Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin. Drozhzhin Spiridon Dmitrievich S d Drozhzhin

(1848-12-18 ) Place of Birth: Date of death: Citizenship: Years of creativity: Debut:

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Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin( -) - Russian poet.

Biography

The next years of Drozhzhin's life were spent wandering around Russia, he changed many professions.

At the age of 16, Drozhzhin wrote his first poem, and in 1867 he began a diary, which he kept until the end of his life.

Drozhzhin's first publication in the magazine “Gramotey” (). From that time on, Drozhzhin began to be published in many magazines: “Delo”, “Slovo”, “Family Evenings”, “Russian Wealth”, etc., including Tver ones - “Tverskoy Vestnik” (1878-1882).

Due to his poor financial situation and under the influence of meetings with Leo Tolstoy (1892, 1897), he returned to his homeland (1896), devoting himself to literary work. In 1903, the “Circle of Writers from the People” organized an evening dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the poetic activity of S. D. Drozhzhin; one of the organizers of the evening was I. A. Bunin, who called Drozhzhin “the most gifted self-taught poet.”

The Academy of Sciences awarded Drozhzhin a lifelong pension in 1903; in 1910 - a prize for the collections “Treasured Songs”, “Poems 1866-1888”, “New Russian Songs”, “Bayan”; in 1915 - an honorary review named after A. S. Pushkin for the collection “Songs of the Old Plowman”.

Drozhzhin is one of the most prolific peasant poets, having published more than 30 collections of poetry; at the end of his life, his poems repeat previous motifs that intersect with the new pathos of socialist affirmation.

He spent his last years in Nizovka. He published a lot in local periodicals, including in the Zarnitsa almanac.

Books by Spiridon Drozhzhin

Notes

Literature

Russian writers. 1800-1917. Biographical Dictionary. T. 2: G - K. Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1992. P. 186-187.
Pogorelov T. Drozhzhin and his poetry. Ufa. - 1906
In memory of S. D. Drozhzhin: To the 20th anniversary of the poet’s death. Kalinin. - 1951
Ilyin L. Kaisyn Kuliev about Rainer Rilke and Spiridon Drozhzhin // Tver: Almanac. M. - 1989
The work of S. D. Drozhzhin in the context of Russian literature of the 20th century. Tver. - 1999
Boinikov A.M. Poetry of Spiridon Drozhzhin: Monograph. Tver: Tver.gos. University, 2005.

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Personalities in alphabetical order
Writers by alphabet
Born on December 18
Born in 1848
Born in Tver province
Died on December 24
Died in 1930
Died in the Tver region
Poets in alphabetical order
Russian poets
Poets of Russia
Buried in the Tver region

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See what “Drozhzhin, Spiridon Dmitrievich” is in other dictionaries:

Russian Soviet poet. Born into a serf family. He began publishing in 1873, became known as a talented “self-taught poet”, a defender of disadvantaged people, a singer... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (1848 1930) Russian poet, writer of everyday life of the Russian village. Collections Poetry of Labor and Sorrow (1901), Treasured Songs (1907), Songs of a Peasant (1929) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

(6(18).12.1848 – 24.12.1930)

Outstanding Russian self-taught peasant poet of the late 19th - first third of the 20th centuries. Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin was born in the village of Nizovka, Gorodno volost, Tver district, Tver province (according to other sources, in the village of Pugino, neighboring Nizovka) on December 18 (6), 1848 in the family of the poorest peasants, serfs of the landowner M.G. Bezobrazova. Drozhzhin lived very poorly and oppressive poverty, reaching the point of poverty, surrounded the future poet from childhood. At the same time, the formation of his personality was most directly influenced by the patriarchal atmosphere of the peasant way of life, as well as the instilling in him from childhood of the rudiments of the Orthodox faith, especially by his grandfather, who “was unusually pious” and “a passionate lover of the books of the Holy Scriptures.”

In the fall of 1858, his mother took young Spiridon to school with the village sexton, where he studied for “two half-winters.” Then at the end of 1860 S.D. Drozhzhin, due to the difficult financial situation of the family, was sent by his parents to work in St. Petersburg. His first profession was as a sex boy in the dirty Caucasus tavern at the Europe Hotel.
Subsequently, trying to get out of poverty, Drozhzhin changed many occupations: he was a clerk in a tobacco shop and a gas candle store, a bartender's assistant, a laborer, a lackey for a landowner, a trustee for the supply of firewood for the Nikolaev Railway, an agent of the Volga Shipping Company "Airplane", a salesman in bookstores. stores, studied at the school of dairy farming N.V. Vereshchagin. During the entire 35-year period of wandering, the poet alternately lived in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tashkent, Kharkov, Novgorod and Yaroslavl provinces. Drozhzhin endured months of complete poverty, when he had to pawn items of clothing and spend the night right on the streets and in parks. The forced need to sell his labor for meager wages, constant material and housing dependence on employers formed in the poet a heightened sense of social inequality, which he embodied in many poems.

In 1863, Drozhzhin first became acquainted with the work of N.A. Nekrasov, in 1864 - with the revolutionary democratic magazine Iskra. Tirelessly engaged in self-education, the poet enrolled in the Imperial Public Library in 1866. His reading range included the works of L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgeneva, A.F. Pisemsky, I.A. Goncharova, N.G. Pomyalovsky, G.I. Uspensky and others, as well as the works of N.A., banned at that time. Dobrolyubova and N.G. Chernyshevsky. The poet’s personal library included books by A.S. Pushkina, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.V. Koltsova, V.G. Belinsky, I.S. Nikitina, T.G. Shevchenko, N.A. Nekrasov, F. Schiller, P. Beranger. A visit to a meeting of a circle of St. Petersburg raznochintsy students in 1867 contributed to the formation of S.D.’s independent beliefs. Drozhzhin, which combined revolutionary democratic and Orthodox sovereign views (for example, in the poem “Rus (1875) he relies on the well-known triad “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality”).

The entire period of forced wanderings of S.D. Drozhzhin maintained family, social and spiritual ties with his rural homeland. Periodically returning to Nizovka, the poet enjoys doing agricultural work, which becomes for him a source of not only moral satisfaction, but also creative inspiration (“The First Furrow (1884), “The Plowman’s Song” (1891) and other poems).
The first poetic experiments of S.D. Drozhzhin dates back to 1865, but the beginning of his creative activity is considered to be the publication of the poem “Song about the grief of a good fellow” at the end of 1873 in the magazine “Gramotey”.
In February 1878 S.D. Drozhzhin becomes close to the Orthodox writer and teacher N.A. Solovyov-Nesmelov (1847-1901), who had a huge influence on the spiritual and creative development of the poet. With his mediation, Drozhzhin began in the early 1880s. published in the magazines “Family Evenings”, “Light”, “Children’s Reading”, “Ray”, “Spring”, “Education and Training”, “Young Russia”, “Rebus”, poetry collections, and in 1879 began correspondence with I.Z. Surikov. In 1880-1881 he, together with N.A. Solovyov-Nesmelov and several other writers organized the “Pushkin Circle”, due to participation in which in 1884 he came under the secret surveillance of the police.
In 1884, the autobiographical narrative “Peasant Poet S.D.” was published in three issues of the magazine “Russian Antiquity.” Drozhzhin in his memoirs. 1848-1884", written by order of editor-publisher M.I. Semevsky. In 1889, the poet's first book was published in St. Petersburg, and literary criticism began to pay serious attention to him. However, S.D. Drozhzhin continued to experience poverty and deprivation: his two sons died in infancy, and in 1894 his house burned down in Nizovka, along with his library and manuscripts.
In 1896 S.D. Drozhzhin and his family finally return to their native village, where they combine peasant labor with literary creativity. This decision was supported by L.N. Tolstoy, with whom S.D. Drozhzhin met in 1892 and 1897. The creative result of this step was the final self-identification of S.D. Drozhzhin as a national Orthodox poet-peasant, merging with his native “soil” both physically and spiritually.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the poet reaches the peak of his literary activity and readership: 32 of his 35 books during his lifetime were published in 1898-1929. Collections by S.D. were very popular. Drozhzhin’s “Songs of the Peasant” (1898), “Poetry of Labor and Sorrow” (1901), “New Poems” (1904), “Bayan” (1909), etc. Despite his constant stay in the village, he does not break away from the all-Russian literary and cultural life: maintains relationships and makes new acquaintances with publishers, editors and writers A.A. Korinfsky, I.A. Belousov, F.F. Fiedler, N.N. Zlatovratsky, I.I. Gorbunov-Posadov, M.L. Leonov and others. In 1899, the poet became a member of the mutual aid fund for writers and scientists, and in 1905 - a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. In 1903, the Surikov literary and musical circle, which, together with Drozhzhin, included “writers from the people” M.L. Leonov, E.E. Nechaev, F.S. Shkulev and others, organizes his celebration in Moscow in connection with the 30th anniversary of literary activity. Based on verses by S.D. Drozhzhin composed music by more than 30 composers, including Ts.A. Cui, V.S. Kalinnikov, V.I. Rebikov, F.O. Lasek, R.M. Glier, A.N. Chernyavsky. Two songs based on his poems were performed by F.I. Chaliapin.
Poetry S.D. Drozhzhina attracted the attention of the outstanding German poet R.M. Rilke, who visited Nizovka on July 18-23, 1900 and translated several of his poems into German.

In 1900-1903 S.D. Drozhzhin held the position of village headman. This fact indicated that the peasants saw him as their authoritative representative. The poet, although he tried to distance himself from the burden of public concerns, perceived his new duty as an opportunity to serve the people, which was fully consistent with his democratic beliefs.
In 1903, the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded the poet an annual lifelong pension named after Emperor Nicholas II in the amount of 180 rubles, which became his main source of income. In December 1910, based on the review of honorary academician K.K. Romanov (K.R.) four books by S.D. Drozhzhin's 1907-1909 publications were awarded the M.N. Prize. Akhmatova in the amount of 500 rubles. On November 11, 1912, the poet received a short audience with K.K. Romanova. He received this meeting, as well as the essay about himself sent later with a dedicatory inscription by K.R., with great joy.
The main themes of S.D.’s poetry Drozhzhin was rural work and life, landscapes of all seasons, selfless patriotic service to the Motherland and social protest against the oppressed position of the poorest strata of the people, lyrical and philosophical reflections on the universal constants of existence, moral improvement, peasant grief and spiritual stoicism. Despite the continuity of S.D. Drozhzhin from the material and spiritual structure of the Tver village, his poetry, in terms of the degree of typification of social processes and life situations, thoughts and internal experiences of the lyrical hero - the peasant plowman - belongs to all-Russian, and not to regionally closed literary phenomena. Thanks to its folk song basis, the expression of the peasant worldview, national character, folklore axiology and imagery, life authenticity, and simplicity of style, it was accessible to the widest readership.
Quite a few poems by S.D. Drozhzhin’s stories about rural labor are permeated with a genuine sense of healthy optimism and poeticization of agriculture. He emphasizes such a feature of the peasant mentality as non-acquisitiveness, but at the same time, he did not deny the ideal of modest wealth, provided exclusively with his own hands, present in the consciousness of the peasant.
The peasant’s joy at work was accompanied by a considerable number of troubles: he suffered material poverty, the death of a plowman’s horse in the midst of sowing, crop failure, hunger, and poverty. A whole range of pessimistic motives and situations associated with this side of village life, which can be united by the collective expression “peasant grief,” unfolds in Drozhzhin’s poems “Two Seasons” (1876), “The Death of a Plowman Horse” (1877), “Into the Drought” (1897), “On the Volga” (1899), “On an Autumn Night” (1907), etc. However, even at the level of the figurative system, the poet contrasts peasant labor with urban labor: the first for him is “cheerful”, “vigorous”, “free” ”, “joyful”, the second - “forced”, “oppressive”, “overwhelming”. Unlike the village, the city gives Drozhzhin almost no positive emotions. The description of the factory and the cramped rooms where the urban poor live takes on in his urban lyrics the features of infernity and phantasmagoria (“Night” (1887), “In the Capital” (1884), “It’s hard for me to remember...” (1899), etc.). The “city-village” antithesis is similarly projected onto the everyday sphere.
Painting the rural reality, S.D. Drozhzhin constantly dreamed of realizing the age-old peasant dream in the form of a kind of “peasant paradise”, the benefits of which, expressed in the idealized attributes of everyday life, would become the highest reward for peasant labor. The motive of honest labor is one of the cross-cutting motifs in Drozhzhin’s lyrics.
Nature in Drozhzhin’s poems is the forest, water and meadow landscapes of the Upper Volga region, unassuming in their external beauty. They are distinguished by realistic specificity, convexity, close connection with the economic cycle of peasant life, and a synthesis of natural and everyday landscapes. However, in each season, the poet, along with admiration for spring, the joy of summer, the “autumn festival” (harvest), and the tranquility of winter, still embodies the contradictory nature of peasant life, which also gives rise to more complex combinations of psychological moods.
Out of love for the surrounding peasant and natural world - purely concrete and extremely material - it grew in the poetry of S.D. Drozhzhina has a high and unshakable sense of patriotism. Love for his small homeland evokes in his soul all-human responsiveness, love for the whole world.
The main civic motives in Drozhzhin’s pre-revolutionary poems were the desire for freedom, perceived primarily as peasant will and protest against social injustice (“Not a cheerful tune ...” (1878), “Give free will to honest impulses ...” (1879), “Will "(1905), "From bleak, bitter thoughts..." (1906), etc.). At the same time, the ideological core of the poet’s political beliefs was the concept of civil peace. In the poem “After a Long Separation” (1917), dedicated to his neighbor-landowner N.A. Tolstoy (1856-1918), he does not advocate the aggravation of social confrontation, but for the reconciliation of various social groups on the basis of the highest civil and spiritual value - Russia.
The social, cultural, moral and philosophical fundamental principles of S.D.’s worldview and creativity. Drozhzhin always remained Orthodox. That is why Christian spirituality, moral premises, gospel stories and biblical allusions permeate all the thematic blocks and motives of his lyrics. The religiosity of Russian people in Drozhzhin’s works is a natural norm of behavior. The rural landscape, the surrounding nature, and the immensity of the universe permeate him with a Christian aura.
S.D. Drozhzhin also created many Orthodox-civil poems, for example, “For 1879” (1878), “Drinking Song” (1880), “Glory to the Most High God” (1886), “To God” (1909), etc. In poetic prayers he advocates before Christ for the personal acquisition of the highest Christian virtues.
The bipolarity of national life determined the ambivalence of S.D.’s poetic thinking. Drozhzhin, which was most convincingly embodied in his programmatic poem “I am for a soulful song...” (1891).
The February and then the October Revolution S.D. Drozhzhin initially greeted them with enthusiasm, seeing in them the real implementation of the ideal of free peasant Rus'. But, wary of revolutionary innovations, in the spring of 1917 he refused to participate in the work of the volost executive committee and become chairman of the volost court.
In 1918-1920 S.D. Drozhzhin, shocked by the new national disasters, in a number of his poems (“It’s scary to live and boring...” (1918), “Tsar Hunger” (1919), “The soul hurts, the mind is troubled...” (1920), etc.) angrily denounces the anti-national and the anti-Orthodox essence of the October Revolution, the “Red Terror”, the total robbery of the peasants in the process of surplus appropriation, the brutality of the suppression of popular uprisings, the fratricidal Civil War.
The taking of N.A. hostage and extrajudicial execution had a particularly depressing effect on the poet. Tolstoy with his wife. For these reasons, in the early 1920s. S.D. Drozhzhin, also deprived of his previous material support, is experiencing a deep spiritual crisis, which he has not completely overcome in subsequent years, which is confirmed by his correspondence with long-time friends, the poets A.A. Korinfsky, M.L. Leonov and I.A. Belousov.

House-Museum of S.D. Yeast

However, the poet participates in the work of the First Congress of Tver Poets and Writers from the People, held in Tver on November 6-8, 1919, and maintains close creative and personal contacts with members of the Tver Literary and Artistic Society named after I.S. Nikitina. In order not to die of hunger, Drozhzhin, overcoming his illnesses, speaks at literary evenings in Moscow, Tver, Klin, Zavidovo, Redkin.
Since 1923, the unfavorable situation around the poet began to change for the better. Its readership popularity is increasing again. At the request of the Society for the Study of the Tver Region, the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Living Life of Scientists on February 20, 1923 appointed S.D. Drozhzhin received an increased pension and academic rations. In Nizovka itself, the poet is visited by delegations of schoolchildren and fellow writers; he also receives many letters from admirers of his talent. In 1923, the Tver Nikitin residents prepared and held a celebration of the poet in connection with his 75th birthday. In the same year, five books by S.D. were published in Moscow and Tver. Drozhzhin, and he himself was elected an honorary member of the All-Russian Union of Poets. The name Drozhzhin is given to several schools, one of the streets of Tver, and a steamship. Drozhzhinsky rooms are opened in the Tver and Rzhevsky museums, and Nizovka is renamed Drozhzhinsky. By order of the People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs, on February 27, 1926, a radio receiver was installed in the poet's house, and in the year of his 80th birthday he received a greeting from the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.P. Karpinsky.
Despite the popularization of his poetry, recognition of his services to literature and the people, the work of S.D. After 1917, Drozhzhin was interpreted in a vulgar sociological vein and was subject to strong censorship interference: poems on Orthodox themes were thrown out of books, many works were mercilessly cropped or subjected to ideological editorial editing, often arbitrary. In Tver itself, the celebration of the poet's 80th birthday was used by local authorities, primarily for political purposes. Publications in the newspapers “Tverskaya Pravda” and “Smena” falsified the complex pages of Drozhzhin’s life, creating a mythologized and far from reality image of a working poet, tirelessly singing the praises of Soviet power.
As a result, despite the favor of high officials of the Soviet state, S.D. Drozhzhin, in the depths of his consciousness, remained an “internal emigrant,” sometimes openly demonstrating opposition to the new government. So, in the summer of 1929 he received the poet A.A. in Nizovka. Korinfsky, who on November 14, 1928 was arrested in Leningrad in the case of “participation in the counter-revolutionary work of a group of monarchists”, by the decision of the OGPU Collegium of May 13, 1929, was convicted under Articles 58-10 and 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (anti-Soviet agitation) and sent to Tver.
S.D. Drozhzhin died in Nizovka on December 24, 1930. In 1937, during the construction of the Ivankovo reservoir, the poet’s ashes and his house were moved from the flood zone to the village. Zavidovo, where on May 1, 1938 the House-Museum of S.D. Yeast.

A.M. Boinikov, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor,
member of the Union of Writers of Russia, member of the Union of Journalists of Russia.

Bibliography:

Drozhzhin S.D. Collected works: in 3 volumes. - Tver: SFK-office, 2015. - Vol. 1-3.
Boynikov A.M. Poetry of Spiridon Drozhzhin: monograph. - Tver: TvGU, 2005. - 228 p.
Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin: bibliogr. decree. - Tver: ChuDo, 1998. - 115 p.
Spiridon Drozhzhin through the eyes of his contemporaries and descendants. - Tver: Golden Letter, 2001. - 240 p.
Goncharova I.A., Redkin V.A. Devotees of traditions: Essay on the Tver Literary and Artistic Society named after I.S. Nikitina. - Tver: Tver regional book and magazine publishing house, 2002. - 192 p.
Ivanova L.N. Drozhzhin Spiridon Dmitrievich // Russian writers. 1800-1917. Biographical Dictionary. - M., 1992. - T. 2. - P. 187.

Biography

Born on December 5 (17), 1848 in a family of serfs in the village of Nizovka, Tver province. He studied at school for two incomplete winters, then his mother sent her eleven-year-old son to work in St. Petersburg.

The next years of Drozhzhin's life were spent wandering around Russia, he changed many professions.

In St. Petersburg (1860-1871) he was engaged in self-education, became acquainted with the works of Nikolai Nekrasov, Alexei Koltsov, Ivan Nikitin, Leo Tolstoy and others.

At the age of 16, Drozhzhin wrote his first poem, and in 1867 he began a diary, which he kept until the end of his life.

Due to his poor financial situation and under the influence of meetings with Leo Tolstoy (1892, 1897), he returned to his homeland (1896), devoting himself to literary work. In 1903, the “Circle of Writers from the People” organized an evening dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the poetic activity of S. D. Drozhzhin; one of the organizers of the evening was Ivan Bunin, who called Drozhzhin “the most gifted self-taught poet.”

After the Ivankovsky reservoir was filled in 1937, his ashes and his last house were moved to the village of Novozavidovsky, where a museum was opened (more than 2 thousand storage units).

Creation

By the end of the 19th century he became the most famous Russian peasant poet; in Nizovka in the summer of 1900 he was visited by the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who translated his poems into German.

In the first decade of the 20th century, the poet’s books were published one after another, Drozhzhin was elected an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (1905), and received several literary awards. The poems of this period are characterized by a description of rural life that combines both beauty and sadness (at the same time, unlike many urban poets, Drozhzhin does not touch upon the revolutionary events of 1905-1907; a striking example is the poem “Dedicated to Apollo of Corinth, who also wrote rural poetry) Summer evening in the village").

Drozhzhin met the October Revolution in Nizovka, and soon left it, taking up public work. He was elected chairman of the Congress of Proletarian Writers of the Tver Province (1919), an honorary member of the All-Russian Union of Poets (1924).

Drozhzhin's early poetry experienced a variety of influences. Many poems of the pre-October period enjoyed enormous popularity among the people, became songs, were recorded for gramophones, and penetrated into folklore. Drozhzhin’s work inspired composers A. Chernyavsky (“It’s fun”, “At the well” - introduction to the poem “Dunyasha”, “Beautiful maiden, my sweetheart ...”), V. Rebikov (“Oh, what are you talking about, swallow ... “,” “The day is burning down with dawn...”, “The heat of spring rays...”, “Oh, if only there was sunshine...”, “I am for a heartfelt song...”, V. Bakaleinikova (“Ah, am I young and young...”). , “Rural idyll”, “Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...”, “Beautiful maiden, you are my sweetheart...”), F. Lasheka (“Grass is not coming from the cold...”, “The day is burning to dawn...”, “What do I , well done, need..."), V Ziringa ("The Reaper") and others. The performers of the songs were F. I. Chaliapin, N. V. Plevitskaya ("Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...", "Oh, really I , young and young...", "Rural idyll", "Love and fun"), A. D. Vyaltseva.

He spent his last years in Nizovka. He published a lot in local periodicals, including the Zarnitsa almanac.

Books by Spiridon Drozhzhin

Poems 1866-1888, St. Petersburg. - 1889
Poetry of labor and grief (1889-1897), M. - 1901
New poems. M. - 1904
Year of the peasant. M. - 1906
Treasured songs. M. - 1907
New Russian songs. M. - 1909
Accordion. M. - 1909
Songs of the old plowman. M. - 1913
Workers' songs. M. - 1920
Peasant poet S. D. Drozhzhin His life and songs. M.; L. - 1923
Ways and roads. M. - 1929
Peasant songs. M. - 1929
Favorites. Kalinin. - 1940
Poems. L. - 1949
Songs of a citizen. M. - 1974.
“I send greetings to my native land...”, Tver - 1998.

Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin (1848-1930) - Russian poet.

Born on December 6 (18), 1848 in a family of serfs in the village of Nizovka, Tver province. He studied at school for two incomplete winters, then his mother sent her eleven-year-old son to work in St. Petersburg. The next years of Drozhzhin's life were spent wandering around Russia, he changed many professions.

In St. Petersburg (1860-1871) he was engaged in self-education, became acquainted with the works of Nikolai Nekrasov, Alexei Koltsov, Ivan Nikitin, Leo Tolstoy and others. At the age of 16, Drozhzhin wrote his first poem, and in 1867 he began a diary, which he kept until the end of his life.

Drozhzhin's first publication in the magazine “Gramotey” (1873). From that time on, Drozhzhin began to be published in many magazines: “Delo”, “Slovo”, “Family Evenings”, “Russian Wealth”, etc., including Tver ones - “Tverskoy Vestnik” (1878-1882).
Due to his poor financial situation and under the influence of meetings with Leo Tolstoy (1892, 1897), he returned to his homeland (1896), devoting himself to literary work. In 1903, the “Circle of Writers from the People” organized an evening dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the poetic activity of S. D. Drozhzhin; one of the organizers of the evening was I. A. Bunin, who called Drozhzhin “the most gifted self-taught poet.”
The Academy of Sciences awarded Drozhzhin a lifelong pension in 1903; in 1910 - a prize for the collections “Treasured Songs”, “Poems 1866-1888”, “New Russian Songs”, “Bayan”; in 1915 - an honorary review named after A. S. Pushkin for the collection “Songs of the Old Plowman”.

Biography

DROZHZHIN Spiridon Dmitrievich - poet. Born into a family of serfs. He received the basics of education from his grandfather, Stepan Stepanovich Drozhzhin, who taught his grandson to read the alphabet and the book of hours. And in the fall of 1858, his mother sent young Spiridon to school with a village sexton, where the future poet studied writing and arithmetic for two winters. D. will gratefully resurrect those days in the poem “At the Sexton’s School” (1905). This completed D.'s education - in the winter of 1860 he was sent to work in St. Petersburg.

The next 36 years of D.'s life were spent in painful wanderings throughout Russia. He changed many professions: he was a bartender's assistant and a tavern servant, a salesman in a gas candle store and a clerk in tobacco and bookstores, a footman, a delivery boy, a laborer, a trustee for the supply of firewood for the Nikolaev railway, an agent of the Volga steamship company "Airplane". Fate took him to Moscow and Tver, Yaroslavl and Kharkov, Kyiv and Tashkent.

The initial St. Petersburg years of D.'s wanderings (1860-1871) were a time of not only a miserable, half-starved existence, but also persistent self-education. For the first 4 years in the capital, working as a sex worker in the Caucasus tavern, D. greedily but haphazardly attacked reading literature, often of low quality: popular popular novels, magazines such as Mirsky Vestnik and Readings for Soldiers. However, then D. became acquainted with the works of N. A. Nekrasov, A. V. Koltsov, I. S. Nikitin, read the magazine “Iskra” with interest, and since 1866 regularly visited the Public Library. D.'s artistic tastes and ideological and aesthetic orientation were positively influenced by his acquaintance at that time with mixed-democratic youth and the capital's students. Saving on food and clothing, he collects his own library, which includes works by his favorite writers: A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov, Koltsov and Nikitin, G. Heine and P.-J. Beranger, L.N. Tolstoy and G.I. Uspensky, F. Schiller and N.P. Ogarev and others. He reads D. and “forbidden” literature. At the age of 17, he wrote his first poem and since then has not stopped his poetic activity. On May 10, 1867, he made his first entries in his diary and kept it until the end of his long life.

D. made his first attempt to be published in 1870, sending the five best, in his opinion, poems to the Illustrated Newspaper, but they were rejected. His literary debut took place in 1873, when his poem “Song about the grief of a good fellow” was published in the magazine “Gramotey”. From that time on, D. became an active contributor to numerous magazines: “Slovo”, “Delo”, “Family Evenings”, “Russian Wealth”, etc., including children’s ones: “Childhood Years”, “Children’s Reading”, “Lark” ", "Young Russia", etc.

At the end of the 70s - 80s. D.'s fame as a poet is growing. I.Z. Surikov showed interest in the aspiring self-taught author, which was reflected in their correspondence in 1879.

In 1889, the first collection of works by D. “Poems 1866-1888” was published in St. Petersburg. with the author's notes about his life." This book went through two more editions (1894, 1907), with significant additions in each. However, this did not strengthen the financial situation of the poor poet, and in the beginning. 1896 D. finally returns to his native Nizovka, where he devotes himself entirely to literary work and agricultural work. The poet's decision to return to the village was supported by L.N. Tolstoy, with whom D. met twice: in 1892 and 1897. In the village, D. was under secret police surveillance.

Meanwhile, D.'s fame is growing. In 1900, the outstanding Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke visited Nizovka. Four poems by the Russian peasant poet were translated into German by him.

In the first decade of the new century, D.’s books were published one after another: “New Poems” (M., 1904), “The Year of the Peasant” (M., 1906), “Treasured Songs” (M., 1907), “New Russian Songs "(M., 1909), "Bayan" (M., 1909). In December 1903, the Surikov circle of “Writers from the People” organized an evening in Moscow dedicated to the 30th anniversary of D.’s literary activity. In the same year, the poet was awarded a lifelong pension in the amount of 180 rubles per year. In 1905, the poet was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at Moscow University. And on December 29, 1910, D. was awarded the prize of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences in the amount of 500 rubles for collections of 1907-1909. on a special recommendation and based on a review by honorary academician K.K. Romanov (poet K.R.). On October 19, 1915, the Academy of Sciences awarded another book by D. with an honorary “Pushkin” review - “Songs of the Old Plowman” (M., 1913).

Life in the village does not separate D. from important social events. He is among those few Russian writers who sharply opposed the imperialist war (the poem “Down with War!”, 1916), calling it in his diary “a relic of gross barbarism” (entry dated September 7, 1914).

The Great October Revolution was greeted with joy by the 69-year-old poet. He gets involved in public work, being elected as a member of the volost executive committee, and travels around the country reading his works. In 1919, the poet was elected chairman of the congress of proletarian writers from the people of the Tver province. In the same year he became a member of the Tver Literary and Artistic Society named after. I. S. Nikitina. His poetic activity continues. In 1923, the collection “Songs of Labor and Struggle” was published, marking two anniversaries of the poet: the 50th anniversary of literary activity and the 75th anniversary of his birth. In connection with these dates, D. was elected an honorary member of the All-Russian Union of Poets; A library-reading room named after him opens in Tver. And five years later, the 80-year-old poet receives a greeting from the USSR Academy of Sciences, signed by its president A.P. Karpinsky.

On September 28, 1928, D. met in Moscow with M. Gorky, who wrote in the poet’s notebook: “In memory of the old poet - with surprise at his inexhaustible creativity - S. D. Drozhzhin. M. Gorky."

In the last years of his life, D. worked on the collections “Songs” (M., 1928), “Roads and Roads” (M., 1929), “Songs of a Peasant” (M., Leningrad, 1929, the poet’s last lifetime book), and prepared for publication Complete collected works in 4 volumes, bringing his “Notes on Life and Poetry” to 1930.

The 82-year-old poet died in his native Nizovka. In 1938, his ashes, as well as the house where he lived most of his life, were transferred to the village. Zavidovo, Konakovsky district, Kalinin region. (former Tver province), where a memorial museum of the poet was opened.

D.'s more than 60-year creative career was extremely fruitful. During his lifetime, he published 32 collections: 20 of them before 1917 and 12 under Soviet rule. His poems are artistically unequal, but the best part of his poetic heritage reveals original talent and skill. In D.’s work, the influence of Koltsov, Nikitin, Nekrasov is noticeable, in a number of his works of the 80s and 90s. echoes of the poetry of S. Ya. Nadson are heard. Simplicity, sincerity, spontaneity, sincerity are the defining qualities of D.’s lyrics. He is a singer of peasant life, as he himself determined his calling from his first steps in literature (“My Muse”, 1875). Along with sad poems, drawings, poverty, lawlessness, exhausting forced labor of the Russian peasantry (“The Death of a Plowman Horse,” 1877; “In the Hut,” 1882; “Not a cheerful tune...”, 1887; “Into the Drought,” 1897) and urban the poor (“Songs of Workers”, 1875; “The Seamstress”, 1876; “From Joyless Bitter Thoughts...”, 1906), the poet also depicts the joy of the creative work of the tiller (“In the Passion”, 1875; “The First Furrow”, 1884; “Song plowman", 1891); admires the spiritual beauty of the Russian peasant (“Rovnyushka”, 1878; “The Heat of Spring Rays...”, 1880). Poems often contain motifs of social struggle (“We live…”, 1889; “Prowess,” 1903; “Song of the Swimmer,” 1906; “From Darkness to Light,” 1913).

Many of D.’s poems are filled with love for the Russian village and the rural landscape (“In a simple village cart...”, 1871; “Song from a distant land” 1875; “Accept me, dear little side...”, 1889; “Morning in the Forest”, 1870; “Evening”, 1881; “In Summer”, 1882). The patriotism of D.'s poetry is not declarative, but deeply sincere, which is why his poems dedicated to his homeland are permeated with pain and full of faith in the bright future of the country (“On the Volga,” 1899; “Motherland,” 1904). The life-affirming patriotic pathos of D.'s poetry is clearly manifested in his poems of the Soviet period (“Centuries of evil captivity have passed...”, 1918; “Zapevka,” 1920; “In Memory of V.I. Lenin,” 1924).

D.'s poetry is organically connected with oral folk art, especially with song lyrics; it is not for nothing that many of his poems (and collections) are called “songs.” D. skillfully and freely uses folklore poetics (negative comparisons, psychological parallelism, stable symbolism, etc.), his stylizations are distinguished by rhythmic richness (“Song” (“Like a breeze through the grass…”), 1889; “Song” (“Song”) That the killer whale is not singing..."), 1885; "Song" ("Oh, there was one..."), 1903; "Song" ("The good fellow was sad..."), 1907).

A number of D.’s poems entered folklore (“Song about a Soldier,” 1872; “Songs of Workers,” 1875). Many of the poet’s poems were set to music by composers S. Evseev, V. Ziring, N. Potolovsky, A. Chernyavsky, F. Lashek and others. Songs based on D.’s poems were performed by popular artists at the beginning of the 20th century. singers N. Plevitskaya, A. Vyaltseva, M. Lidarskaya, P. Tikhonov, G. Foteeva were recorded on gramophone records. Two songs based on poems from the poem “Dunyasha” (1880-1881) and “Beautiful maiden, you are my sweetheart...” (1892) were in the repertoire of F. I. Chaliapin (music by A. Chernyavsky).

Drozhzhin Spiridon Dmitrievich (1848-1930) - famous Russian poet. Born on December 6 (18), 1848 in the small village of Nizovka, which was in the Tver province. The boy's parents were ordinary serfs. From 1858, for 2 years, Spiridon studied at a village school. Immediately after school he was forced to go to work, following the example of his parents. Since childhood, the future poet loved to read.

In 1860-1871 S. Drozhzhin works at the Caucasus tavern in St. Petersburg. Being in a beggarly state, he still finds money and buys works of Russian writers and “forbidden literature.” He began writing his first poems at the age of 17; in 1870 he unsuccessfully tried to publish his works in the Illustrated Newspaper. On May 10, 1867, he began to keep his own diary.

The first printed verse, “Song about the grief of a good fellow” (1873), was published in the magazine “Gramotey.” Drozhzhin began to actively publish in various magazines: “Slovo”, Russian wealth”, “Lark”, etc.

The first book “Poems 1866-1888.” with the author's notes about his life" (1889) was published in St. Petersburg. To supplement it with other works, this collection was republished in 1894 and 1907.

In 1896, Spiridon Drozhzhin returned to the village of Nizovka, where he was engaged in agriculture and writing new literary works. The famous poet from Austria Rainer Maria Rilke comes to him, who translated 4 poems of the Russian poet into German, thereby attracting public attention to the novice author.

For 1904-1909 5 collections are published: “New Poems”, “Year of the Peasant”, “Treasured Songs”, “New Russian Songs”, “Bayan”. In 1905, at Moscow University, the poet was included in the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. On December 29, 1910, S. Drozhzhin was awarded the prize of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences.

At the age of 69, the poet, being a member of the volost executive committee, conducts readings of his poems throughout the country. In 1919 he became the head of the congress of proletarian writers in the Tver province. At the age of 75, he published the book “Songs of Labor and Struggle” (1923) and became an honorary member of the All-Russian Union of Poets for his 50-year contribution to literature. During his life, the poet published 32 collections of poems. I did not have time to publish “Complete Works in 4 volumes” and “Notes on Life and Poetry.”

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