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What is a construction stage, can a “zero cycle” be a construction stage, how to document the completion and acceptance of work on a separate construction stage - these and other questions that experts face in practice are discussed in this article. The relevance of these issues is also dictated by the fact that these concepts are often not fully disclosed in the regulatory framework.
The construction of any facility is a complex set of works, consisting of successive stages over a long period of time. The terms of the contract may determine the delivery of work to the customer either as the entire scope of work is completed, or in stages.
In practice, there are various types of acceptance: intermediate, partial, acceptance of individual stages of work. Often, the similarity of concepts and the ambiguous stipulation in a construction contract of specific relationships between the parties regarding the delivery and acceptance of work results can lead to controversial situations. A clear delineation is of fundamental importance for distributing the risks of accidental loss or accidental damage to the work product. In the case of acceptance of intermediate work that does not relate to a separate stage, the general rule on the distribution of risks applies, and when accepting a separate stage of work, the distribution of risks is regulated by a special rule. Below we will focus on the acceptance of individual stages of work (construction stage).
What is the work stage (construction stage)?
Under a construction contract, the contractor undertakes, within the period established by the contract, to build a certain object on the customer’s instructions or to perform other construction work, and the customer undertakes to create the necessary conditions for the contractor to carry out the work, accept their result and pay the agreed price (Clause 1 of Article 740 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) .
In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 753 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the customer, who has received the contractor’s message about the readiness for delivery of the result of the work performed under the construction contract or, if provided for by the contract, of the completed stage of work, is obliged to immediately begin accepting it. Moreover, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 753 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a customer who has previously accepted the result of a separate stage of work bears the risk of the consequences of death or damage to the result of work that did not occur through the fault of the contractor. This norm also corresponds to clause 1 of Art. 741 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which provides that the contractor bears the risk of accidental destruction or damage to a construction project that is the subject of a construction contract before acceptance of this project by the customer.
It should be noted that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation does not disclose in detail what is meant by a separate stage of work (construction stage) performed under a construction contract.
The concept of the construction stage is contained in clause 8 of the Regulations on the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87, in clause 2 of the Regulations on the organization and conduct of state examination of project documentation and engineering results research approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 03/05/2007 No. 145, in clause 3.2.1 of Methodological provisions for the system of statistical indicators developed in the statistics of construction and investment in fixed capital, approved by Rosstat Order dated 03/11/2009 No. 37 (agreed with the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia and put into effect on June 1, 2009). Based on these documents, the construction stage is the construction of one of the capital construction projects, the construction of which is planned to be carried out on one land plot, if such an object can be put into operation and operated autonomously, i.e., regardless of the construction of other capital construction projects on this land site, as well as the construction of part of a capital construction project, which can be put into operation and operated autonomously, i.e., independently of the construction of other parts of this capital construction project.
According to this definition of a stage, it can, in fact, only be what is called “construction phase” and “start-up complex” in the same order of Rosstat dated March 11, 2009 No. 37 and in other official documents. In practice, only they are capable of being part of a capital construction project, which can be put into operation and operated autonomously, i.e., independently of the construction of other parts of this capital construction project.
Construction phase is a part of construction consisting of a group of buildings, structures and devices, the commissioning of which ensures the production of products or the provision of services provided for by the project. May consist of one or more launch complexes.
The launch complex is a set of several objects (or parts thereof) for main production and auxiliary purposes, energy, transport and storage facilities, communications, on-site utilities, amenities and other objects that are part of the construction site or its phase, the commissioning of which ensures the production of products or provision of services provided for by the project, and normal working conditions for service personnel in accordance with current standards (clause 3.2.1 of Rosstat order No. 37, clauses 3.12, 3.13 of the Methodology for determining the cost of construction products on the territory of the Russian Federation, approved by the resolution of the Gosstroy of Russia dated 03/05/2004 city No. 15/1).
It should be noted that the need to develop design documentation for a capital construction project in relation to individual stages of construction is established by the customer and indicated in the design assignment. Development of project documentation, according to the Letter of OJSC “Center for Methodology of Standardization and Standardization in Construction” dated 06.06.2008 No. 478/SN “Explanations of OJSC “CNS” on the status of SNiP 11-01-95”, is carried out in accordance with the norms of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation Federation, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 16, 2008 No. 87. The possibility of preparing design documentation for individual stages of construction must be justified by calculations confirming the technological feasibility of implementing the adopted design decisions when carrying out construction in stages.
Design documentation for a particular construction stage is developed to the extent necessary for the implementation of this construction stage. The specified documentation must meet the requirements for the composition and content of sections of project documentation established by the Regulations on the composition of sections of documentation and requirements for their content (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87) for capital construction projects.
The preparation of project documentation plays an important and often decisive role, for example, in resolving disputes. Based on the normative interpretation of the construction stage, is it possible to distinguish the “zero cycle” into the construction stage?
Is the “zero cycle” a construction phase?
The full version of the article will be published in the printed version of the Housing Law magazine or on the website in 3 months.
In statistical monitoring of capital construction, the concepts of “construction”, “construction queue”, “start-up complex” and “construction object” are used.
2.1. A construction site is a set of buildings and structures (facilities) being created, the construction, expansion and reconstruction of which is carried out, as a rule, according to a single design and estimate documentation, for which a separate construction title (or a document replacing it) is approved in the prescribed manner.
If the construction, expansion or reconstruction of an enterprise is carried out according to projects and estimates for individual objects, then the construction site is a set of production facilities under construction, expansion and reconstruction, regardless of whether they are located on one or several sites. Design and estimate indicators for such construction are determined by summing up indicators for objects and costs.
In cases where the design and estimate documentation for housing and communal construction and the construction of public education, cultural and healthcare facilities is developed separately, regardless of the design and estimate documentation for the construction of an enterprise, then the construction is:
A set of non-production facilities, the construction of which is provided for by the integrated development project;
Separate buildings or structures (residential building, school, theater, etc.) in cases where separate documentation has been developed for the construction of such a building or structure.
2.2. The construction phase is the part of the enterprise determined by the project (detailed design) that ensures the production of products or the provision of services; it may consist of one or more launch complexes.
2.3. The start-up complex is a set of objects (or their parts) for main, auxiliary and service purposes, energy, transport and storage facilities, communications, utilities, environmental protection, landscaping, ensuring the production of products or the provision of services provided for by the project (detailed design) for a given launch complex, and normal sanitary and living conditions for workers in accordance with current standards.
The composition and volume of the launch complex is determined by the design organization in agreement with the customer and the general contractor.
2.4. The object of construction is each separate building or structure (with all related equipment, tools and inventory, galleries, overpasses, internal engineering networks of water supply, sewerage, gas pipelines, heating pipelines, electricity supply, radio, outbuildings, landscaping and other works and costs), for the construction, reconstruction, expansion or technical re-equipment of which a separate project and estimate must be drawn up.
Buildings include a construction system consisting of load-bearing and enclosing or combined (load-bearing and enclosing) structures that form a ground-based closed volume intended for residence or stay of people, depending on the functional purpose and for performing various types of production processes.
2.5. If at a construction site, according to the project (detailed design), only one main purpose object is being built, without the construction of auxiliary and auxiliary objects (for example, in industry - a workshop building for the main purpose, in transport - a railway station building, in housing and civil construction - a residential building, theater, school, city bridge, etc.), then the concept of a construction object coincides with the concept of a construction site.
2.6. During the construction of enterprises, residential settlements, scientific towns, etc. external service and auxiliary structures (water supply networks, sewerage, heat supply, gasification, energy supply, access roads, etc.) are separate construction objects that are part of the construction site.
A building (building) that houses several workshops is considered one object.
9. The concept of capital construction; three stages of the construction process
Capital construction is the process of creating production and non-production fixed assets through the construction of new ones, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment and modernization of existing facilities. With the help of capital construction, renovation of morally and physically worn-out fixed assets is carried out.
Capital construction is a complex process characterized by many connections. Its distinctive features are: the complexity of the objects being constructed, the large costs of material, labor and monetary resources, the technical and organizational complexity of the objects being constructed, and the long duration of the production cycle.
The construction process can be divided into three stages:
preparation of construction;
actual construction;
sales of construction products (commissioning of a finished construction project).
Construction preparation carried out in the following areas: feasibility studies of the construction of the facility; facility design and engineering preparation for construction. Each direction has its own target objectives. In the process of feasibility studies, the main technical and economic indicators of the future facility are determined and assessed
economic feasibility of its construction. At the design stage, structural and layout solutions for the facility, methods for organizing its construction and work technology are developed, and the estimated cost of construction is determined. After this, engineering and technical preparation for construction is carried out - the geodetic support network and construction grid are laid out, work is done to prepare the construction site area, and access transport communications.
At the stage when the actual construction is carried out, all the technological elements of the construction process are connected at the construction site, as a result of the functioning of which construction products are created. At this stage, the total actual costs of construction production, material and material elements of buildings and structures, their structural expressiveness and quality are formed.
At the third stage - sales of construction products- completed construction projects are put into operation and transferred to the customer as fixed assets.
The three stages of reproduction correspond to three stages of the circulation of capital investments: 1) production as a productive form of creating fixed assets; 2) sales as a form of transformation of construction products into fixed assets; 3) preparation of the next reproduction cycle with the aim of once again converting cash funds into productive ones. The greater the degree of interaction of all elements of reproduction in time and space, the higher the economic efficiency of construction.
10. The main participants in the investment process and the design of capital buildings. The main participants in the investment process are: investors, customers, developers, contractors, designers. The relationship between them is regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation “On IP in the Russian Federation”, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the rules on work contracts and other legal acts. As an investor: individual and legal entities; association of legal entities; investors.investors. Customers are individuals authorized by investors. and legal entities implementing investment projects. The customer is granted the rights to own, use and dispose of capital investments for the period and within the powers provided for in the agreement. The customer-developer enters into agreements with other project participants: with design and survey organizations - contract agreements for the design of a building; with construction and installation contractors, contracting organizations for the construction of the facility; with supplier organizations and intermediary organizations - agreements for the supply, purchase and sale of machinery and equipment. The trace is highlighted. design stages: feasibility study (feasibility study); technical the project that was installed. basic design solutions, defined Estimated cost of construction and foundation. volumetric pok-whether bud. p/p; working drawings, which are carried out on the basis of technical specifications. projects. In recent years, in many cases, instead of a feasibility study, a business plan began to be developed. Technical project comp. from the economic part; plan gene; transport; technical part (construction, organization of construction, estimate documentation). Technical design with a consolidated estimate and financial calculation after its approval. the basis for financing the construction, ordering basic equipment and developing working drawings.
Organization is a complex matter and requires both specific knowledge and a systematic approach, without which the construction procedure may be disrupted, deadlines may be missed, and work technology may not be followed. In order for the construction process to take its course, it is necessary to break it down into stages, think through and develop each of them, and adhere to the plan in execution. Whatever the house is built from, the stages described below can be distinguished in its construction.
Main stages of building a house
The zero stage of cottage construction is considered to be a phased implementation of preparatory work, which includes site selection, geological surveys, development of design documentation, obtaining various approvals and permits, as well as excavation work on the territory of the future construction site. After completing all these procedures, you can proceed to the construction of the foundation, which serves as the basis of any house.
The first stage of construction is the construction of the foundation
In the process of designing a house, the appropriate type of foundation is selected for it. The choice is made based on a set of indicators, which includes the type of building itself, the type of soil, the depth of groundwater, climatic features and others.
Depending on the type of foundation, its construction includes laying blocks or foundation slabs, driving or twisting piles, installing reinforcement and pouring concrete mortar. After this, the foundation must stand. This requires at least 28 days, and depending on climatic conditions, this period can be extended.
Other stages of construction and finishing
Further, the construction of the house proceeds in stages, and it is important both strict adherence to the sequence of stages and compliance with the technology for carrying out each of them. Once the foundation is ready for further work, you can begin to carry it out:
- Foundation waterproofing. Work in this direction is carried out even before it is poured, but now waterproofing is needed to completely prevent the penetration of moisture from the foundation into the walls. If you miss this moment, the water will rise, destroying both the top of the foundation and the walls. A material containing an excess amount of moisture will be susceptible to fungal and bacterial infection, and will deteriorate many times faster than with high-quality waterproofing.
- Walling. The speed and cost of this procedure primarily depends on the selected material. For this, wooden beams or logs, bricks, various types of building blocks, and also pure concrete can be used if you plan to build a monolithic house.
- When the walls are ready, you can begin installing the roof. The choice of roof type and material for it is directly dependent on the architectural features of the building, as well as factors such as the amount of snow load and others.
- When the building is roofed, you can move on to the next stage. If wooden materials are chosen for construction, a break is taken at this stage, usually during the winter, so that the building can shrink, after which work can continue.
- Interior work. These include installation of floors and ceilings, construction of partitions, installation of engineering systems.
- Finishing work. This term means the stage-by-stage finishing of all surfaces, installation of sockets and switches, installation of doors and windows, as well as plumbing fixtures and other work that characterizes the last stage of construction.
- The phased construction of the house is being completed by landscaping the adjacent area. For it, a landscape design style is selected, the site is planned, and driveways and pedestrian paths are arranged. The site is drained and irrigated, greenery is planted and other work is carried out, which in the future will make it possible to achieve greater decorativeness and comfort.
In order to have an idea about the construction of a house and the sequence of its stages, you should know one more term - the construction stage. Using it, you can assess what stage the house construction process is currently at. The following stages are distinguished:
- Stage one - poured foundation. This means that quite a large part of the work has already been completed, the foundation for construction has been created, but much remains to be done.
- Construction of a box at home. Buying a house at this stage means purchasing only the walls, although they stand on the foundation, but the house is still far from being completely ready.
- The next stage of construction is the house under the roof. This looks more like a finished house, however, internal work remains unfinished, which requires both time and large investments.
- Rough finishing stage. Floors, ceilings, partitions have been completed, flooring has been laid, and utility systems have been installed. Of course, certain costs still lie ahead, but the bulk of the work has been completed. Today, real estate and construction companies often sell houses and apartments at the rough finishing stage, which allows the buyer to save money on the purchase and carry out the finishing “to suit themselves,” and the manufacturer receives revenue earlier than might be expected.
- Full readiness. Achieved after finishing, installation of plumbing and other work characterizing the readiness of the object.
The process of building a house means that strict sequence of stages, breaking which is not only undesirable, but simply impossible. If there are violations in the process, the end result will be, to put it mildly, unpredictable. The construction process is the carrying out of each stage in the sequence dictated by the project and common sense. Similar concepts are considered terms such as the procedure and sequence of building a house.
This also includes strict adherence to the technology of each stage; violations in this part are also unacceptable. Unfortunately, in life, hackwork in construction is quite common, and when starting to build a house, it’s a good idea to have at least basic knowledge in this area in order to be able to control the quality of production of each stage independently.
Stages of construction of a monolithic house
One of the promising areas of modern construction is the construction of monolithic houses. Previously, only industrial buildings were built in this way, but with the expansion of developments in this area, specialists have the opportunity to build high-quality, inexpensive, and most importantly, “fast” houses. These features are achieved using the specifics of this type of construction.
Traditional construction of monolithic houses
This technology involves the use of formwork to fill the walls of a house with a finished frame, welded in advance from reinforcement. Allows you to use a free layout and achieve significant savings during construction, since concrete is one of the cheapest materials. To this you can add an increase in the speed of the process, which also allows you to reduce costs, in this case, on labor costs. Ready-made hardened concrete walls are insulated, which makes it possible to obtain comfortable and inexpensive housing.
Using permanent formwork
In recent years, technology using permanent formwork has become particularly widespread in the monolithic construction of cottages. It allows you to provide even higher speed, and also immediately after pouring the walls to get them warm and suitable for further finishing. The essence of this is that ready-made permanent formwork elements made from polystyrene are used for pouring. After pouring, they are not removed, serving as insulation as the basis for further finishing.
When choosing any of the methods, the process of stage-by-stage construction of a house proceeds, in general, the same way: formwork is erected, and the solution is pumped into the resulting structure using concrete pumps. To compact the mortar and improve the quality of pouring, a special tool is used - a construction vibrator. Its use makes it possible to obtain concrete that does not contain air inclusions, and to obtain reliable and durable walls. This technology is one of the most promising in recent years.
Considering the relevance of the topic to this day:
Law of the Republic of Belarus dated July 5, 2004 No. 300-Z “On architectural, urban planning and construction activities in the Republic of Belarus,” Article 1 interprets it as follows:
Start-up complex - a part of an object defined by design documentation, intended to serve a part of the main purpose object, which can be independently operated and ensure, among other things, the production of products, the performance of work, and the provision of services;
construction phase - a part of the main purpose facility defined by the design documentation for the construction, reconstruction, restoration, overhaul, improvement of the facility, which can be independently operated and ensure, among other things, production of products, performance of work, provision of services, and may also include one or more launch complexes ;
Next, to clarify the situation a little, look at TKP 45-1.03-161-2009 "ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION":
clause 10.3.1 The project for organizing the construction of the facility must be developed for the full volume of construction (facility) provided for by the project.
When constructing a facility in stages, a construction organization project must be developed for each construction stage, taking into account the implementation of construction for full development.
When constructing a facility with the allocation of launch complexes, the construction organization project must be developed for the full scope of construction, taking into account the allocation of launch complexes.
The launch complex is not allocated in order to extend the construction period! The main reason is the vital need to enter part of an object. For example:
The first object is a microdistrict (block), you have 4 streets (around it). With the second object you build houses along one of the streets. In order to introduce them, you need to provide access to them (that is, put one of the streets into operation). And you have four in the facility. Then you allocate one launch complex - one street - force it and hand it over. It’s the same with backbone networks.
if the structure is intended to serve the facility, it is a launch facility, but if it can be an independent unit, a queue (for example, a part of the road (with all communications (lighting, traffic lights, storm drain)) can be separated into a separate queue, since it can be operated independently, and external lighting of a section of the road - only in the starting stage (since although it can be operated independently and can illuminate the road, it serves to maintain the road, i.e. why is it needed without a road)
The difference between queues and launch queues:
Queue - can be independently operated (as an independent unit)
Starter - can also be independently operated, but still SERVES FOR SERVICING the main purpose object
In addition for better understanding:
Complex (lat. Complex - connection, combination) - a system, a set of something (Wikipedia)
System (from ancient Greek σύστημα - a whole made up of parts; connection) - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity (Wikipedia)
A queue is a certain order in the following or movement of something or someone. (Wikipedia)
input of launchers is carried out within the queue POS, and the key word is “within the queue POS”, i.e., the main thing is that all launches are completed within the time period specified in the POS for the construction queue.
I’ll try to explain: You receive a permit to build a facility from the moment the work begins for as many months as determined for you according to the POS. Because when allocating launch complexes at one site, the duration of construction will be calculated for the facility as a whole (and not 1 start-up+2 start-up+...N start-up) taking into account the combination of work, and not separately for each start-up (most likely the duration will be equal to the duration of the longest start-up+ a little bit for combining), then by handing over all the launches (no matter in what sequence and with what breaks between them) you must meet the deadline allotted for the entire object as a whole. If your object is divided into queues, the duration in the POS will be determined for each queue, independently of each other, and you will be able to obtain permission to carry out work for each queue separately and independently of each other.
Often there is a need to split an object into launchers. This is possible without undergoing an examination if a positive conclusion was received for the object as a whole (for the entire object). In this case, the designer, on the instructions of the customer, allocates a launcher (this is stated in the “regulations on the procedure for conducting state examination of urban planning projects, ……… in paragraph 16, the last paragraph (for the Republic of Belarus) as amended by Resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 687 dated June 01, 2011) And the act acceptance is signed for each launch complex (i.e. acceptance of the launch complex is a full-fledged acceptance with the participation of the state commission, firefighters, sanitary and epidemiological station, etc.) Let me explain: The customer sends a letter to the designer with a request to divide the facility into 2 launch sites and indicates what should be included in each of them. The designer draws up an additional agreement for the facility and allocates separate Consolidated Estimated Calculations (SER) for each launch separately. The duration of construction of the facility remains unchanged (no one touches it). be equal to the total SSR - calculated for the object as a whole.
an object can be divided first into queues, and the queues, in turn, into launch queues, or the object can be immediately divided into launch queues, without separating queues.
A little confusing, but I tried to outline the most frequently asked questions. questions. Answer Can be discussed if desired...
