express his thought. But much more often we hear phrases like “price list”, “timing time”, “first debut”, “my autobiography” and others, in which dubbing of meaning occurs.
These excesses are called pleonasms. They betray anyone who does not understand well the meaning of the words he said. We will present a list of 10 common pleonasms. You've probably come across most of them before.
©DepositPhotos
- "Joint cooperation"
Collaboration already implies joint work, so the adjectives "mutual" or "joint" do not make sense. - "Climb Up the Stairs"
“Up” is clearly superfluous here, because you can either go up or down the stairs. If a person climbs the stairs, then even without additional signs it is clear that he is moving up. - "The best option"
The word "most" is often used to enhance the expression. But adjectives such as “main”, “optimal” or “best” are used without amplification, so instead of “the most optimal”, they use “optimal”.
©DepositPhotos - "Extra Bonus"
The bonus itself is an additional reward, so the word "extra" is inappropriate here. - "I personally think"
Expression-record holder. For some reason, everyone who expresses his opinion wants to emphasize that it is "personally his." Although the phrase "it seems to me" carries the same meaning and does not duplicate information. - "Overabundance"
This word is used in various phrases and means the same as "excess". Four extra letters only turn the usual "excess" into a cumbersome colloquial version.
©DepositPhotos - "Nostalgia for the Past"
Nostalgia already means longing for the past, so the expression is meaningless, even if the speaker is incredibly longing. - "No more than an hour"
The word "time" is superfluous here, because it is already clear that we measure time in hours. Therefore, it makes no sense to focus on time.
©DepositPhotos - "Distinctive features"
Distinctive traits or characteristics can be. But the feature is the distinguishing feature. So choose one option. Agree that it is silly to say "special features"? - "Colleagues"
Pleonasm again. After all, colleagues are people who are connected with each other by work. Therefore, one word "colleagues" will be enough.
Recently, disputes have escalated about how to say: “in Ukraine” or “in Ukraine”. The country insists on using the preposition "in", and Russian linguists and philologists argue that the correct form is with the preposition "on". So, which is correct: “in” or “in” Ukraine?
Opinion of Doctor of Philology
Yuri Prokhorov, Doctor of Philology and Pedagogics, believes that the pronunciation "in Ukraine" has developed traditionally and historically. He argues that the problem arose only when it began to be given a political connotation. That is, the problem is artificially created, and if it is not given any importance, then it will disappear by itself. For example, in Taras Shevchenko's poem "Zapovit" there are such lines: "In Ukraine, dear ...", which translates from Ukrainian as "in Ukraine, dear."
But in Gogol's "Terrible Revenge" the following form is used: "There is no order in Ukraine ...".
So which is correct: “in” or “in Ukraine”?
Are there rules for using the prepositions "in" and "on" with geographical names in Russian?
There are such rules, but they are very vague and often based on the tradition that the names of certain countries or geographical objects are associated with clearly defined boundaries (mountains, rivers, islands and peninsulas). For example, “in the Kuban”, “in Cuba”, “in the Caucasus”, “in Taimyr”, everything seems to be clear here, but why then “in the Crimea”? And with the names of the mountains, not everything is clear, for example, “in the Tien Shan”, “in the Pamirs”, but “in the Alps”, “in the Himalayas”, “in the Carpathians”.
For each case, one can come up with a logical explanation, but the opposite rule can also be plausibly explained.
In general, in geographic names, the principle very often operates: this is a rule that needs to be remembered.
Why is the form "in Ukraine" most often used, and not "in Ukraine"?
Most often it is customary to use the form "in Ukraine". And so a tradition has developed, which is argued by the fact that the name of the country is formed from the word “outskirts”, and therefore it is combined with the same pretext, that is, “on the outskirts” - “in Ukraine”. This version of the origin of the name has not only supporters, but also critics. And for the modern language, it is not the historical truth or falsity of the version that is important, but its popularity and consonance of words.
On the other hand, the word “outskirts” is related to “land”, but they are combined with different prepositions, for example, “on the edge of the earth” and “in the native land”. Therefore, tradition still plays an important role, precisely because native speakers of the Russian language are used to speaking and writing this way. The rule can only be changed by an alternative option, which over time can become normative.
"To Ukraine" is Ukrainianism
Rosenthal D. E. in his spelling guide says that the form “in Ukraine” arose under the influence of the Ukrainian language, for example, “in the Poltava region, in the Chernihiv region”, and is formed from “outskirts”, therefore it is combined with the same preposition. But this version raises a number of questions:
- If the name of the country comes from the word "outskirts", where is the influence of Ukrainian philology here?
- Are there such stable combinations as “in Rus'” or “in Valdai”, are they also formed under the influence of the Ukrainian language?
But, unfortunately, there are no answers to these questions in the guide. Therefore, everyone determines for himself whether he was born in Ukraine or in Ukraine.
The modern tradition of using the variant with the preposition "in"
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the Russian-language media of Ukraine, the option “in Ukraine” began to be actively used, in addition, it began to be found in Russian translations of Ukrainian documents, laws, in official agreements between countries, as well as in the names of state institutions, for example, “Embassy of the Russian Federation in Ukraine.
An interesting fact is that Chernomyrdin V.S. was the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to Ukraine, and his successor Zubarov M.Yu. (was appointed in 2009) uses the form “in Ukraine” in the title of the position. In addition, he became the first ambassador who was not sent either “to” or “to” the country due to the unfriendly policy of the leadership.
In Ukraine today you can hear both options in colloquial speech: both with the preposition "in" and with "on".
How do Ukrainians argue the option with the preposition "in"?
They believe that the preposition “on” is used not for countries, but for geographical territories and regions with fuzzy borders, and the preposition “in” is used with the names of countries, with the exception of island states.
Therefore, speaking about Ukraine as a state with clear borders and status in the official text, one should use the preposition "in".
So, which is correct - “to” or “to Ukraine”? The variant with the preposition "in" is recommended in the latest editions of Rosenthal's handbook, which states that the preposition "in" is used with geographical names, for example: in the region, in the city, in Siberia, in Ukraine. It should be noted that the publication was published in 2003, and Rosenthal himself died in 1994. Therefore, these recommendations provoked criticism from philologists, who saw in this an admixture of politics.
Explanations of the Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
IRL RAS in 2009 gives the following explanation as to whether it is correct - "in" or "in Ukraine". The Institute explains that with administrative divisions (states, regions, districts, states, cities, villages), the preposition "in" is used. For example, in the Czech Republic, in Moscow, in Texas, and so on.
The preposition "on" is used in a few well-established combinations, for example, in the Bryansk region, in the Oryol region and in Ukraine. And it was this form that was the only normatively established until 1992.
In 1993, the country's government demanded that the option "to Ukraine" and "from Ukraine" be recognized. This would allow, according to the government, to break the connection of the name of the country with the word "outskirts", which linguistically placed the country in the rank of a subordinate region.
But the way of introducing the variant with the preposition "in" into speech was not entirely easy.
In texts intended for Ukrainian addressees, the correct form is used with the prepositions "to" and "from", for example, "today in Ukraine". This option, for example, is used in official documents that relate to the relationship between the two countries. On the other hand, in colloquial speech and during periods of cooling of interstate relations, the traditional literary form is used, that is, “war in Ukraine”, “come from Ukraine”, “live in Ukraine”.
Thus, in the Russian language there is currently a traditional form with the preposition "on" and a new one, which was introduced at the request of the government of the country, with the preposition "in".
The choice of option in each case should be carried out by the one who speaks or writes, taking into account the conditions and nature of communication. For example, if in colloquial speech it is necessary to make a choice how to formulate the phrase: “to go to Ukraine or to Ukraine”, you can say it with the preposition “on”, and in official correspondence choose the preposition “in”.
Alternative
In difficult situations, alternative forms can be used. For example:
- in the territory;
- in a Ukrainian city;
- in the state;
- on the border of the territory of Ukraine.
A look at the problem from other countries
In foreign languages, the problem of choosing the forms "in" or "in Ukraine" is solved in almost the same way as in Russian, that is, as it has traditionally happened. Here are examples of the pretext with which the name of the country is used in different countries of the world.
- Poland.
In Poland, they use the form "in Ukraine", while they also say "in Belarus", "in Latvia", "in Slovakia", but "in Russia", "in Poland".
- Czech Republic.
In modern Czech, the norm is to use the name of the country with the preposition "on".
- Germany.
In Germany, for most countries, the preposition nach is used, which translates as "in". But in German, all countries are considered neuter, but there is an exception - Ukraine, a country in German feminine and is used with the article die, and this option requires the preposition in, which is translated into Russian as "in" and as " on the".
Why "in the Crimea" or "in the Crimea"?
Why did a stable form “in the Crimea” develop, although the form “on an island or on a peninsula” is generally accepted? With the preposition "in", in addition to the Crimea, Brittany and Indochina are also used.
The roots of such an exception lie in the distant past, when the Crimea was the Crimean Khanate, that is, it was a territory with a state formation.
conclusions
The rules for using the prepositions “in” and “on” in Russian with the names of geographical objects are very vague.
In the modern Russian language, a tradition has developed to use the name of the country with the preposition “on”, for example, “today in Ukraine”. Moreover, the name of the country is associated with the word "outskirts", but this tradition is not centuries-old, in the literature of the 17-19 centuries, you can find both options.
The habit of using the preposition "on" developed at a time when the modern country was a territory with fuzzy borders within the Russian Empire.
Since 1991 Ukraine has become an independent state. And the names of states in the Russian language are usually used with the preposition "in", with the exception of island states.
Recently, an alternative tradition has developed in the Russian language to use the name of the country of Ukraine with the preposition "in". But along with this, the name is also used in colloquial speech with the preposition “on”, for example, “the war in Ukraine”.
In unofficial sources, you can use the name of the country with the preposition "on", and in official sources it is better to use the politically correct form with the preposition "in".
Behind all the spoken words
should be honest, sincere,
an open personality is the basis of mutual understanding.
We all sincerely want to be always understood, we want to learn to trust and dream of being heard. Where do problems in the family come from, quarrels, quarrels, broken deals and misunderstandings, we all speak the same language, we speak clearly and correctly?
We bring interesting proposals, but in return they refuse us, they don’t hear us, they don’t support us, they don’t understand. Who is guilty? Maybe we do not know how to speak correctly so that we are understood? Why did our ideas remain unspoken? How to learn how to speak correctly so that our initiative, idea or concern is heard?
The meaning of words for a person
Our success, and indeed our whole life, depends on the ability to speak. All failures in most cases are pursued only because we could not convey the idea, expressed ourselves incorrectly, presented ourselves in the wrong light.
But each of us can do everything much better! You need to figure out for yourself how to learn how to speak competently so that what you say is understood exactly as you would like.
Every day we pronounce millions of words, communicate with people, with ourselves, while we do not think that each word spoken carries a certain meaning. We throw words that later turn into garbage, empty remarks, offensive phrases, broken promises. And in essence, we are exactly what we say, how competently we speak and how we perceive what is said to us.
Small children, starting to speak, try to convey their desires and feelings. They express their emotions and desires in words. These are the first lessons that not everyone learns. We grow up, but not everyone understands that our colloquial speech, the ability to speak correctly opens the door for us to achieve our goals. Our goals are varied, but the rules that help people speak correctly are very simple and the same for all occasions.
Hear yourself
If we want to be heard, then, first of all, we need to hear ourselves, convince ourselves of the truthfulness and sincerity of our words, thoughts, desires. Because the first step to success and communication is the ability to live harmoniously with yourself, to have your own undeniable point of view, the ability to conduct an internal dialogue and sincerely believe in every word you say.
Believe in yourself. Listen to yourself, listen to what you say to yourself. Want to know how to talk to yourself the right way? Do not tell yourself: "I will not succeed", you need to say: "I can achieve a lot." Enjoy communicating with yourself, because you are your first listener.
Three main areas of communication
- First area
The first flow is talking to yourself, and first you need to know how to talk to yourself correctly. Do not be surprised, everyone talks to themselves, gives themselves advice, makes them do something, scolds themselves, dissuades themselves. It is an ongoing and unconscious internal dialogue. In the head of each of us there is a scheme laid down in childhood, according to which we live.
The inner voice that scolds us is the forbidden voice of the parents, it is a relic of the past. We have been listening to this voice as children for several years: “you can’t, don’t touch, don’t interfere,” many consider it the voice of conscience, but this is the voice of parents deposited in the subcortex.
Try to gradually get rid of it. Believe in yourself, in your strengths and abilities, convince yourself that you can do everything, praise yourself. By improving your inner monologue daily, you will be able to achieve harmony with yourself, and you will notice that it becomes easier for you to talk with people. And how to learn how to speak correctly, you will think less often.
- Second area
The second most important area of communication is speaking correctly with interlocutors. We talk all the time, trying to convey our thoughts, trying to convince people that we are right, but we don’t know everything how to learn to talk to people.
We talk a lot, but sometimes we say far from what we think, and sometimes we think, but for some reason we don’t say it, and in most cases we don’t say it. As a result, a constructive dialogue does not work.
You will not understand how to learn how to talk to people until you yourself believe in what you intend to say, and that what you say is really important to the interlocutor.
The secret to learning how to talk to people lies within yourself. Emotions, doubts, nervousness, feelings, intonation - everything is transmitted along with the words.
B. Russell experiment
In 1987, Professor B. Russell conducted an experiment at the University of Pennsylvania. He found out that during communication between people, information flows arise, which, when decomposed into components, showed an amazing result:
- the meaning of the spoken words has only 7%;
- 38% falls on the intonation and timbre of the voice;
- 55% of information is transmitted through transmission channels (posture, gestures, facial expressions, articulation), that is, something that is absolutely not connected with words.
That's the whole secret of how to learn to talk to people. It is very difficult to control non-verbal channels, but if the conversation is about your future, you will have to learn.
Third area
Of great importance in how to learn to talk with people has to do with criticism, or the ability to present it. This is the third area of communication. All people are sensitive to criticism. Any object, any action, each of us sees in his own way.
Before you openly criticize, you need to make sure that you and your opponent speak the same language, that is, you see the subject in the same way. The only way to find out is through dialogue.
In a conversation containing criticism, there are two sides: the speaker and the receiver. How to adequately accept criticism and what to do with it? There is always a problem in front of a person. There are exactly as many opinions as there are people, so the person himself must decide how to accept criticism.
creative criticism
Before you start criticizing, make sure that your opinion is necessary for the person. And being an unexpected critic is a pointless exercise, but if you really need it, then approach criticism from a creative side. Before you start criticizing a person, try to praise him. Then he will more easily accept the criticism itself.
For example, if you need to make a remark to a person on the text that he wrote, it is advisable to immediately tell him that the text is very wonderful, that the idea is presented perfectly, and finally, talk about the shortcomings. But you need to point to your vision of what does not suit you.
You may have to change your mind, and if you are right, then the criticized, after praise, will appreciate the criticism, or take it as a lesson. This is another secret of how to talk to other people. A positive attitude towards people, even in criticism, is perceived by them as a long-awaited clue.
On the beauty of speech
When it comes to how to speak correctly, the colloquial speech of the intelligentsia of past years comes to mind. In the documentary chronicle, you can listen to the speech of each of them.
Faina Ranevskaya (actress), Nikolai Drozdov (hosted the program “In the World of Animals”), Yuri Senkevich (hosted the program “Club of Travelers”) are wonderful representatives of connoisseurs of the art of the word, from whom you can learn to speak correctly.
These are people who express their thoughts in such beautiful words that are heard less and less these days, or even completely out of speech. The beautiful Russian language is gradually turning into surrogate phrases from all over the world. It's a shame, but a self-respecting intelligent person will not replace the word "beautiful" with the word "cool" or "outrageous".
Beautiful speech is a speaker’s weapon and what distinguishes it
For those who believe that the Russian language is still great and do not know how to learn how to speak correctly, there are elementary rules that will help them. We are all speakers at heart, each person has words to express his thoughts. But this does not mean that we are all correct.
A skilled speaker always knows how to talk and has several advantages over the general mass of people:
- erudition and erudition. The more knowledge a person has, the better he can express his thoughts, the richer his vocabulary, and the easier it is for him. This is the necessary equipment for an inspiring and impressive speech;
- intelligible and clear speech, the absence of defects in diction, persuasiveness and understandable presentation - very important qualities for a person speaking to an audience;
- to some extent, every speaker must be a psychologist in order to understand the mood of the masses and join in the appropriate form. It is unlikely that anyone will listen to a sad, sleepily talking person. The speech of a true orator seizes the souls of listeners;
- the speaker knows exactly the difference between oral and written speech, and will not allow himself to read his speech instead of speaking beautifully and confidently, looking into the eyes of opponents.
A lot of literature, trainings, methods on how to learn to speak competently are available to the general public. We comprehend the sciences, it would seem that we speak correctly, but they don’t want to listen to us or don’t hear us?
Where to look for the catch, those threads that will help to get through to the interlocutor, how to learn to speak so that you are correctly understood, listened to and heard? What is the secret of how to talk?
Mastery Lessons
We speak correctly only when we have studied the subject of conversation thoroughly.
No matter what setting the conversation takes place in: speaking in front of an audience, talking with a friend, talking to a family or a presentation, we must apply four techniques:
- link to an authoritative source. When we want to convince a person of something, we must first find out which source will be of interest to him. It will be necessary to refer to it later. For example, will your interlocutor listen to the opinion of a public person or to the opinion of Vasya from the second entrance? That is, in a conversation, an undeniable opinion should be involved;
- reference to the opinion of a specialist or expert. It is necessary to find scientific facts, statistical data in order to make up your own evidence base from them. Many people unquestioningly believe the facts;
- appeal to popular opinion. People not knowing what to do often pay attention to what others are doing. Use this trick, convince the person that many people think so;
- personal experience. If your opinion is authoritative, then your personal experience will be listened to.
It's easy to learn how to speak fluently
We come to the main thing - to competent speech. How to learn to speak competently, are there any special rules, do you need to practice literate speech?
There are rules by which you can achieve the desired results:
- Reading a huge number of books does not guarantee you a competent speech. It is important what literature to read and how to perceive it. Fiction is great for developing conversational language, but by balancing reading fiction with journalism and scientific research, you will be able to achieve great results. Vocabulary will be replenished in various aspects.
- Known and recognized speakers will tell you how to speak competently in the best possible way. You need to watch the speeches of beautifully and competently speaking people who already have the skills and speak exactly the way you like, the way you would like to speak in the future. An example would be Nevzorov, Parfyonov, Pozner. It is important to pay attention not only to what they are talking about, but also to their behavior, melody of speech, intonation, facial expressions.
- Learning to speak correctly and knowing how to choose the right words will help the game with yourself in the selection of synonyms. While waiting or in transport, try to mentally pick up a few synonyms for any word. If you conduct such classes daily, then your vocabulary will increase very quickly.
- And, of course, the notorious tongue twisters. You won’t be able to mentally pronounce them, so at home, with every free minute, try, first slowly, and then quickly pronounce the tongue twisters you like. The lesson is fun and useful for the development of speech.
This is a small but very effective part of the rules, thanks to which you can become a pleasant and interesting conversationalist or a famous speaker in the near future. It all depends on what you are striving for.
Unfortunately, not everyone has the gift of eloquence, but this does not mean at all that this skill cannot be developed in oneself. We all know that a person who knows how to speak beautifully can be listened to for hours! And yet, it should be noted that there are a considerable number of different nuances that are important to take into account when developing the skill of rich colloquial speech.
1. The art of speaking culturally, vividly and convincingly
Such words seriously clog our speech, but not everyone understands this. Some people even deliberately insert various slang expressions into the conversation, believing that they add color to the dialogue, but in reality this often sounds inappropriate, and, at times, repulsive.
3. Learning to Express Your Thoughts Correctly
To learn how to express your thoughts beautifully, it will not be superfluous to acquire the ability to carefully listen to those speakers whose speech you like. Also, do not forget about such a useful skill as reading. Choose books that will help you set your brain in the right direction. In addition, it can be a variety of textbooks, as well as scientific articles.
Reading aloud can also be just as effective, because that's how you learn to practice diction. Opt for classic works of fiction by famous writers - as a rule, they are distinguished by the richness of speech.
4. Develop beautiful speech
Most of us speak quite normally in familiar situations, however, when some kind of stressful situation arises, many lose confidence, as if "losing the gift of speech." When you develop a competent and beautiful speech, you will stop getting lost in any situations. How to do it?
You probably know that there are people who are able to tell interesting things about any, even the most unremarkable, subject. An example would be Anton Chekhov and his short story "The Ashtray". Alas, nature has not endowed everyone with the talents of a famous writer, but almost all of us can still learn to express thoughts beautifully.
If your occupation involves writing texts, public speaking, and the like, then a rich vocabulary forms itself over time. It is more difficult for people who do not work in the humanitarian sphere - they have to make a little more effort. Listening to the radio, reading books, watching good films and documentaries can come to the rescue. It is important to pay attention not only to what information is conveyed to you, but also to how phrases are built.
Read a short story and try to retell it. Record your retelling on the recorder, listen to it and determine whether your speech sounds beautiful or there are some shortcomings. This kind of practice out loud is very important, because it will gradually form a melodious speech and enrich you with a store of new interesting expressions.
For the development of beautiful speech, such a game is also useful. Pay attention to some ordinary object - a notebook, a frying pan, a table, and the like. For a minute or two, try to write a story about this subject in literary language, without obvious hesitation.
5. Learn to control your speech
The ability to keep your speech under control will distinguish any person from the general crowd. It is not surprising that people with such a talent at one time turned out to be the leaders of the peoples, whom thousands of people were ready to follow, heeding every word of their leader. Most likely, training will take you some time, but it's worth it - this is the only way you will not only fully own your own speech apparatus, but intuitively learn to feel how best to address a certain person, what words are best to choose, and so on. Also, you can not get lost even in the most unexpected situations, keeping your cool.
Lessons of correct speech - rhetoric exercises
It is important to breathe properly when speaking
Surely, listening to the smooth speech of the announcer or some charismatic presenter, you caught yourself thinking that you yourself would like to be able to speak like that. Of course, this can be achieved if the technique of speech is developed. However, first of all, for this you should learn how to breathe correctly - deeply, calmly and imperceptibly.
Please note that speech breathing is different from normal breathing. This is a controlled process. As you know, diaphragmatic-costal breathing is considered the most convenient for speech. In this case, inhalation and exhalation are performed using the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The most capacious part of the lungs (lower) comes into activity. At the same time, the shoulders and upper chest remain practically without movement.
You can learn to control your breathing on your own. Place your palm between the abdomen and chest - on the area of the diaphragm. When you inhale, the abdominal wall will rise slightly, the lower part of the chest will expand. Exhalation will be accompanied by a contraction of the muscles of the abdomen and chest. When speaking, the inhalation should be light and short, but the exhalation should be smooth and long (the ratio is approximately one to ten).
When the process of speech occurs, the significance of the exhalation increases to a large extent. Before speaking, it is worth taking a quick and deep breath, which is carried out both through the nose and through the mouth. Meanwhile, only the mouth is involved during speech exhalation.
Proper speech breathing can be called the basis of a beautiful sounding voice. If you breathe incorrectly, then this will lead to instability of the voice.
Speak confidently, clearly and distinctly
When speaking, try to avoid mumbling - speak clearly, distinctly and confidently. Practice reading books aloud - do it slowly and with expression, sometimes speed it up, but keep speaking with expression. Gradually, you will develop the habit of this manner of speaking in everyday life.
You need to constantly train gestures and facial expressions
Gesticulation and facial expressions can be called a non-verbal means of speech, which should also be trained. Try speaking in front of a camera or a mirror to see if you are gesturing too much and "off the mark". Sometimes, this can greatly distract the interlocutor from the topic of conversation. It is also important to observe your facial expressions - both an indifferent facial expression and an excessive display of emotions are unacceptable. In the second case, it may just look ugly.
Your gestures and facial expressions should look harmonious, smooth and natural, and only occasionally emphasize the meaning of what was said. It is important that the listener still focuses on the meaning of the text, but not on your face or hands.
Is it possible to deliver your own speech
Of course, you can independently engage in the production of your own speech - this will definitely bear fruit. What advice can be used in this situation?
The ability to correctly express your thoughts is not innate. We acquire this skill - someone manages to do it earlier, someone later. If you want to correctly express your thoughts in a conversation with an interlocutor, then keeping a diary or just writing short stories will be a good workout. Having started to spend some time formulating your thought and transferring it to paper, over time you will transfer this skill to ordinary life - the necessary phrases will quickly add up to more correct sentences. Also for this skill it would also be nice to listen to audio books or read literature.
Read books to increase vocabulary
Of course, reading fiction will help you improve the quality of your speech. Give preference to Russian classics. If you devote some time every day to reading classical literature, then gradually you will form the habit of speaking in a similar way.
Attend Russian courses and lessons
Some people think that the Russian language is taught only at school, and if you have not acquired the necessary skills there, then in adulthood you will have to take up self-study. In fact, this is not true at all! Going to the Internet, you will find that now there are many trainings and courses in Russian for adults. Such classes are held in almost every city. You can also study online. After studying the information on the Web on this issue, you will find that if you wish, you can open up great prospects for learning the Russian language.
