Description of the Sakhalin region

Geographical location, borders

Sakhalin region -the only one in the country, located on 59 islands, includes the island of Sakhalin with the nearby islands of Moneron and Tyuleniy and two ridges of the Kuril Islands.

The current borders of the Sakhalin region were formed on January 2, 1947, shortly after the reunification of the southern part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, seized by Japan in 1905, with the Soviet Union.

The northern point of the Sakhalin region is located on the island. Sakhalin on Cape Elizabeth (54° 24" N), southern - on Anuchina Island, which is part of the Lesser Kuril Ridge (43° 26" N), western - on Sakhalin Cape Lakh (141° 38 "E.) and eastern - Cape Yaugich (156°W) on the eastern edge of Shumshu Island. The state border between Russia and Japan runs along the La Perouse, Kunashirsky, Izmena and Sovetsky straits.

The area of ​​the Sakhalin region is 87.1 thousand square meters. km, of which about 78 thousand sq. km occupies Sakhalin. In size, the region's territory is slightly larger than Austria and three times the area of ​​Belgium.

Sakhalin is one of the largest islands in Russia. It is elongated in the meridional direction between 141° 38" and 144° 55" east longitude. Its length reaches 948 km, maximum width 160 km (at the latitude of Lesogorsk), minimum - 26 km (Poyasok isthmus). Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the Nevelskoy Strait, the width of which at its narrowest part is between capes Pogibi and Lazarev, is 7.5 km. From the west and southwest the island is washed by the waters of the warm Sea of ​​Japan, from the north and east by the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

The Kuril Islands group extends from the southwest to the northeast (from the island of Hokkaido (Japan) to the Kamchatka Peninsula, which includes two ridges - the Big and the Small, separated by the South Kuril Strait.

The Great Kuril Ridge, about 1250 km long, has about 30 islands, of which the largest are Kunashir, Iturup, Urup and Paramushir.

Kunashir Island is the southernmost island of the Great Kuril chain. Kunashir is the third largest island of the great Kuril ridge, its area is 1548 km 2. The island stretches from northeast to southwest, its length in this direction is 123 km, and the width of the island ranges from 7 to 35 km. From the west and southwest, Kunashir Island is separated by the Kunashir Strait and the Strait of Izmena from the Japanese island of Hokkaido. The South Kuril Strait separates Kunashir from the islands of the Lesser Kuril Ridge. Iturup Island is separated from Kunashir by the Catherine Strait,which is 437 m deep and 22.2 km wide. In the north of. Iturup is separated by the Frisa Strait from the island of Urup; the depth of the strait is 500 m and the width is 38.9 km. Iturup is the second largest island of the Kuril ridge, its area is 3200 km 2.

The Small Kuril Ridge, 105 km long, stretches parallel to the Greater Kuril Ridge. The ridge includes six islands, the largest of which is Shikotan.

Geographically, the Southern Kuril Islands mean the southern link of the Great Ridge, consisting of the islands of Kunashir, Iturup, Urup, and the entire Small Ridge, located southeast of Kunashir.

From the western part, the Kuril Islands are washed by the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, from the eastern part - by the Pacific Ocean.

Relief

The surface of Sakhalin is very mountainous. Most of its territory is made up of medium-altitude mountains, an important feature of which is their meridional orientation. The western part of the island is occupied by the Western Sakhalin Mountains (the highest point of the city of Return is 1325m). In the eastern part of the island are the East Sakhalin Mountains with the highest peak of Sakhalin - Mount Lopatina (1609 m). They consist mainly of two mountain ranges - Nabilsky and Central. In the south of Sakhalin there are the Susunaisky and Tonino-Aniva ranges.

The mountain structures of the island are separated by lowlands, of which the largest are Tym-Poronaiskaya, Susunaiskaya and Muravyovskaya. The surfaces of the lowlands are often swampy and cut by numerous rivers.

In the north of Sakhalin there is the North Sakhalin Plain with a highly dissected topography and residual denudation hills 300-600 m high, passing to the north into the low mountains of the Schmidt Peninsula.

The modern Kuril Islands are the highest peaks and ridges of a grandiose mountain system, most of which is covered by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Above the bottom of the adjacent basins of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Kuril-Kamchatka basin, it rises to a height of more than 5,000 m and more than 12,000 m, respectively.

In the formation of the modern appearance of the Kuril Islands, the leading role belongs to volcano-tectonic processes. Most of the Kuril Islands are individual volcanoes or a chain of volcanic structures of the most varied shapes fused together. There are about 40 active volcanoes here, of which Alaid (2339 m) is the highest peak of the Kuril ridge and the Sakhalin region. The lowest of the islands of the Great Kuril ridge is Shumshu; insignificant heights are also typical for most islands of the Lesser Kuril Ridge. The relief of the Kuril Islands is to some extent modified by abrasion, accumulative, and, on the northern islands, glacial processes. There are few lowlands in the Kuril Islands, they are confined to river valleys or sea coasts.

The shores of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are mostly rocky, steep, and only at the exits to the sea of ​​large depressions are low-lying, sandy, swampy with bays and lagoon-type lakes. Sometimes there is a narrow strip of beach along the rocky shores along the sea.

Climate

The climate of the region is unique. Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are included in the monsoon zone of temperate latitudes. On Sakhalin the climate is monsoonal, on the Kuril Islands it is oceanic. However, the climate here is much harsher compared to other temperate regions. This is determined by a number of factors:

1) Geographical location between 46 0 and 54 0 N. latitude. causes the arrival of solar radiation from 410 kJ per year in the north to 450 kJ in the south of the island.

2) Position between the Eurasian continent and the Pacific Ocean. It is associated with the wet, cool Sakhalin summer with frequent rains.

3) Relief affects the direction and speed of the wind. A decrease in wind speed contributes to radiative cooling of the air in winter and warming in summer. The mountainous terrain of Sakhalin protects the interior parts of the Tym-Poronai lowland and the Susunai valley, as well as the western coast from the effects of cold sea air. Therefore, the greatest temperature contrasts are observed in the valleys.

4) Cold East Sakhalin Current. During the summer months, it causes lower temperatures on the eastern coast of Sakhalin. The western coast of the southern part of the island is influenced by the warmer Sea of ​​Japan and the warm Tsushima Current.

It is these factors that determine that winter on Sakhalin is snowy and long (5–7 months); spring is long, cold, with late snowfalls and fogs; summer is relatively short (2–3 months), rainy and cool - this is due to the influence of ice, which during this period is carried by the current from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the south along the eastern coast of the island; autumn is sunny and mostly warm.

Thus, the climate of Sakhalin Island is formed under the influence of the monsoons of temperate latitudes, the system of sea currents and relief features and is characterized by cold, dry winters and warm, humid summers.

The Kuril Islands in winter are characterized by intense precipitation and snowstorms, especially snowstorms, which greatly impair visibility. In summer, southeastern and southern currents from the Pacific Ocean cause calmer weather with a high frequency of fog (120-160 days a year).

The average January temperature on Sakhalin varies from -23°C in the northwest and inland to -8°C in the southeast. The absolute minimum fluctuates across the territory in the same direction from -49°C to -25°C.

Average temperatures in August range from +13°C in the north to +18°C in the south of the island. The absolute maximum ranges from +30°C in the north to +39°C in the Tymovskaya Valley.

On the Kuril Islands, the average temperature in January is -5.1°C, in August - +10.7°C. The absolute minimum varies from -19°С in the center to -27°С in the south, the absolute maximum is +32°С.

Wind mode. The winter period is characterized by increased wind speeds and the predominance of northern and northwestern winds. The highest wind speeds in January are found in the northern tip of the island and land areas prominent in the sea (7-10 m/sec), on the west coast the average wind speed is 5-7 m/sec, on the east coast - 3-5 m/sec, in Tymovskaya valley 1.5-3.0 m/sec. In summer, southeastern and southern winds predominate; average wind speeds in August across the island vary from 2 to 6 m/sec.

On the Kuril Islands, the average annual wind speed is 5.7 m/sec in the south, 6.4 m/sec in the north, and 7.8 m/sec in the middle Kuril Islands. In winter, the average wind speed is 8-12 m/sec. In winter, northwestern winds predominate, and in summer, southern and southeastern winds.

Humidity conditions. The annual precipitation ranges from 500-600 mm in the north to 800-900 mm in the valleys and 1000-1200 mm in the mountainous areas in the south. The amount of precipitation falling during the warm period ranges from 300 mm in the north to 600-650 mm in the valleys and 800 mm in the south of Sakhalin. On the Kuril Islands, 1100-1700 mm of precipitation falls per year with a maximum on the island. Simushir. A third of precipitation falls during the cold period, sometimes in the form of heavy snowfalls and sleet. Frequent and prolonged snowstorms with powerful drifts are typical.

Soil and vegetation cover

Due to the large meridional elongation of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands and their mountainous terrain, the distribution of soil and vegetation cover manifests latitudinal zoning and vertical zonality.

The humid monsoon climate and mountainous terrain of the region determined some of the features of the soil and vegetation cover of Sakhalin. The main ones include the dominance of taiga landscapes. On most of the island, the dominant type of vegetation is the dark coniferous spruce-fir taiga of Ayan spruce and Sakhalin fir, with the participation of Mayer fir and Glen spruce in the south of the island.

The northern part of Sakhalin Island is dominated by forests and woodlands of Daurian larch with thickets of wild rosemary, cedar, blueberries, cranberries, etc. There are many peat bogs with poorly developed grass cover and an abundance of lichen. Meadows occupy small areas and consist mainly of reed grass, sedges and forbs. The North Sakhalin Plain is dominated by bog and podzolic soils, and on the Schmidt Peninsula - mountain podzolic soils. South of the village. Nysh begins the spruce-fir taiga with the dominance of spruce-green moss forests, moving further south into spruce-fir forests with a predominance of fir and with a carpet of ferns in the grass stand, where mountain-podzolic and mountain brown forest soils have formed under them.

In the southern part of the island and on the Southern Kuril Islands, the second feature of the vegetation cover is clearly visible - a mixture of northern and southern elements of the flora: lemongrass grows next to the spruce; in mountain larch forests - grapes; hydrangea entwines the fir; Kuril bamboo is adjacent to wild rosemary, etc. In the extreme southwest there is an admixture of broad-leaved species growing on mountain forest brown soils.

In the forests of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands there are many shrubs that form thickets both in the valleys and in the mountains: currants, rose hips, svidina, holly, skimmia, euonymus, aralia, eleutherococcus and many others. In the south of the island there are a large number of vines: actinidia, grapes, hydrangea. In river valleys on alluvial soils, floodplain forests grow, formed by willow, choicenia, alder, elm, poplar with an admixture of white birch, ash, rowan, bird cherry and thickets of bushes. Large grass formations are confined to river valleys and the foothills of slopes, especially widespread in the southern part of Sakhalin, as well as on Iturup, Kunashir and Shikotan. Stone birch forests (mountain formations), under which mountain-forest acidic soils are formed, descend to the sea in the south. In the southern part of Sakhalin and on the Kuril Islands, thickets of Kuril bamboo, as well as shrubs, yellow maple, diervilla, honeysuckle, etc. are ubiquitously developed. The highest areas of the mountains with mountain-peaty-gley soils are occupied by thickets of dwarf cedar and mountain tundra formations.

The vegetation of the Kuril Islands is more diverse: the forests of the southern part of Kunashir have much in common with the forests of the southwestern part of Sakhalin, and the vegetation cover of the islands located north of the island of Rasshua is similar to the vegetation of Kamchatka and is characterized by the predominance of subalpine shrubs of dwarf pine and Kamchatka alder, in combination with heather, meadow and meadow-swamp groups. The north of Kunashir and the southern most of Iturup are covered with coniferous forests of fir and larch with areas of broad-leaved forest consisting mainly of oak. The northern tip of Iturup and Urup are occupied by peculiar sparse forests of stone birch with dense and high (up to 2.5 m) thickets of Kuril bamboo with the participation of yew, sumac, euonymus, etc. Spruce-fir forests grow on Shikotan. The other islands of the Malaya Kuril ridge are completely treeless and covered with herb meadows.

A feature of the soil cover of Sakhalin is the distribution of mountain-forest brown soils with a small thickness of the humus horizon. The soils of Sakhalin are characterized by waterlogging and heavy mechanical composition. These features reduce soil temperature and inhibit the activity of soil microorganisms, which contributes to the accumulation of large amounts of plant litter and the development of the gley process. All this worsens the air and hydrothermal regime of soils, increases their acidity and reduces their economic value.

Natural resources

The Sakhalin region has significant and diverse types - more than 50 - of mineral resources, of which combustibles (coal, oil, gas), raw materials for the chemical, cement industry, etc. In addition, there are placers of titanomagnetite, mineral and thermal waters, and occurrences of ore gold, mercury, manganese, tungsten, silver, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, nickel, cobalt, titanium, strontium and other minerals. Coal, oil, gas, gold and limestone are mined from them. Coal deposits are confined to Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits and are located on both slopes of the Western Sakhalin Mountains. Industrial oil and gas reserves are concentrated mainly in the Upper Tertiary sediments in the north of the island (Okha, Ekhabi, etc.). Limestone is extracted from the Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic formations of the Susunai Range and the East Sakhalin Mountains. The latter is also associated with a placer gold deposit. Industry based on the processing of these resources is the leading sector of the economy of the Sakhalin region.

Surface water

The Sakhalin region is rich in inland waters: rivers, lakes, springs, which, on the one hand, is explained by the positive balance of moisture, and on the other, by the uniqueness of the relief. The rivers of the region are mostly small in length and, by the nature of the watercourses, are of the mountain type. Large rivers of Sakhalin, such as the Tym, Poronai, Susuya, Lyutoga, the channels of which, excluding the upper reaches, are located in the lowlands, have a typically flat character.

In terms of food sources, flow regime and intra-annual regime, the majority of rivers in the Sakhalin region are close to the Far Eastern monsoon type. In winter, the rivers of Sakhalin freeze for a long time, and the mountain rivers of the Kuril Islands flow under a dense crust of snow.

A rise in level on most rivers in the region is observed twice: in the spring, due to melting snow, and in the fall, as a result of monsoon rains. Summer low water on the rivers of the Sakhalin region is observed at the end of July or in August.

On the territory of the Sakhalin region there is a fairly large number of lakes of the most diverse origin. The largest of them belong to the type of lagoon lakes, distributed along the coasts of the seas: Tunaicha, Busse, Nevskoye, etc. The crater (caldera) lakes of the Kuril Islands are very unique.

Land resources

The total area of ​​the region's land fund is 8,710,100 hectares. Distribution of land fund by land (thousand hectares): agricultural land, total - 183.4; lands under surface water - 233.1; swamps - 637.2; land under forests and trees and shrubs - 6981.0; other lands - 675.4; of all lands - lands under reindeer pastures - 916.1.

Forest resources

The region is rich in forest. The total area of ​​forest land, total, thousand hectares - 7077.5, forest cover, % - 64.8, total standing timber stock, million m3 - 629.0. The share of burned areas from the total forest area is 4.971%, the share of fellings is 2.2%.

In the north of Sakhalin, sparse larch taiga dominates; south of 52o N forests of Ayan spruce and Sakhalin fir predominate; in the southwest, the role of broad-leaved trees (maples, velvet, Manchurian ash, Mongolian oak, etc.) and vines (actinidia, lemongrass, grapes) is increasing. In the upper belt of the mountains there are thickets of stone birch and dwarf cedar. Kuril bamboo is abundant in the undergrowth on the slopes of the Western Sakhalin Mountains.

Biological resources

On Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, nature has created unique landscapes where the northern Okhotsk and southern Manchurian flora are combined in a very unique way. Along with typical taiga representatives of the animal world, heat-loving animals live: amphibians, reptiles, birds and even subtropical and tropical species of beetles and butterflies. Natural territories on Sakhalin and entire island systems on the Kuril Islands have remained completely untouched or little changed by human economic activity. These pristine and very picturesque corners of the island nature are biosphere reserves, guardians of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna, and ecological systems.

Water resources

The seas washing the shores of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are one of the most productive areas of the world's oceans. The biological resources of the region are unique in their quantity and quality and are of not only national but also global significance. The Sakhalin-Kuril basin is one of the largest fishing areas in Russia. Many valuable species of commercial fish live here; The main fisheries, accounting for up to 90% of the annual catch, are salmon, herring, flounder, pollock, saury, mackerel, cod, navaga, greenling, and halibut.

The shelf of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands is favorable for fishing for crabs (Kamchatka, blue, snow crab, hairy crab, spiny crab), shrimp, whelk, and bivalves (scallops, mussels). Squid enter the Strait of Tartary in large numbers in the summer. Many of the invertebrate mollusks and echinoderms are in high demand on the foreign market.

Algae (kelp, ahnfeltia, etc.) are of great commercial importance. Without compromising reproduction, 2 million tons of seaweed can be produced annually, with a total reserve of 9.8 million tons. Reserves of brown algae - kelp - exceed 600 thousand tons.

Marine mammals are represented by numerous species: larga seals (numbering about 10 thousand heads on Sakhalin and 3 thousand heads on the Kuril Islands), lionfish (Sea of ​​Okhotsk - 350 thousand heads), eared seals - sea lion and northern fur seal (about 80 thousand heads on Tyuleniy Island, about 32 thousand heads on the Kuril Islands), sea otters listed in the Red Book (12 thousand heads, Kuril Islands), various species of whales.

Marine biological resources are used very unevenly: some types of fisheries have been used for a long time and intensively, often to the detriment of natural reproduction, others have been developed extremely poorly (for example, some types of crabs, shrimp), or are not used at all (anchovies, sand lance). The total commercial reserves of biological resources (possible annual catch) are currently estimated at 200 thousand tons in the waters adjacent to Sakhalin, 300 thousand tons in the Northern Kuril Islands, and 500 thousand tons in the Southern Kuril Islands.

Natural spawning of salmon occurs in almost all rivers of the region and in a significant part of lakes. The total area of ​​spawning grounds exceeds 27 million square meters. m. The most numerous species of salmon on Sakhalin is pink salmon, whose spawning areas make up 92.5% of the total spawning area of ​​the island. The recorded spawning stock of chum salmon occupies only 1.6 million sq.m. Spawning areas are distributed very unevenly. Almost 80% of pink salmon spawning grounds and 42% of chum salmon spawning grounds are located in the southern part of Sakhalin.

Vegetable world

The flora of the Sakhalin region is rich and diverse. Here, as in a huge botanical garden, larch and polar birch, spruce and wild grapes, dwarf cedar and velvet trees coexist in close proximity. Traveling around the islands, you can visit various natural zones in a few hours, get from pristine taiga to subtropical thickets, from mossy tundra to the jungle of giant grasses. Herbal vegetation on the island. Sakhalin is unusually lush, tall and very dense. It is extremely difficult to pass through the bamboo thickets that cover almost all the slopes of the hills - one plant is so tightly pressed against another.

Despite the generally taiga appearance of the vegetation on the islands, in the middle and southern parts of Sakhalin Island and in the South Kuril Islands, features of the flora of the East Asian type appear. The northern border of the distribution of this flora coincides with the northern border of the distribution of Kuril bamboo, which is a kind of “emblem” of the flora of mountainous Sakhalin and the southern Kuril Islands. The southern border coincides with the southern limits of the distribution of spruce and fir on Sakhalin, the Southern Kuril Islands and Hokkaido.

The rare combination of dark coniferous forests with thickets of Kuril bamboo is typical only for the south of Sakhalin, the Southern Kuril Islands and Hokkaido and is not repeated anywhere else on the globe. Therefore, it needs special protection.

The flora of the region is rich and diverse, which contributes to its widespread use in the national economy. Woody plants are used as timber raw materials and fuel (spruce, fir, larch). The group of fruit, berry and food plants is especially numerous in the region (redberry, three types of blueberries, currants, edible honeysuckle, Ainu bird cherry, elderberry, rose hips, actinidia, lemongrass, ferns, cranberries, mushrooms, etc.). The group of forage and silage plants is represented by Langsdorff's reed grass, butterbur, Kamchatka butterbur, Weirich and Sakhalin buckwheat, etc. They are characterized by high yields and a high content of nutrients, especially proteins. Many plants are used for the production of medicines (Keiske lily of the valley, wild cherry, grassy aralia, eleutherococcus (free berry), Chinese lemongrass, chamomile, lingonberry, redberry, celandine, valerian, etc.). Many plants from the rocky low-mountain group can be used as ornamental plants to create and decorate cultural landscapes of cities and towns in the Sakhalin region.

Animal world

According to the composition of the animal world, Sakhalin belongs to the European-Siberian subregion of the Paleoarctic region. However, due to its island position, the fauna of Sakhalin is somewhat depleted in species living on the mainland, but is enriched in species of sea coast animals. In general, the fauna of Northern Sakhalin is similar to the fauna of the nearby part of the mainland, the fauna of the northern Kuril Islands is similar to the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the fauna of Southern Sakhalin and the southern Kuril Islands is similar to the fauna of the Japanese island of Hokkaido.

The fauna includes 355 species of birds, 88 species of mammals, 7 reptiles and 5 amphibians. From the north, arctic species penetrate into the island's borders (up to the Poyasok isthmus): white partridge, ruffed auklet, remez bunting, as well as reindeer. In the south, the fauna is enriched by representatives of the Manchurian zoogeographical subregion: the Far Eastern tree frog, the Japanese lesser starling, and the Japanese snipe.

Due to the cold climate, Sakhalin is depleted in amphibians and reptiles, the number of which decreases towards the north. On Sakhalin, the Siberian salamander, the gray toad, the Far Eastern and Siberian frogs, and the viviparous lizard are ubiquitous, but the common viper is absent in the far north of Sakhalin.

Due to the island and oceanic location on the migration routes, as well as the predominance of forest landscapes, the most numerous group of animals in the region are birds. There are few permanent birds living on the territory of Sakhalin. This includes mainly forest birds: capercaillie (rare), grouse grouse, hazel grouse, tits (great tit, great tit and great tit), crows (black and large-billed), sparrows, woodpeckers (great and small motley, gray-haired).

The group of mammals is also depleted. Animals typical of Siberian forests - elk, deer, roe deer, badger, and wolf - are not found on Sakhalin. At the same time, the wolf was caught in the northern part of Sakhalin in 1955. This fact indicates the relative isolation of the island and the possibility of the introduction of new species from the mainland in winter along the ice of the Nevelsk Strait (7.5 kilometers at the narrowest part). In the recent past, tiger and lynx migrations from the mainland to Sakhalin were noted. There were also visits of foxes and raccoon dogs from Hokkaido to the southern islands of the Kuril ridge, and of the white fox from Kamchatka to Paramushir.

The indigenous inhabitants of the Sakhalin forests are: mountain hare, flying squirrel, squirrel, chipmunk, fox, brown bear, ermine, weasel, wolverine, reindeer. Indigenous land mammals of Sakhalin are represented by taiga species: sable, otter, brown bear, wolverine, squirrel, flying squirrel, mountain hare, lynx, chipmunk, red fox and gray fox, bugle stag, weasel. All these animal species are characteristic of the Siberian taiga. There are no ungulates on the Kuril Islands; Many species of animals and birds are absent here due to the action of volcanoes and island isolation. For example, in the middle part of the ridge there are islands on which there are no four-legged animals at all. On many islands only the fox is found.

Protection of flora and fauna of the Sakhalin region

Each region has a unique community of living organisms, closely related to each other, many of which are adapted to exist in these natural conditions. Any interference in nature or disruption of the habitat leads to the disappearance of the most vulnerable animal species and disruption of ecological balance. The consequences of such changes are difficult to predict and often irreversible. Negative processes have the greatest impact on fragile island ecosystems, which exist in relative isolation and have limited ability to recover.

In the Sakhalin region you can find almost all the unique natural communities of the Far East. Here, like a mosaic, are collected the most beautiful natural objects that can be found in the Far Eastern region: volcanoes and mountains, river valleys and tundra-like plains, spawning rivers and sea coasts, taiga and deciduous forests. However, the world of our islands is not only diverse, but also very vulnerable. Over the last century, the development of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands was accompanied by an intense impact of economic activity on fragile island ecosystems: forests were cut down, river valleys were drained, seabird colonies were destroyed, marine biological resources were exterminated, large areas in the north of Sakhalin were subject to degradation and pollution during the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas fields . These processes could not but affect the state of nature.

In the 20th century, the problem of preserving and saving the most rare and vulnerable species of animals became global. In 1966, the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) was published, which for the first time summarized and systematized information about rare animals, the salvation of which should be a goal for all humanity. In 1978, the Red Book of the USSR was published. Republished and expanded in 1984, it, in addition to species from the IUCN Red List, included rare animals that were the property of our country. The first regional Red Book was the Red Book of the RSFSR, published in 1983, which, in addition to species from the Red Books of a higher rank, included species of animals rare in the territory of the republic.

On March 16, 1999, the law of the Sakhalin region “On the Red Book of the Sakhalin Region” came into force. The Red Book of Animals of the Sakhalin Region includes 18 species of mammals, 105 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 7 species of fish, 10 species of insects, 18 species of mollusks and 6 species of crustaceans. These included all species of animals included in the International Red Book, the Red Book of the Russian Federation, found in the Sakhalin region, species rare for the Far Eastern region, as well as new, recently described ones, the distribution and numbers of which are unknown. The Red Book of Plants includes 154 species of flowering plants, 4 species of gymnosperms, 22 species of ferns, 1 species of lycophytes, 24 species of bryophytes, 9 species of algae, 37 species of lichens and 19 species of fungi.

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27. Pirogov N.G., Fedorchuk V.D. Lake Nevskoe. //Priority territories of the Russian Far East for the conservation of biodiversity. - Vladivostok, 1999

28. Minerals of the Sakhalin region. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 2002

29. Popov M.G. Plant world of Sakhalin. - M.: Science, 1969

30. Natural resources, their protection and use. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 1975

31. Surface water resources of the USSR. Hydrological knowledge. T. 18: Far East. issue 3: Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1978.

32. Tolmachev A.I. About the flora of Sakhalin Island. - M.: ANNSSSR, 1959.

33. Topographic map of the Sakhalin region. M 1:200000. - Vladivostok, 1993

34. Khomenko Z.N. Handbook of physical geography of the Sakhalin region. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin Book Publishing House, 2003.

35. Chebotarev A.I. Hydrological Dictionary. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1994.

The fauna of the Sakhalin region is very diverse. The land animals of Sakhalin are absolutely similar in species terms to the animals living on the mainland. This especially applies to mammals. However, in terms of the number of species, the island fauna is much poorer than on the adjacent part of the mainland.

Mammals of Sakhalin are represented by taiga species: sable, otter, bear, wolverine, squirrel, flying squirrel, mountain hare, lynx, chipmunk, red fox and gray fox. All these animal species are characteristic of the Siberian taiga. There are no elk, deer, roe deer or badger on Sakhalin, but these animals may well be acclimatized here, since they are typical representatives of the fauna of the Siberian taiga and are absent on Sakhalin due to the geographical isolation of the island.

Of the animals of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, the most valuable ones should be noted:
Sable. Even in ancient times, it was hunted on Sakhalin by the Ainu and Nivkh. Sable was widespread throughout the island. Until 1952, there was none at all on the southern third of the island: the Japanese knocked out the beast. In the northern part of Sakhalin, sable fishing was prohibited until 1940. In 1952, more than 70 sables were released in the south for the purpose of reacclimatization. The animals took root and gave birth to offspring. Now sable is widespread everywhere. A census of this animal, carried out in 1953, showed that the total number of sable on Sakhalin is about 7,000. It was established relatively recently (in 1948). that sable is also found on the island of Iturup.

Bear. There is a lot of it on Sakhalin. The fur color is dark. The Hokkaido bear lives on the Kuril Islands, and the Kamchatka bear lives on the island of Paramushir.

Fox. On Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and the island of Moneron, red foxes are numerous, and gray foxes and silver-black foxes are also found. According to conservative estimates, from 2 to 3 thousand gray fox skins can be obtained annually on the Kuril Islands. There are a lot of foxes on Iturup Island, and with planned harvesting, at least 1000 animal skins can be harvested every year.

Blue Arctic fox. Found on the islands of the Kuril chain. About 100 animals live on Yankich Island. Blue Arctic fox recorded on Simushir and Onekotan

River otter. Lives on Sakhalin. Found throughout large and small rivers where there is fish.

White hare. Widely distributed throughout Sakhalin and on the islands of Kunashir and Iturup.
Ermine and weasel. They are found on Sakhalin and the southern islands of the Kuril chain. Their commercial value is small. These animals feed mainly on mouse-like rodents and are therefore useful for agriculture.

Squirrel. Forest inhabitant of all Sakhalin. The share of squirrels in fur harvesting is insignificant. In some places, squirrel serves as food for sable, as a result of which hunters often use squirrels caught during hunting to bait sable. There are no squirrels on the Kuril Islands.
Column itatsi. It is found only in the southern half of Sakhalin Island, where it was brought by the Japanese for the purpose of acclimatization. Its numbers are still insignificant.
Reindeer. On Sakhalin, reindeer are both wild and domestic. Wild ones are found on the northern half of the island. Domestic animals are bred in the East Sakhalin, Poronai and Rybnovsky regions. Reindeer pastures on Sakhalin are small in terms of the presence of reindeer moss (lichens) and in area.

Musk deer. Found throughout Sakhalin in small quantities. Hunting for it is prohibited.
There are no ungulates on the Kuril Islands; Many species of animals and birds are absent here due to the action of volcanoes and island isolation. For example, in the middle part of the ridge there are islands on which there are no four-legged animals at all. On many islands only the fox is found.

(Within the region there are many mammals whose lifestyle is associated with the sea. Such animals include: fur seal, sea lion, sea otter, seal (several species), toothed and baleen whales.

Sea otter. Back in the middle of the 19th century. sea ​​otters were caught in large quantities throughout the Kuril ridge and off the coast of Sakhalin. By the beginning of the 20th century, this animal became rare. Entrepreneurs greedy for profit destroyed the beast everywhere because of its valuable fur. Sea otter skin in 1914-1916. cost more than two thousand rubles in gold. It differs from other furs in its strength, silkiness, tenderness and extraordinary beauty. Within our region, the sea otter is found on the islands of the Kuril ridge.

"Wild animals of Sakhalin."

(familiarization with the surrounding world with ICT)

Goals: replenishment of vocabulary on the topic “Wild Animals of Sakhalin”, improvement of the grammatical structure of speech, learning to compose a descriptive story.

Tasks:

Strengthen the ability to answer questions, teach children to maintain dialogical speech;

Activation and replenishment of children's vocabulary;

Automation of sound pronunciation,

To consolidate and expand children's knowledge about the wild animals of Sakhalin (their habits,

features of life, habitat, etc.);

Learning to compose a descriptive story using a schematic plan;

Develop the ability to listen to peers without interrupting them, help each other when

answer;

Methodical techniques:game situation, conversation-dialogue, riddles, suggestive and

prompting questions, physical education.

Equipment: globe. map of Sakhalin, pictures of wild animals,

toy hare, ball, envelope with letter.

Preliminary work:

Conversation about wild animals;

Conversation about our island, looking at the album “Sakhalin is our native land”;

Selection of equipment necessary for the lesson.

Progress: Organizational moment: (children stand around the teacher)

Game exercise “Smile”. (development of communication skills, involvement of children in educational activities.)

All the children gathered in a circle, I am your friend and you are my friend.

Let's hold hands tightly and smile at each other!

I smiled at you, and you smile at each other, so that we can have a good mood all day. (children doing an exercise)

(slide 2, click)Guys, we received a letter to our group today, I wonder what it says, let’s take a look. (I open the envelope).

And here guys are a mystery and a task for you.

Stands on one leg, twists and turns his head,

Showing us countries, rivers, mountains, oceans. (globe)

And here is our globe, well done guys, it means we guessed the riddle correctly.

Who knows what a globe is? (This is a model of our planet Earth I)

Who can tell what city we live in (Aniva)

Where is our city located? ( on Sakhalin)

What is Sakhalin? ( our island)

Who can show our island on the globe?

What is the main city of our island?

Look carefully, what does our island look like? ( on fish)

Why do we call it an island?

Yes, guys, Sakhalin is an interesting island, it is washed by oceans on all sides

waves, and animals, birds, and marine life also live on our island.

I know that you love our island and know a lot about it, you know how rich our island is.

Let's remember what animals live next to us.

(slide 3, click)

There are two books in front of you. What kind of book do you think this is? (this is a red book)

Why are they called that?

Before you is one Red Book of the Earth, and this one from Russia, there is also a Red Book of Sakhalin.

Now we will look at the pages of the Red Book of the Sakhalin Region

Pages of the Red Book (slide 3, third click)

Animals that are still little studied.

Yellow Pages - animals whose numbers are rapidly decreasing (polar bears, pink flamingos)

Gray pages - those animals are listed that have been studied very little and their habitats are inaccessible.

The green pages are those animals that we managed to preserve and save them from extinction (elk, river beaver).

The black pages contain lists of those who are no longer there, whom we will never see again, who have already died out (sea cow, passenger pigeons, etc.)

The red pages show us endangered and especially rare animals (bison, red wolf, beaver, leopard, snow leopard, Amur tiger)

(slides 4, 5, click)

Unfortunately, over the past 250 years, the fauna of Sakhalin has become significantly impoverished. Once upon a time they jumped around the island sika deer and filled the surrounding forests with their screams wild boars . Neither one nor the other is left. They were later exterminated moose and wapiti.

By the middle of the last century, due to increased deforestation, they disappearedsable and raccoon dogs. Left the island forevermountain sheep and river otters.

A stuffed wolf , once found on Sakhalin, now huddles forlornly in the local history museum.

(slide 6, click)Typical representatives of the Sakhalin forests are animals that are also characteristic of the mainland taiga: these are numerousweasels, stoats.

In the south of the island there is speakers . These animals were brought from Japan, but so far their numbers are small.

(slide 7) The most popular and formidable predator of Sakhalin - Brown bear . The height of these giants reaches two meters, and their weight is up to 500 kg.

There are many foxes in the forests - red, gray and silver-black.

(slide 8, click)Hares are found everywhere: the island's mountain hare is one of the largest in Russia. Body length up to 70 cm. Some individuals reach a weight of six kilograms

Squirrels and here are deer on Sakhalin, the majority are completely domesticated. Wild ones are found only in the northern part of the island.

Serenely migrates around the island and musk deer . It is listed in the Red Book.

(slide 9, click)Moneran shrew: Body length 4-9 cm, tail 2.5-8 cm. The nose is extended into a proboscis. The tail is evenly covered with hair of equal length. The ears are small. The crowns of the teeth are red-brown in color (hence the name). Each half of the upper jaw has 5 teeth. They prefer grass-sedge and forb meadows along the banks of streams.

Common shrew: lives along the banks of water bodies. Semi-aquatic lifestyle.

Mednovsky (blue) Arctic fox: in summer the animal is dressed in short fur of a dirty brown color on top, yellowish-gray below. Winter clothing is dark, in different shades - from sand and light coffee to dark gray with a bluish tint and even brown and silver.

Chipmunk : on the back and sides, characteristic of all chipmunks, are 5 longitudinal dark stripes on a light gray or reddish background.

(slide 10, click)The island is home to one of the world's largest fur seal rookery.

There are Steller sea lions, sea otters, several species of seal.

(slide 11, click)They often swim to the coastsperm whales, killer whales, beluga whales; near the island you can see sewals, humpback whales, and blue whales.

But the bird kingdom on Sakhalin is much richer. It is known that up to 700 species of birds live here, many nest, and many make “raids” during the wintering period.

(slide 12, click)The largest number of birds is on Tyuleniy Island, where up to 600 thousand live.guillemots, flocks of puffins, puffins, seagulls.

(slide 13, 14, click)Lots of waterfowl:geese, mallards, pochards, goldeneyes, wheatears, pintails, long-tailed ducks.

And here are the swans found only in the most remote corners of the island.

It is interesting that it was on the island that the Sakhalinhusky - dog breedk, which are distinguished by high intelligence and boundless devotion to the owner.

Exercise for the eyes (slide 15)

Fizminutka (slide 16)

(slide 17, blank)

Now you and I will go into the forest, but let’s first remember our rule (say it together):

We will never destroy animal holes or bird nests.

Let the birds and small animals live well next to us!

Animals are shy, so we need to turn invisible for a while so that we can observe the inhabitants of the forest.

(I pick up a magic wand)

One, two, three, the magic wand turns us invisible!

(slide 18) We enter the forest. Quiet. Let's see who is languishing in the wilderness of the forest, what kind of animal, what kind of bird!

Guys, what do we call the animals that live in the forest? ( wild animals ).

Why do we call these animals wild? (they live in the forest, on their own

get their own food, raise their young, build homes)

Right. I will now read you a poem, and you listen to it and

try to remember the names of which wild animals were mentioned in it.

“Spring came cheerfully from the forest, the bear responded to it, purring from sleep.

Bunnies galloped towards her, a rook flew up to her

The squirrel was alarmed, looking out of the hollow, - the fluffy one waited for light and warmth!..”

List the names of animals that you remember. ( bear, bunnies,

squirrel, rook)

(slide 19, click, highlight redundant)Well done! Who do you think is the odd one out in this row and why? (extra rook The rook is a bird, and all other animals are.)

What other animals do you know in our forest?

(slide 20)

Let's remember what we know about the hare. What is he like? (nimble, long-eared, fluffy, cowardly, small, white, fleet-footed)

Do you know, guys, that the hare is called cowardly for nothing. If it falls into the paws of a predator, it can push off with its paws so hard that it can injure its enemy.

Name the hare's body parts.

What color is a hare's fur? ( gray, fluffy)

What kind of ears does he have? long, sensitive),

Paws (long, strong),

Tail ( short, fluffy, small, gray)

Why does a hare need long ears and long legs?

Why does the bunny have a short tail? (so he doesn't get caught by the tail)

Remember what kind of fur coat a hare wears in winter, and what kind of fur coat it changes to in spring?

(slide 20, click) (image of a fox)

Look at the image, who is running along the forest path? ( fox )

Well done. Consider the fox.

Tell me, what is she like?

What kind of tail does she have? (the fox is red, beautiful, cunning, she has a fluffy, long tail)

Why does a fox have a long tail? (to cover your tracks. So that the hunter doesn't track her down)

(slide 20, click) (image of a squirrel)

Oh, who dropped the cone on me? Look at the picture, who is jumping from branch to branch?

Right. Consider the squirrel.

Tell me, what is she like?

What kind of ears and tail does she have? (The squirrel is small, gray in winter, red in summer, it has a large fluffy tail and tufts on its ears.)

Tell me, where is the squirrel’s house and what is it called?

One can say about the squirrel that it is nimble and jumping.

Why does the squirrel change color? (This is how she hides from her enemies)

(slide 20, click) (image of a bear.)

Look at the image, who came out into the forest clearing?

Right. Consider the bear.

Tell me, what is he like?

What are his paws like?(the bear is big, strong, club-footed, brown, huge, thick-footed, powerful brown, he has long claws and strong paws)

And now turn around and turn into a forest animal,

Physical education lesson “The animals went to water”

One day, along a forest path, the animals were going to a watering hole. (go in circles one after another)

Did you follow mama bear? …..bear cubs(go to the transshipment)

Who was sneaking after the mother fox? …..fox cubs(sneaking around on tiptoes)

Who were rolling after the hedgehog's mother?....the hedgehogs(move in a half-squat)

Who was jumping after the mother squirrel?... baby squirrels( jump)

Behind the mother hare - oblique Who? ...hares(jump, making ears out of their palms)

Who was the she-wolf leading? ...wolf cubs(sneaking with big steps)

Everyone - mothers and children want to get drunk (face in a circle, get on all fours)

Turn around yourself and turn into children.

(slide 21) Today we will write a story about animals. I suggest not naming the animal, but describing it, and the children should guess who you were talking about.

Before we start telling, let’s remember what plan you need to build your story on:

Can add:

What does it eat?

Where does he live?

What is the cub's name?

Who are his enemies and how does he escape from them?

Children's stories

(slide 22, blank)

Physical exercise.

The hares got up early in the morning and played happily in the forest.

Jump-jump-jump along the paths! Who is not used to charging? ( jumping in place)

Here is a fox walking through the forest, who is jumping there, I wonder? ( walking in place)

To answer the question, the little fox pulls out her nose. (stretching - arms forward)

But the bunnies jump quickly, how could it be otherwise? ( jumping in place)

Exercise helps! And the bunnies run away. ( running in place)

Here's a hungry fox ( walking in place)

Looks sadly at the heavens. (stretching - arms up)

Sighs heavily. (deep breath in and out X)

He sits down and rests. (children sit at tables)

Well done guys, they made up interesting stories about the hare.

Now let's play.

Game “Say it in one word” (slides possible)

A sparrow, a crow, a stork, a dove - this is...

What bird does not nest on Sakhalin?

Wolf, fox, hare, bear - this is...

What animal will you not see on Sakhalin?

Birch, oak, palm, rowan - this is...

What tree does not grow on Sakhalin?

Strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, Krasnika is...

What berry grows only on Sakhalin? (everyone grows on Sakhalin)

It's time for us to return... (I pick up a magic wand)

One, two, three, magic wand

Make us visible again

Great. You did your last task very well.

Summing up the lesson: (slide 23)

Well done guys, our bunny enjoyed your visit, he will definitely come running to us again, but now it’s time for him to run home, let’s say goodbye to him.

What was interesting for you?

What do you remember most?

What was difficult?

I want to praise you, you were great today!

The Sakhalin region (87.1 thousand km2) is located in the extreme east of Russia and unites the islands of Sakhalin, Moneron and Tyuleniy with two ridges of the Kuril Islands.
The considerable length of the islands from north to south gives nature of Sakhalin and Kuril have a particularly contrasting character. In the north of Sakhalin there is moss tundra and dwarf cedar, and in the south tropical bamboo already grows.

Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are located on the very border of the continent and the ocean and to this day are experiencing powerful mountain building processes. Three quarters of the entire territory of the region is occupied by mountains, which are still continuing their development, accompanied by volcanic eruptions and seaquakes.

Nature of Sakhalin

Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, stretching for more than 900 km. from North to South. The width of the island does not exceed 160 km. The shores of the island are sometimes low-lying with lagoons, sometimes steep and steep. Sakhalin has a mountainous terrain, the highest point of the island is Mount Lopatina (1609 m). Plains and lowlands make up only a quarter of the island's territory.

Feature climate of Sakhalin- frequent winds and high humidity. In summer, rain and fog prevail here, and the winter monsoon causes severe snowy winters (down to minus 20°C in the north of the island). The average August temperature in the south of the island is 16°C-18°C.

There are many rivers and lakes on Sakhalin. The largest rivers are Tym and Poronai, and the largest lakes of Sakhalin–Busse, Vavayskoe, Changeable, Tunaicha. Forests of Sakhalin occupy 2/3 of its territory. In the north of the island there is a light-coniferous taiga mainly of Daurian larch; to the south there are dark-coniferous forests of Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir and Mayra fir. The forests in the southwest of the island are diverse, where coniferous trees coexist with Mongolian and curly oak, Sakhalin velvet, tree-like yew, dimorphant, and various types of vines. As you ascend into the mountains, spruce-fir forests are replaced by stone birch forests. The open areas of the island are covered with meadows, and the shallow coastal waters are covered with underwater seagrass meadows.

Flora of Sakhalin has more than 1,100 plant species, including endemics of Sakhalin. Of particular note are the giant grasses that grow to enormous sizes.

Rich and fauna of Sakhalin. Here live: bear, sable, flying squirrel, otter, hare, musk deer, reindeer, lynx, wolverine, fox, ermine, weasel. There are many species of birds. The marine fauna of Sakhalin is particularly diverse. The only natural Sakhalin Nature Reserve is the Poronaysky Nature Reserve.

Basic natural attractions of Sakhalin:

• mud volcano near Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk;
• thermal and mineral springs in the Bay of Dagi and Sinegorye;
• kukura, rocks and reefs of the Schmidt Peninsula (in the north of the island);
• the two-headed Vaida mountain and the Vaidinskaya cave (in the upper reaches of the Melkaya and Vitnitsa rivers);
• Cape Velikan on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk;
• Cape Crillon at the southern tip of the island;
• Tyuleniy Island - fur seal rookery;
• Moneron Island is a unique natural park.

Nature of the Kuril Islands

Despite its relatively small size, vegetation of the Kuril Islands amazes with its unexpected diversity. More than 1000 plant species grow here. The northern islands are covered with dwarf cedar and scrub alder; river valleys are covered with tall grasses, and in some areas of the sea coast there are swamps.

In the middle Kuril Islands you can already find groves of elm-leaved birch, and on the southern islands coniferous-deciduous forests and bamboo dominate; The mountain ridges are covered with dwarf cedar. It also descends to areas of the coast washed by cold currents. The non-swampy sea coast and river valleys are covered with tall grasses.

A mixture of vegetation of the north and south can be seen on the island of Kunashir - both subtropical bamboo and tundra dwarf cedar grow here at the same time. The flat and low islands of the Lesser Kuril Ridge are covered with grasses.

Fauna of the Kuril Islands represented by: Kamchatka and brown bears, sables, foxes and many other animals. The world of marine mammals is very rich: seals, whales, sea lions, sea otters, fur seals, as well as seabirds: hatchets, gulls, cormorants, guillemots. The main wealth of the Kuril Islands is fish from sea and ocean waters: saury, chum salmon, pink salmon, herring, flounder, cod, sea bass, etc.

How the island fauna was enriched.

There were no many game species on Sakhalin; their intensive settlement began in the early 50s of the last century with the aim of enriching the island fauna. American mink, muskrat, raccoon dog, sable, wild boar, Canadian beaver, black muskrat, elk, and wapiti were brought to the islands from the nearest regions (Primorsky, Khabarovsk, Altai territories, Magadan and Kamchatka regions).

It should be noted that animals settled earlier. So, starting in 1932, the Japanese from the island of Hokkaido brought the Japanese weasel, itatsi, to Southern Sakhalin to kill gray rats. Subsequently, it took root well, but as a result of anthropogenic impact and, probably, competition from the American mink, the Japanese weasel ceased to be recorded in the southern part of Sakhalin. In the 1930s, the Japanese also brought American mink to Urup Island for cage keeping, but during the 1941-1945 war the animals were released into the wild. In the 60s and 70s there were up to 1000 minks here.

Between 1916 and 1920, Russian and Japanese industrialists acclimatized blue foxes to some of the Kuril Islands. Currently, a small population of animals has survived only on the Ushishir Islands.

The spread of muskrats to Sakhalin began in the 50s. A total of 263 muskrats were brought from Primorye. Since 1956, their intra-island resettlement has been carried out. In just ten years, about 1000 animals were released. The muskrat occupied a high place in regional procurements. The peak of muskrat harvesting occurred in the 60s and amounted to more than 20 thousand pelts per hunting season. Currently, procurement organizations in the region receive no more than a few hundred skins.

American mink has been imported to Sakhalin since 1956. A total of 636 individuals were released. In the first years of fishing, American mink in the harvesting system took second place in terms of specific gravity, second only to sable in monetary terms.

The raccoon dog previously inhabited the island. Sakhalin and about. Moneron. The last animals were caught in 1951–1952. In 1956, 192 individuals were released to the south of Sakhalin and the Poronaisky region. Does not live on the Kuril Islands. The raccoon dog is very fertile (12 or more puppies), but it is a passive predator. Hunters know that the Ussuri raccoon can pretend to be dead. This may have been the reason for the reduction in the number of the animal, since the ability to defend itself from enemies has been lost. This species is spreading very slowly to the north. In the Okha and Nogliki regions, the raccoon dog is rare. Every year, hunters kill no more than 200 individuals.

Red deer were brought to Sakhalin from the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories in the amount of 29 heads and released in the area of ​​lakes Tunaicha and Svobodnoe in 1965. In the mid-90s, their number reached 700 individuals. From the Korsakovsky district, some of the animals were resettled to the Dolinsky and Tomarinsky districts. Since the beginning of 2000, the number of wapiti began to decline as a result of difficult climatic conditions and increasingly progressive poaching. At present, their total population probably does not exceed 200 individuals.

If the listed species of acclimatized animals still exist, others are not so lucky. Wild boar, Canadian beaver, and black muskrat are no longer included in the fauna of the Sakhalin region. The disappearance of these species is associated with the specific features of local weather conditions (heavy snow, high humidity). And the number of elk (10 individuals), brought in 1988 from the Magadan region and released in the Smirnykhovsky district, now numbers several heads.

In recent decades, animals have not been imported to Sakhalin, but in 2005 and 2007 on the island. Shumshu (Northern Kuril Islands) were released reindeer, caught in Kamchatka with a total of 20 heads. The deer have taken root, and currently their population numbers more than 60 animals.

Another newcomer - a native of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the black-capped marmot was released on the island. Paramushir (Northern Kuril Islands) in 2003 in the amount of 43 individuals. Their total number is currently unknown, but experts regularly note young rodents.
To summarize, today we can state that the success of acclimatization of animals depends, first of all, on the justification of scientists for the dispersal of a particular species, the location of choice for their release, living conditions, appropriate conservation measures and monitoring of the state of the population.

Y. EREMIN, head of the department of state registration and cadastre of fauna objects of the regional hunting department