From a geographical point of view, the European part of Russia belongs to the European continent - it is the most populated and economically well-developed part of the country, where Russian statehood was born. Today, about 78% of the population lives in these territories.
History of the development of the European part of Russia
The oldest human settlements in this area belong to the Paleolithic and are found on the territory Voronezh region in the village of Kostenki, on the territory of the Vladimir and Moscow regions.
During the V-lll millennia, people living in the European part of Russia, there is a slow transition to settled agriculture. The most striking examples of the cultures of that time are the Dnieper-Donetsk and the Comb Pottery Culture, as well as the later Maikop and Koban cultures that flourished on the territory. North Caucasus in lV-lll millennia.
Proto-Indo-European past
At the same time, the so-called Samara culture was formed on the territory of the southern Russian steppes, which is recognized by many researchers as Proto-Indo-European.
Summarizing, it is worth saying that the European part of Russia for many millennia was the scene of a clash of constantly moving human masses. Tribes of the Arkaim culture moved from the east to Europe, from the west Finno-Ugric tribes came to the territory of the East European Plain, who managed to achieve hegemony in a significant part of the European north.
The origin of Russian statehood
By 862, historians discover the first traces of Slavic statehood in the northwest of modern Russia, across the territory of Eastern Europe numerous peoples have already passed, such as the Huns, Hittites and Alans, who left their mark on local cultures, which some peoples carry to this day.
However, it is worth noting that the Vikings did not come to empty place, and in the already existing settlements in the south of Lake Ladoga and in the Upper Volga. It is reliably known that the so-called state of Rurik included the cities of Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, Beloozero and Rostov.
The main part of the population consisted of various Slavic tribes, which were still in a state of decomposition of the communal-clan system, and Finno-Ugric tribes. The Varangians occupied the vacant place of the military aristocracy, but rather quickly assimilated by the local population, which is quite clearly seen in the evolution of the names of local rulers, who in the first centuries were exclusively Northern European, and later - Slavic.
Neighbors of medieval Russia
Of great importance for the formation of the statehood of a relatively young union of tribes, which was Russia, was the interaction with the Khazar Khaganate and the Byzantine Empire, which were important economic partners and political rivals of Ancient Russia.
important historical event for the young Russian state was the invasion of the Mongols in 1237 and the ensuing yoke, which lasted until 1480 in some regions of North-Eastern Russia. Since that time, despite numerous changes in the borders and name of the state, the hegemony of the Russian people over the East European Plain has remained unchanged, although its statehood has experienced numerous crises and been tested by foreign interventions.
Geography of European Russia
Which part of Russia is European has long been determined, despite the fact that in some geographical areas this presents some difficulties. It is generally accepted that the border with Asia runs along the eastern slopes Ural mountains, the Russian-Kazakh border, the coast of the Caspian Sea, along the channels of the Kuma and Manych rivers, the mouth of the Don River, and then it is limited by the territories of other Eastern European states. It is worth considering that the islands of the seas washing the northern shores of the European part of Russia also belong to Europe.
From an administrative point of view, the part of the country under consideration is divided into the Northwestern, Central, Volga and Southern federal districts. The Ural Federal District is also partly on European territory.
Among specialists, it is customary to consider this area as one of the large macro-regions, among which the European part, the Caucasus, the Urals and Siberia stand out with Far East. A significant part of the European territory is occupied by the East European or Russian Plain.
Administrative division
In the European part of Russia, regions, republics and territories are located both completely and partially. For example, the Republic of Bashkiria, the Krasnodar Territory, the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions are located simultaneously in Asia and Europe, while another forty-five subjects are located entirely in Europe.
The Central Federal District includes Moscow and the region, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Orel, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions. That is, only eighteen regions.
The Northwestern District includes eleven regions, including such a city in the European part of Russia as St. Petersburg, as well as the Nenets Autonomous District, which is part of the Arkhangelsk Region. The largest cities in this federal district are St. Petersburg, whose population has recently reached five million, and Murmansk, which, with a population of 295,000, is the largest settlement beyond the Arctic Circle and an important commercial port.
The Southern Federal District includes the Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov Regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia. Since 2014, two more regions have been included in the district: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.
Largest cities
The largest concentration of cities with a population exceeding one million inhabitants is observed in the Volga Federal District. Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Perm and Ufa belong to that region of the European part of Russia where the paths of Western and Eastern civilizations traditionally crossed, therefore the Volga region is distinguished by diversity both nationally and culturally.
In the Central District are Voronezh and Moscow, which is also one of the most populated cities in Europe, second only to Istanbul in this indicator and ahead of London. It is worth saying that in terms of the number of millionaire cities, Russia is ahead of other European countries.
What part of Russia is European is most difficult to determine on its southern borders, where there are no pronounced geographical landmarks. Therefore, some scholars include or exclude the Caucasian steppes from Russian Europe. However, there is no doubt that Rostov-on-Don and Volgograd are the largest cultural, industrial and economic centers of the south of Russia.
Instead of a resume
Despite the fact that the European part of the territory of Russia is only 20% of the area of the entire country, it is nevertheless larger than any of the foreign European states.
For example, it is six times larger than Ukraine, and it is the largest state in foreign Europe, and more than seven times the territory of the French Republic.
It is also worth mentioning that the geographical and climatic conditions in this part of the country are different, and include both polar tundra and alpine meadows, as well as dry steppes and semi-deserts. The central part of the region is famous for its fertile soils. On the same day in different regions of the European part of Russia, the temperature can vary by 20 degrees.
Hello! Please tell me which letter should be written in the first word of the phrase "European part of Russia" - lowercase or uppercase?
You wrote correctly: european part of Russia.
| Question #283433 | ||
Hello! Please tell me which option is correct (uppercase/lowercase) and why. "She lived in Paris before the start of the E/European War." It means the First World War.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Combination european war is not a generally accepted (official) name for this historical event, therefore it is written in lowercase. But will it be clear to the reader that we are talking about the First World War?
| Question #283402 | ||
Good afternoon, dear Diploma! Please tell me how to write correctly: Eastern Ukraine or Eastern Ukraine. And why. Thank you!
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correctly: Eastern Ukraine. In the complete academic reference book "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" ed. V. V. Lopatina (M., 2006 and later editions) formulated the following rule: “The names of parts of states and continents that are terminological in nature are written with a capital letter, for example: European Russia, Western Belarus, Right-Bank Ukraine...».
| Question No. 279192 | ||
Hello Gramota.ru. Once again I turn to you with questions about the use of uppercase / lowercase letters.
Maybe at least this time it will be more interesting for someone to think about writing organizations and states, and not for the 125th time to answer about not with verbs ...1) (R) Roman republic and empire
2) Interparliamentary (A) Assembly of (P) Orthodoxy
3) European (M) Interparliamentary (A) Assembly of (P) Orthodoxy
4) All this led to the creation in 1997 of the Islamic Inter-Parliamentary Union within the framework of the Islamic (K) Conference ...
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correctly: Roman republic and empire; Interparliamentary Assembly of Orthodoxy; European Interparliamentary Assembly of Orthodoxy; all this led to the creation in 1997 of the Islamic Inter-Parliamentary Union within the framework of the Islamic Conference.
| Question #257395 | ||
How to write correctly: Western European music or Western European music
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correctly: Western European music.
| Question #257288 | ||
Dear colleagues,
tell me, please, the European Commission - so, with a lowercase second word. And the President of the European Commission - with lowercase? Not in an official document, but in a monograph on the European Union.
With gratitude for your work,
proofreader Z. Kolechenko.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Yes, that's right: European Commission, President of the European Commission.
| Question No. 240621 | ||
Eastern European financial corporation - is it spelled correctly from lower case?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correctly: Eastern European Financial Corporation.
| Question #237971 | ||
Hello! Are commas placed (or not put) correctly in sentences:
...Uncertainty did not decrease, but rather acquired a new dimension...
... With t. sp. of Russian interests, the European perspective of Serbia means...
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
No extra commas are required.
| Question #231678 | ||
Japanese and European cuisines (or cuisine?)
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Both options are possible.
| Question #215769 | ||
Good afternoon! Please tell me the correct spelling (upper/lowercase): European part of Russia, Central Russia, Central Federal District. Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
You wrote correctly.
| Question #207641 | ||
Russian and European cuisines. Tell me, please, is the ending AND in the word kitchen correct, or should it be I? Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Better: Russian and European cuisine.
| Question No. 204032 | ||
Friends, a simple question: a European cafe-pastry shop or a European cafe-confectionery? Which of the nouns that form a compound word should the adjective agree with? From "cafe" or from "confectionery"?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Simple answer: Preferably agree with the inflected word _confectionery: European cafe-confectionery_.
| Question No. 200141 | ||
IS THE PUNCTUATION CORRECT: At the same time, every European country, both large and medium and very small, is unique and interesting in its own way. THANKS.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Yes, the punctuation marks are correct.
Many residents of this or that settlement in Russia do not even know the surrounding sights, not to mention those that the neighboring city or other region is famous for. Foreigners often have only a vague idea of the country. Fortunately, the level of service is constantly growing, which gradually stimulates the development of tourism.
Geographic location
The territory of the European part of Russia is bounded from the east by the Ural Mountains, the southern border runs through the North Caucasus. Its size is about 4,000,000 square kilometers, that is, it is almost half of all of Europe, but only 23% of the entire great country. This is the most developed and densely populated part of the state. It is here that noisy metropolises, ultra-modern buildings are located, and very close by are original and beautiful nature. The population of the European part of Russia is about 80 million people - this is half of all the inhabitants of the country.
One and indivisible
The European and Asian part of Russia is one big whole, although the second geographically belongs to Asia. Its area is about 13,000,000 square kilometers, although relatively few people live on it. This is due to the small number of large cities and adverse climatic conditions. The entire vast territory is inhabited by about 70 million people.
The Asian part is divided into 4 regions: the Urals, Siberia East and West and the Far East. These are spaces from Pacific Ocean to the Ural Mountains, the birthplace of endless forests and beautiful rivers. Despite the abundance of natural wealth concentrated in the eastern part of Russia, construction here is much more expensive, due to the harsh climate, permafrost, mountainous terrain, forests and swamps. That is why vast territories remain practically untouched.
Paradise for nature lovers and hikers
The largest cities in the Asian part of Russia are Tyumen. The incredible beauty of the surroundings attracts tourists from all over the world. The famous sanatorium "Belokurikha", the magnificent Belukha mountain range and the protected area of the Altai Mountains make it possible to implement dozens of tourist routes of varying complexity.
Kamchatka gives you the opportunity to get acquainted with active volcanoes and geysers. Thermal springs and therapeutic mud offer great opportunities for improving health. Unique vegetable and animal world. Luxurious fishing will give an unforgettable experience.
The already mentioned Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal attract many tourists every year.
Administrative division
The following economic regions of the European part of Russia are distinguished:
- Central.
- Northwestern.
- Southern.
- North Caucasian.
- Privolzhsky.
The European part of Russia consists of well-maintained cities that are already indistinguishable from the megacities of Europe - the brilliance of night lights, luxurious hotels and restaurants, great shopping ... Each region is ready to offer its own program for tourists, so we will consider their sights separately. The population of the European part of Russia consists of representatives of 39 nationalities. Among them Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians are in the lead.
We have already spoken about the Asian territory, so it will not be considered here. The European part of Russia stretches from the western borders of the country to the Urals. The cities are located compactly, close to Europe, there is access to the Atlantic Sea.
Most natural and are concentrated in the eastern part of the country, here only iron mining is in the lead. The main emphasis in the western part is on manufacturing and agriculture. The banking sector is much more developed.
Central region of western Russia
Beauty-Moscow, the ancient Kremlin, architectural monuments and museums. Every tourist strives to visit the Golden-domed, but besides it, there are other parts of Russia that are no less interesting. Any travel agency will offer you a tour of the Golden Ring, visiting Suzdal, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and other cities. Ancient temples and unique works of ancient architects will give a lot of impressions.
The second direction for travel can be the places of life of great people. The most famous of them, of course, is Yasnaya Polyana, although the estates of the Pushkins, Sheremetyevs, Shcherbatovs, Bolshoye Boldino are undeservedly forgotten.
The Smolensk Lakeland, the forest Trans-Volga - a dozen years will not be enough to visit every amazing corner. The developed infrastructure and the absence of problems with transport and hotels make it possible to successfully receive even foreign tourists.
This region includes such regions of the European part of Russia as Moscow, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Tula, Vladimir, Tver, Voronezh, Tambov, Ivanovo, Smolensk, Kaluga, Ryazan, Kostroma, Oryol, Kursk and Lipetsk. A budget vacation on the banks of majestic forests and beautiful rivers will benefit you, charge you with health and good mood.
Northwestern region
This is a large and underdeveloped part of the country. This includes Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Vologda, Novgorod, Murmansk, Leningrad region, Komi, Karelia and the creation of Peter, sung by A.S. Pushkin, - St. Petersburg. What is interesting here for tourists? The north of the European part of Russia is a fabulous virgin taiga. In summer, a fresh breeze rustles in the treetops, birds sing. If your vacation fell on a sultry July, you won’t find a better place: the lakes are already warming up for comfortable swimming, and the sun does not burn the skin on the shore. In autumn, the taiga pleases with colors, crimson and gold are everywhere. Leaves are falling, nature is quiet in anticipation of winter...
Karelia provides great scope for water adventures. Local lakes are interconnected by rapid rapids, so rafting enthusiasts will like it here. famous among beginners in skiing, but classes are best done before the onset of severe winter frosts.
There are many architectural monuments in the North, ancient monasteries (Solovki, Valaam), Kizhi Church in Lake Onega and much more.
South Region
River, forest and sun... A dream can come true here. The specified district includes the Krasnodar Territory, Adygea, Astrakhan, Volgograd Region. The presence of large and very beautiful rivers, such as the Volga and the Don, opens up endless opportunities for spending holidays. At the same time, you don’t even have to plan a trip to the Black Sea, Sochi or Anapa.
If we talk about visiting tourists, they most often prefer comfortable hotels on the Black Sea coast with a visit to the local arboretum and other interesting places to wild holidays in tents. But for the local population with an average income, a vacation in a tent camp on the Volga, a ferry trip to the museum city of Myshkin, and any other budget option may be suitable.
North Caucasian District
This district includes the Stavropol Territory, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Dagestan. Today these places are world famous as the only subtropical climatic zone in the country, which gives us the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Thousands of tourists rest and improve their health here every year. Not to mention the local mineral waters. Kislovodsk is a former all-Union health resort, which is still very popular today.
Climbers have long chosen these places, since Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe, is located here. Routes of varying severity allow you to master the basics of a difficult sport.
The life and customs of the Caucasian peoples attract tourists to these beautiful lands. Cultural and ethnographic sights and museums are frequently visited objects. Local cuisine is a separate conversation, none of the tourists will go home without trying fragrant lamb skewers.
Volga District
These are territories located near the Urals. Republic of Chuvash, Udmurt, Tatarstan, Mordovia, Mari El. In addition to them, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara and Saratov region are also part of the district. Many people live here, in terms of tourism the area is very promising. Stunning mountainous areas, inexhaustible water resources, excellent fishing and just relaxing in the bosom of nature - such prospects attract tourists and provide opportunities for numerous tourism organizations to work.
The proximity of the Ural Mountains allows you to go mountain climbing, as well as lead groups of sports and adventure tourism. The area allows everyone to find something to do, including climbers of the highest category (they will be especially interested in the Subpolar Urals).
The unique Komi forests have the status of a world natural heritage. So far, tourist routes here are undeveloped, although they have great prospects.
Bashkortostan is a place of amazing beauty. It is even hard to imagine that forty percent of the area of the entire republic is occupied by forests, and besides them, more than 10,000 rivers flow here, there are about 2,500 lakes, ponds and reservoirs. Three nature reserves, two natural parks, more than a hundred and many nature reserves for protection medicinal plants- all this makes it impossible to get acquainted with even one republic during the vacation. The European part of Russia is truly immense.
Summing up
We have only briefly touched on the description of the riches that these vast territories hide. The European part of Russia includes five regions, each of which includes from six to eighteen regions. The region may include several dozen cities, large and small.
Tourists can find everything they want here. Big cities and ancient archeological monuments, untouched forests of Siberia and the highest mountains... Russia has always been famous for its water resources, mother nature's reserves are truly inexhaustible! Rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, small and fragile, powerful and majestic, fast mountain streams for lovers of extreme sports or the Volga slowly carrying its waves - nowhere in the world can you find such diversity. Not only the cities themselves, but also the surroundings are radically different from each other.
From a geographical point of view, the European part of Russia belongs to the European continent - it is the most populated and economically well-developed part of the country, where Russian statehood was born. Today, about 78% of the population lives in these territories.
History of the development of the European part of Russia
The oldest human settlements in this area date back to the Paleolithic and are found on the territory of the Voronezh region in the village of Kostenki, on the territory of the Vladimir and Moscow regions.
During the V-lll millennia, people living in the European part of Russia, there is a slow transition to settled agriculture. The most striking examples of the cultures of that time are the Dnieper-Donetsk and the Comb Pottery Culture, as well as the later Maikop and Koban cultures that flourished in the North Caucasus in the lV-lll millennia.
Proto-Indo-European past
At the same time, the so-called Samara culture was formed on the territory of the southern Russian steppes, which is recognized by many researchers as Proto-Indo-European.
Summarizing, it is worth saying that the European part of Russia for many millennia was the scene of a clash of constantly moving human masses. Tribes of the Arkaim culture moved from the east to Europe, from the west Finno-Ugric tribes came to the territory of the East European Plain, who managed to achieve hegemony in a significant part of the European north.
The origin of Russian statehood
By 862, historians discover the first traces of Slavic statehood in the north-west of modern Russia, numerous peoples have already passed through the territory of Eastern Europe, such as the Huns, Hittites and Alans, who left their mark in local cultures, which some peoples bear to this day.
However, it is worth noting that the Varangians did not come to an empty place, but to the already existing settlements in the south of Lake Ladoga and in the Upper Volga. It is reliably known that the so-called state of Rurik included the cities of Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, Beloozero and Rostov.
The main part of the population consisted of various Slavic tribes, which were still in a state of decomposition of the communal-clan system, and Finno-Ugric tribes. The Varangians occupied the vacant place of the military aristocracy, but rather quickly assimilated by the local population, which is quite clearly seen in the evolution of the names of local rulers, who in the first centuries were exclusively Northern European, and later - Slavic.
Neighbors of medieval Russia
Of great importance for the formation of the statehood of a relatively young union of tribes, which was Russia, was the interaction with the Khazar Khaganate and the Byzantine Empire, which were important economic partners and political rivals of Ancient Russia.
An important historical event for the young Russian state was the invasion of the Mongols in 1237 and the ensuing yoke, which lasted until 1480 in some regions of North-Eastern Russia. Since that time, despite numerous changes in the borders and name of the state, the hegemony of the Russian people over the East European Plain has remained unchanged, although its statehood has experienced numerous crises and been tested by foreign interventions.
Geography of European Russia
Which part of Russia is European has long been determined, despite the fact that in some geographical areas this presents some difficulties. It is generally accepted that the border with Asia runs along the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, the Russian-Kazakhstan border, the coast of the Caspian Sea, along the channels of the Kuma and Manych rivers, the mouth of the Don River, and is further limited by the territories of other Eastern European states. It is worth considering that the islands of the seas washing the northern shores of the European part of Russia also belong to Europe.
From an administrative point of view, the part of the country under consideration is divided into the Northwestern, Central, Volga and Southern federal districts. The Ural Federal District is also partly on European territory.
Among specialists, it is customary to consider this area as one of the large macro-regions, among which the European part, the Caucasus, the Urals and Siberia with the Far East stand out. A significant part of the European territory is occupied by the East European or Russian Plain.
Administrative division
In the European part of Russia, regions, republics and territories are located both completely and partially. For example, the Republic of Bashkiria, the Krasnodar Territory, the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions are located simultaneously in Asia and Europe, while another forty-five subjects are located entirely in Europe.
The Central Federal District includes Moscow and the region, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Orel, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions. That is, only eighteen regions.
The Northwestern District includes eleven regions, including such a city in the European part of Russia as St. Petersburg, as well as the Nenets Autonomous District, which is part of the Arkhangelsk Region. The largest cities in this federal district are St. Petersburg, whose population has recently reached five million, and Murmansk, which, with a population of 295,000, is the largest settlement beyond the Arctic Circle and an important commercial port.
The Southern Federal District includes the Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov Regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia. Since 2014, two more regions have been included in the district: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.
Largest cities
The largest concentration of cities with a population exceeding one million inhabitants is observed in the Volga Federal District. Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Perm and Ufa belong to that region of the European part of Russia where the paths of Western and Eastern civilizations traditionally crossed, therefore the Volga region is distinguished by diversity both nationally and culturally.
In the Central District are Voronezh and Moscow, which is also one of the most populated cities in Europe, second only to Istanbul in this indicator and ahead of London. It is worth saying that in terms of the number of millionaire cities, Russia is ahead of other European countries.
What part of Russia is European is most difficult to determine on its southern borders, where there are no pronounced geographical landmarks. Therefore, some scholars include or exclude the Caucasian steppes from Russian Europe. However, there is no doubt that Rostov-on-Don and Volgograd are the largest cultural, industrial and economic centers of the south of Russia.
Instead of a resume
Despite the fact that the European part of the territory of Russia is only 20% of the area of the entire country, it is nevertheless larger than any of the foreign European states.
For example, it is six times larger than Ukraine, and it is the largest state in foreign Europe, and more than seven times the territory of the French Republic.
It is also worth mentioning that the geographical and climatic conditions in this part of the country are different, and include both polar tundra and alpine meadows, as well as dry steppes and semi-deserts. The central part of the region is famous for its fertile soils. On the same day in different regions of the European part of Russia, the temperature can vary by 20 degrees.
The European territory of Russia is located in the eastern part of Europe. It occupies an area of 40% of the entire European territory. The composition of European Russia includes: the territory of the East European Plain, the mountain ranges of the Caucasus with the Urals. A significant territorial part is occupied by the expanses of the East European Plain. The predominant relief of this part of our country is a plain. European Russia occupies one third of our state, where almost 80% of all the inhabitants of our country live.
About 90% of industry and agriculture are concentrated in this part of our state. The same percentage is allocated to the non-productive sphere. The territory of the European part is the Western macro-region. It consists of six major regions. These include the following regions: the territory of the European North, the North-Western and Central regions, the Volga region, the European southern region and the Ural region.
Borders of the European part of Russia.
On the north side, the expanses of the East European Plain are washed by the cold streams of the waters of the White and Barents Seas. On the south side, it is washed by the warm streams of the waters of the Azov and Black Seas. From the southeast side, it is washed by the Caspian Sea. The western border of the European part has access to the Baltic Sea. The eastern border rests on the Ural mountain range. The southern border rests on the Caucasian mountain range.
A significant territorial part is the wide and vast East European Plain. The peaks of the Ural Mountains separate the European part of the world from the Asian part of the world. The territory of European Russia occupies almost 25% of the total territory of our state and 40% of the total European territory.
Regions of the European part of Russia
European Russia includes 8 large regions. Let's take a closer look at each of them:
- North region. It has access to the White and Barents Seas. The largest cities are Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. The area specializes in metallurgical and chemical production, the timber and paper industries, shipbuilding and fishing are developed.
— Northwestern region. It has borders with the Baltic States and Finland. Located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. It has access to the Baltic Sea. The main cities are St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. Mechanical engineering and metallurgical production are widely developed.
- Volga-Vyatka region. The area is small, but the network of railways and roads is well developed. Volga plays the main role. The largest cities are Nizhny Novgorod with Yoshkar-Ola. The district specializes in transport engineering and shipbuilding.
- Central Black Earth region. The largest cities are Voronezh with Lipetsk and Tambov. The area is agricultural, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering are developed.
- Central District. Lies at the crossroads of land and water lines. Includes the ancient cities of the "Golden Ring": Yaroslavl with Vladimir and Ryazan. The largest city is the capital of our state - Moscow. The area specializes in electronics, instrumentation and transport engineering.
- The region of the North Caucasus. It is located in the south and has access to the Black, Caspian and Azov Seas. The largest cities are Krasnodar with Rostov-on-Don. Specializes in energy, fuel industry, tourism and recreation.
— Volga region. It is located along the Volga River. Located in the southeast. Out to the Caspian Sea. The largest cities are Volgograd with Kazan, Samara and Saratov. Specializes in the mining and food industries.
Ural region. Takes advantageous geographical position being the border between Europe and Asia. The largest cities are Yekaterinburg with Orenburg and Perm. Specializes in mechanical engineering and metallurgical industry.
Subjects of the European part of Russia.
European Russia has 55 subjects.
The Central Federal District has 17 regions: Belgorod, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kursk, Kostroma, Lipetsk, Oryol, Ryazan, Tambov, Smolensk, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions. The city of Moscow is considered a separate subject of our state.
There are 6 regions in the North-Western District: from Arkhangelsk, Leningrad from Murmansk, Pskov from Novgorod region. 2 republics: Komi with Karelia. A separate entity is the city of St. Petersburg. There is only one Autonomous Okrug in the Okrug - the Nenets Okrug, which is part of the Arkhangelsk Region.
There are 2 republics in the Southern Federal District: with Kalmykia. It also includes three regions: Rostov with Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. Included in the composition and the only one. The newly formed Crimean District contains the only republic - Crimea, and the port city of Sevastopol is a separate subject.
There are 6 republics in the North Caucasian District: Ingushetia with Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia and Chechnya. The only one stands out separately. There are no provinces in this district.
There are 6 republics in the Volga region: Mari El with Bashkiria, Mordovia and Tatarstan, Udmurtia with Chuvashia. The same number of regions: Nizhny Novgorod with Kirov, Penza and Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions.
There is a lack of republics in the border Urals. A couple of autonomous okrugs: Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets okrugs. There are 4 regions in the district: Sverdlovsk with Kurgan, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions.
Climate of the European part of Russia.
European Russia is located within the subarctic and temperate climatic zone. The temperate climate zone prevails. Air currents from the Atlantic carry the main precipitation to the flat lands. As you move from the western part to the east and southeast, the amount of precipitation decreases.
The west is characterized by an average annual rainfall in the range of 700-800 mm. To the south, the average annual rainfall decreases to 200 mm. The driest place on the East European Plain is the Caspian Lowland. The area has recorded an annual rainfall of less than 200 mm.
Atlantic air masses affect climatic features both in summer and in winter. They contribute to regular thaws in winter and cyclonic weather in any season. The Arctic air brought in in the summer causes cooling and drought. If he arrives in the winter, then cold frosty and clear weather sets in.
In winter, Arctic air masses cover the entire East European Plain, including the extreme south. Basically, the East European Plain is characterized by a temperate continental climate, which has a beneficial effect on the life and economic activity of the population.
Population and ethnic composition of the European part of Russia.
European Russia is multinational. The Russian nation predominates in the central and northwestern parts. The native Russian population accounts for almost 90% of the total population. The most Russian region is the Lipetsk region, where about 98% of the inhabitants are Russian.
The Ukrainian nation has become widespread throughout. Moscow has a large number of Ukrainians. They also predominate in the border areas with Ukraine: in the Voronezh, Kursk and Belgorod regions. Many representatives of the Jewish nation live in Moscow. The Armenian nation is distributed in Moscow and the Krasnodar Territory and in the Stavropol Territory.
The second place in terms of the number of the nation is occupied by the Tatar nation. They make up about 5% of the total population. They live en masse in the Volga region. The Bashkir nation is ubiquitous in the Urals. In the North Caucasus, the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus are massively distributed: Balkars, Karachays, Ossetians, Chechens, Kabardians. Mari and Mordovians live in the Urals.
Economy of the European part of Russia.
Territory European Russia reached high level in economic development. In this part of Russia, industrial production and the level of agricultural development reaches almost 90%. The number of urban residents reaches almost 80%. Science-intensive production is actively developing in large cities.
In Central Russia, the leading industry is metallurgy and metalworking, mechanical engineering with light industry. The textile industry is also developed. Textile centers are Ivanovo with Moscow. Animal husbandry plays a leading role in agriculture. Potatoes are grown with sugar beet, vegetable crops.
Heavy engineering has become the leading industry in the north. Iron ore, cellulose, cast iron are produced. Fishing is active. Murmansk is home to the country's largest fish factory. Agriculture is dominated by animal husbandry, in particular reindeer and poultry farming. The plowing of fields in the north is insignificant.
In the North Caucasus, mercury is mined with minerals, rock salt. The sphere of tourism and sanatorium treatment has been widely developed due to the mild climate and proximity to the sea.
In the European south, grain production reaches 30%. More than 50% is grown sunflower. Many crops of the subtropics are grown: pomegranate, figs with persimmons, several types of citrus fruits. Coal mining is active. Mechanical engineering for agricultural needs has been developed. Combine harvesters are made in Rostov and Taganrog.
Non-ferrous metals are mined in the Urals: copper, nickel and zinc. Sand is mined with clay and limestone. Ural forest resources account for 40%. The production of forest products is about 15%. Mechanical engineering and the chemical industry are highly developed. In the agricultural sector, winter crops are grown with sugar beets.
Nature of the European part of Russia.
In Russian Europe there are several natural areas. On the coast of the Barents Sea there is a tundra with forest tundra. There is a flat landscape with moist soil cover. There are no forests in the tundra.
Swamps are found everywhere. Mosses grow with lichens and frost-resistant grass. There are foxes with arctic foxes and waterfowl. In the middle lane stretches a zone of mixed forests, alternating with fields. Mixed forests predominate in European territory. Spruce with pine, oak, linden and birch trees grow in the forests. Wild boars live in the forest zone with elks and wolves.
The steppe and forest-steppe zones are located in the south. The soil cover is a fertile layer of chernozem. Here are the most comfortable conditions for agriculture. In the forest-steppe, birch and oak groves are found everywhere, many cereal crops. There are no trees in the steppe zone. Only feather grass with bluegrass grows. Hares with deer live in the forest-steppe. The steppe has become a home for various rodents.
Rivers of the European part of Russia.
The European Plain is characterized by humid climatic conditions. In this connection, numerous rivers are common here. In the hills, the largest river Volga with the Don and the Dnieper begin their flow. Their course is directed to the south.
To the north flow the full-flowing rivers Northern Dvina with Pechora and Onega. In the western direction, the Neva moves with the Neman from the Western Dvina, flowing into the waters of the Baltic Sea. Plain rivers are freezing in winter. Ice formation is affected by river location. Its terms are shortened in the south. In the spring, when snow melts, a river overflow occurs.
In the summer, from the heat, they become smaller. Hydroelectric power stations with reservoirs are located everywhere on large rivers. Nearby rivers unite canals. The collection of rivers with canals makes up the water system.
Cities of the European part of Russia.
Most millionaire cities are concentrated in the Volga lands. These include: Kazan with Nizhny Novgorod, Samara and Ufa. They are a mixture of eastern and western cultures.
The largest central cities are Moscow and Voronezh. The largest southern cities are Volgograd and Rostov. The largest cities of the Northwestern District are St. Petersburg and Murmansk. The northern capital has reached five million inhabitants. About 300 thousand people live in Murmansk. This is the largest settlement in the Arctic and, at the same time, a trading port.
Features of the European part of Russia.
The composition of Russian Europe includes the mountains of the Caucasus and the Urals and the East European Plain. The flat relief is distinguished by the alternation of low-lying and elevated places. The average altitude level of the flat relief is 300-500 m. The temperate continental climate prevails throughout the territory. The area of the territory occupies 40% of the total European and 21% of the total Russian. This part of our state is the most densely populated. The population is almost 79 million inhabitants, which is almost 60% of all inhabitants of the country.
