There are many semi-legendary periods in human history. The cities and kingdoms that existed then are sometimes shrouded in a whole host of myths and legends. Even professional archaeologists and historians have very little data relating to those times, let alone ordinary people. Do you know when the Babylonian kingdom was formed?
Babylon is a city of biblical proportions; it is constantly mentioned by almost all outstanding thinkers, scientists and military leaders of those years, but the history of this amazing monument of ancient civilizations is told much less often. In order to dispel the veil of secrecy over this story, we have prepared this article. Read and find out!
Prerequisites for the occurrence
In the 19th-20th centuries before the birth of Christ, the Sumerian-Akkadian kingdom, which was located on the territory of Mesopotamia, collapsed. As a result of its collapse, many other smaller states were formed.
The city of Lars in the north immediately declared itself independent. The kingdom of Mari was formed on the Euphrates River, Ashur arose on the Tigris, and the state of Eshnunna appeared in the Diyala valley. It was then that the rise of the city of Babylon began, the name of which can be translated as the Gate of God. The Amorite (first Babylonian) dynasty then ascended the throne. Historians believe that its representatives ruled from 1894 to 1595 BC. There is no absolutely accurate data, but its founder is considered to be King Sumuabum. That's when the Babylonian kingdom was formed. Of course, in those years he was still far from reaching full bloom and power.
Advantages
Babylon differed favorably from many of its neighbors in its position: it was equally well suited for both defense and expansion into the territories of opposing kingdoms. It was located in the place where the majestic Tigris merged with the Euphrates. There was plenty of water here, which was used in irrigation systems, and the most important trade arteries of that time converged here.
The heyday of the city is associated with the name of the famous Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC), who was not only a talented manager, but also a scientist, astronomer, commander and sophist. First, he enters into a military alliance with Larsa in order to free his hands to attack the southern cities. Soon Hammurabi concluded an alliance with Mari, where at that time the friendly king Zimrilim ruled. With his help, the ruler of Babylon completely defeated and subjugated Eshnunna. Simply put, the Babylonian kingdom was formed in the period from the 20th to the 19th centuries BC, after which it quickly began to gain weight in the political niche of that time.
After this, Hammurabi no longer needed Marie: he broke the treaty of alliance and attacked the possessions of yesterday’s partner. At first he managed to quickly subjugate the city, and even Zimlirim remained on his throne. But later he did not like being a pawn, and therefore he rebelled. In response, Babylon not only reconquered the city, but also razed its walls and the ruler's palace to the ground. By that time, the once mighty Assyria remained in the North, but its rulers immediately recognized themselves as governors of Babylon.
That's when it was formed in the modern sense of the word. It was large and powerful, its rulers welcomed scientists, engineers and architects, philosophers and doctors.
Laws of Hammurabi
But the king of the Babylonian kingdom, Hammurabi, is largely famous not for his conquests, but for the set of laws that he personally issued:
- In a case where the builder who built the house did it poorly and the building collapsed, killing its owner, the builder should be executed.
- The doctor who performed the unsuccessful operation lost his right hand.
- A free man who harbored a slave in his home would be executed.
These laws of the Babylonian kingdom were carved on huge basalt pillars that stood at all ends of the Babylonian kingdom.
What was the rise of Babylon?
During the time of this ruler, agriculture began to develop rapidly in those parts. Babylonian scientists made great strides in the field of irrigation of desert lands: one of the canals was so large that it was respectfully nicknamed the “River of Hammurabi.”
The development of cattle breeding was no less active. More and more artisans are appearing in the state. Domestic and international trade is growing and expanding. In particular, at that time it was this country that became the main center for the export of expensive leather, oil and dates. Metals, ceramics and slaves flowed like a river into the domestic market. In a word, the Babylonian kingdom flourished under Hammurabi.
Social Features
It is believed that there were three in the country. Firstly, free people. This layer was called "avelum", which meant "man". Children of free people until adulthood were called “mar avelim” - “child of man.” An artisan and a warrior, a merchant and a government clerk could belong to this social stratum. In a word, there were no caste prejudices; the laws of the Babylonian kingdom stated that anyone could be free.
There was also a class of dependent people (not slaves!), who were called "mushkenum" - "bending" employees. Simply put, dependents were people who worked on the royal land. They should not be confused with slaves: the "bending" had property, their rights were defended in court, they had their own slaves.
Finally, the lowest layer of society, without which the Babylonian kingdom could not do - slaves, vardum. You could get into their number in the following ways:
- If the person was a prisoner of war.
- Debtors who were unable to pay their debts.
- Those who became slaves by court verdict (for some serious offenses).
The peculiarity of Babylonian slaves was that they could have some kind of property. If a slave owner had children from his slave, then they (with the consent of the father) could well become his official heirs with the status of a free person. Simply put, unlike the same Ancient India, in Babylon slaves could hope for a serious improvement in their debt. The debtor, having worked off the debt, became free again. A valuable prisoner of war could buy his freedom. It was worse for criminals who, with rare exceptions, became slaves for life.
Government structure
The king, who stood at the head of the state, had “divine”, unlimited power. He personally owned about 30-50% of all land in the country. The king could take care of their use himself, or he could rent them out. The execution of the royal commands and laws was monitored by the royal court.
The tax department was responsible for collecting taxes. They were collected in silver, as well as in the form of natural products - for example, grain. They took taxes on livestock and handicraft products. To ensure unquestioning obedience to the royal authority, the state used detachments of heavy and light warriors, redum and bairum. Ever since the formation of the Babylonian kingdom, the city of Babylon has always attracted professional warriors: they were favored here, they received honor and respect. It is not surprising that even during the period of decline, the state army was able to delay the fall of the country for a long time.
For his service, a good soldier could easily receive a house with a garden, a considerable plot of land and livestock. He paid for this only with good service. The trouble with Babylon from the very beginning was the gigantic bureaucratic apparatus, whose representatives monitored the execution of the royal orders locally. The sovereign's officials, shakkanakku, had to organize effective interaction between the royal administration and local governments. The latter included community councils and councils of elders, rabianums.
The religion leaned towards monotheism: despite the existence of various deities, there was one main god - Marduk, who was considered the creator of all that exists, was responsible for the fate of people, animals and plants, for the entire Babylonian kingdom.
First fall
During the reign of Hammurabi's son, Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), internal contradictions had already begun to sharply worsen. From the south, the state began to be pressed by the Elamites, who captured the cities of the Sumerians one after another. The city of Isin declared independence, and King Ilumailu became the founder of a new dynasty. A new state also emerges in the North-West - Mitanni.
This was a heavy blow, since Babylon was cut off from the most important trade routes that led to Asia Minor and the Mediterranean coast. Finally, the warlike Kassite tribes began to carry out raids regularly. In general, the entire history of the Babylonian kingdom clearly shows that a weakened state instantly becomes the prey of stronger and more successful neighbors.
Point in 1595 BC. e. set up by the Hittites, who defeated the army and captured Babylon. Thus ended the Old Babylonian period, which lasted only three hundred years. The first dynasty ceased to exist. The formation of the Babylonian kingdom of the “Kassite model” began.
Kassite dynasty
The Kassites themselves came from many mountain tribes that became active immediately after the death of Hammurabi. Around 1742 BC e. their leader Gandash invaded the territory of the kingdom and immediately declared himself “King of the Four Directions of the World.” But in reality, the Kassites managed to subjugate the entire kingdom only after the successful campaign of the Hittites. They immediately introduced a lot of new things into the military doctrine of Babylon, starting to actively use cavalry. But some stagnation began in agriculture. The conquerors favorably accepted the rich and ancient Babylonian culture.
Moreover, King Agum II was able to return the statues of the god Marduk and the goddess Tsarpanit, which were captured by the Hittites. The Kassites showed themselves to be excellent rulers, under whom temples were actively built and restored, and culture and science rapidly developed. Quite quickly they were completely assimilated by the Babylonians.
However, they were not very good politicians and warriors. The ancient Babylonian kingdom quickly became dependent on Egypt, and soon on the state of Mitanni and the Hittite kingdom. Assyria is developing rapidly, whose troops already in the 13th century BC inflicted a number of painful defeats on Kassite Babylon. In 1155, the conquering dynasty also ceased to exist, losing to the Assyrians.
Intermediate period, reign of Nebuchadnezzar I
The Assyrians, who closely watched their decrepit neighbor, did not fail to take advantage of his ever-increasing weakness. They were also helped by the aspirations of the Elamites, who regularly began to invade the territory of Babylon. Already in the middle of the 12th century BC, they were able to completely break his resistance, and the last Kassite king, Ellil-nadin-ahhe, was captured. At this time, the Elamites continued to make military campaigns in other regions of the country.
The city of Isin, which had been independent for some time, managed to accumulate strength at this time, and therefore took up the baton in the fight against the enemy invasion. The pinnacle of its power was the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar I (1126-1105 BC), who once again led the power to its (short-term) prosperity. Near the Der fortress, his troops inflicted a severe defeat on the Elamites, and then, invading Elam, enslaved it.
Fight against the Arameans
Around the middle of the 11th century BC, the nomadic Aramaic tribes became a real curse for the Babylonians and Assyrians. In the face of this danger, bitter rivals united several times, forming strong military alliances. Despite this, within three centuries the enterprising Arameans managed to firmly settle on the northwestern borders of the Babylonian kingdom.
However, not all tribes caused so many problems. Around the same time, the Chaldean people began to play a significant role in the life of the state. In those centuries they lived along the shores of the Persian Gulf, in the lower reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris. Already in the ninth century, they firmly occupied the southern part of the Babylonian kingdom and began to move south, gradually assimilating with the Babylonians. Like the Kassites in the recent past, they preferred to engage in cattle breeding and hunting. Agriculture played a much smaller role in their lives.
In those years, the country was divided into 14 districts. Starting from the 12th century BC, Babylon again became the capital. As before, the king had vast plots of land in his hands, which he presented to soldiers for their service. In the army, in addition to the traditional infantry, cavalry and war chariot squads began to play a huge role, which at that time were extremely effective on the battlefield. But the borders of the Babylonian kingdom were already beginning to be attacked by old enemies...
Assyrian invasion
From the end of the 9th century, the Assyrians again took up their cause, increasingly invading the country. Assyria itself gradually acquired the features of a powerful and strong state. In the middle of the 7th century BC, their king Tiglath-pileser the Third invades the northern borders of Babylon, inflicting severe defeats on the Chaldeans. In 729, the kingdom was once again completely captured.
However, the Assyrians (contrary to their custom) retained the separate status of Babylon. But during the time of Sargon the Second, they lost control over the newly conquered lands for some time. This is due to the fact that the Chaldean sovereign Marduk-apla-iddin declared himself the sole king of the country, capturing its capital. He entered into an alliance with the Elamites, his recent enemies. At first, the allies were successful, but soon Sargon, greatly wounded and annoyed by what had happened, sent his best troops to suppress the uprising, and then he himself was crowned in Babylon, finally strengthening his royal status.
At the beginning of 700-703, the restless Marduk-apla-iddin again tried to go against Assyria, but this time his idea did not end well for the country. In 692 BC. e kingdom enters into a military alliance with the Arameans and Elamites. At the Battle of Halul, the Assyrians and Babylonians suffered equally heavy losses, and there was no clear success for either side.
But two years later, the king of Assyria, Sinankherib, organized a siege of Babylon. A year later the city fell and a terrible massacre began. Most of the inhabitants were killed, the rest became slaves. The once majestic capital was completely destroyed and flooded. At that time, the map of the Babylonian kingdom was broken, the state ceased to exist. However, not for long.
Restoration of Babylon
Soon, Sinankherib’s successor, Esarhaddon, ascended the throne, who did not particularly welcome the “excesses” of his predecessor. The new king not only ordered the restoration of the destroyed city, but also freed many of its inhabitants and ordered them to return home.
The king became Shamash-shum-ukin, who ruled the country as a governor. But in 652, he, wanting universal power, entered into an alliance with the Arabs, Arameans and Elamites, after which he again declared war on Assyria. The battle again took place at the Der fortress and again no one was able to win a convincing victory. The Assyrians resorted to a trick: by staging a palace coup in Elom, they put the Babylonians' powerful ally out of action. After this, they besieged Babylon and in 648 BC carried out a brutal massacre of all surviving inhabitants.
Fall of Assyria and New Babylon
Despite this, the desire to throw off the oppression of the cruel Assyrians did not weaken. Around 626 BC, another uprising broke out, led by the Chaldean Nabopolassar (Nabu-apla-utsur). He again entered into an alliance with Elam, which had already recovered from the machinations of the Assyrians, after which the allied forces still managed to inflict a number of serious defeats on the common enemy. In October 626, Nabopolassar was recognized by the Babylonian nobility, after which he was crowned in the city, founding a new dynasty.
But the rebels managed to capture the first major city, Uruk, only 10 years later. They immediately tried to capture Assyrian Ashur, but were unsuccessful. Help came from unexpected places. In 614, the Medes began to seize the provinces of Assyria, with whom the Babylonians soon entered into an alliance. Already in 612, they, the Medes and Scythians besieged Nineveh, the capital of the enemy. The city fell and all its inhabitants were slaughtered. Since then, the borders of the Babylonian kingdom under Hammurabi the Second began to expand rapidly.
In 609 BC, the remnants of the Assyrian army were defeated. In 605, the Babylonians successfully captured Syria and Palestine, which were claimed by Egypt at that time. At the same time, Nebuchadnezzar II ascended the throne of Babylon. By 574 BC. e he managed to capture Jerusalem and Tyre. An era of prosperity has begun. It was then that the famous and incredibly developed science, architecture and politics were founded. Thus, the Babylonian kingdom was formed a second time in 605.
However, the era of prosperity ended quite quickly. Other opponents, the Persians, appeared on the borders of the state. Unable to withstand the confrontation with them, in 482 Babylon finally turned into one of the Persian satrapies.
Now you know when the Babylonian kingdom was formed. We hope that the article was interesting.
A Brief History of Babylonia
At the end of the 13th century, the economic and political decline of Babylon was observed, which its neighbors did not fail to take advantage of: Assyria and Elam. The Elamite invasions were especially dangerous. In the middle of the 12th century BC. all of Babylonia was captured by them, and the last Kassite king, Ellil-nadin-ahhe, was taken captive. An Elamite protege was appointed governor of Babylon, and the Elamites continued military campaigns in the south and north of the country. The initiative to fight against Elamite rule passed to the city of Isin, located in the west of Babylonia. The country gradually began to gain strength, and under King Nebuchadnezzar I (Nabukudurriutsur, 1126-1105 BC) it flourished briefly. Having defeated the Elamites in a battle near the fortress of Der, the Babylonians invaded Elam and inflicted a severe defeat on it.
In the middle of the 11th century BC. e. semi-nomadic tribes of the Arameans, who lived west of the Euphrates, began to invade Babylonia and Assyria, which united in the face of a common danger. By the end of the 9th century BC. e. they managed to firmly settle on the western and northern borders of Babylonia. Since the 8th century BC. e., over the course of several centuries in the history of Babylonia, the Chaldean tribes (Kaldu) began to play a large role. They lived on the shores of the Persian Gulf, along the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates. In the 9th century BC. e. The Chaldeans firmly occupied the southern part of Babylonia and began a gradual advance to the north, accepting the ancient Babylonian culture and religion. The Chaldeans were engaged in cattle breeding, hunting and, partly, agriculture.
Babylonia was divided into 14 administrative districts. From the end of the 12th century, Babylon again became the capital. The tsar managed a vast fund of state lands, from which allotments were allocated to soldiers for their service. Kings often gave land holdings to their confidants and temples. The army consisted of infantry, cavalry and charioteers, whose role in wars was especially important.
At the end of the 9th century BC. e. The Assyrians often invade Babylonia and gradually capture the north of the country. The Assyrian state at this time became a powerful kingdom. In 744 BC. e. The Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III invaded Babylonia and defeated the Chaldean tribes. In 729 BC. e. he completely captured Babylonia. However, Babylonia had the status of a separate kingdom within Assyria. During the reign of Sargon II, the Assyrians were unable to maintain power over Babylonia. The Chaldean leader Marduk-apla-iddin took possession of Babylonia and declared himself king of the country. In alliance with the Elamites, he started a war. At the beginning, in 720-710. BC e. the allies were successful. But soon Sargon II defeated Elam and ousted Marduk-apla-iddin from Babylonia. He was crowned in Babylon. In 705-703. Marduk-apla-iddin again began military operations against Assyria, but again unsuccessfully. In 692 BC. e. The Babylonians rebelled against Assyria and formed an alliance with Elam and the Arameans. In the Battle of Halule on the Tigris, both sides suffered heavy losses, but neither side achieved decisive success. But in 690 BC. e. the Assyrian king Sinankherib besieged Babylon and in 689 the city fell. A brutal massacre was carried out. Many residents were killed, some were taken into slavery. The city itself was completely destroyed, and its territory was flooded.
At the beginning of his reign, the new Assyrian king Esarhaddon ordered the restoration of Babylon and the return of its surviving inhabitants. Shamash-shum-ukin began to rule Babylonia as a vassal king. In 652 BC. e. he, having concluded a secret alliance with Egypt, the Syrian governments, Elam, as well as with the tribes of the Chaldeans, Arameans and Arabs, rebelled against Assyria. Neither side won the battle at the Der fortress, but soon the Assyrians, through a palace coup, managed to remove Elam from the alliance. Other allies were unable to help Babylonia. The Assyrians besieged Babylon and other cities. After a long siege in the summer of 648 BC. e. Babylon has fallen. The surviving residents faced brutal reprisals.
The defeat of Assyria and the creation of the New Babylonian power
The desire for independence did not weaken in Babylonia, one of the most developed regions of Western Asia. At the beginning of 626 BC. e. A rebellion broke out against Assyrian rule, led by the Chaldean leader Nabopolassar (Nabu-apla-utsur). Having established his power in the north of the country and having concluded an alliance with Elam, he conducted a series of successful campaigns against Assyria. In October 626 BC. e. Babylon went over to Nabopolassar's side, and on November 25, 626, he was solemnly crowned in this city and founded the Chaldean (or Neo-Babylonian) dynasty here. However, only in 616 BC. e. The Babylonians managed to capture one of the largest cities in Babylonia - Uruk. In the same year, the Babylonians besieged the Assyrian city of Ashur, but were unsuccessful. Unexpected help came from the east. In 614 BC. e. The Medes captured the Assyrian province of Arraphu, and then took the city of Ashur, exterminating its inhabitants. Soon the Medes and Babylonians entered into an alliance. In the spring of 612 BC. e. Allies supported by the Scythians besieged the capital of Assyria - Nineveh. In August of the same year, the city fell and was destroyed, and its inhabitants slaughtered. It was a cruel revenge on a state that had robbed and devastated the countries of Western Asia for a long time. Part of the Assyrian army managed to break through to the west, to the city of Harran, and continued resistance there, but in 609 BC. e. Nabopolassar with a large army inflicted a final defeat. As a result of the collapse of the Assyrian power, the Medes captured the indigenous territory of Assyria, as well as the city of Harran, while the Babylonians got Mesopotamia. The Babylonians began preparing to capture all the areas west of the Euphrates that had previously belonged to the Assyrians. But Egypt also laid claim to these territories and sought to take over Syria and Palestine. Therefore, in 607 BC. e. Nabopolassar with a huge army attacked Karchemish on the Euphrates, where there was an Egyptian garrison, which included Greek mercenaries. In 605 BC. e. the city was taken and the garrison destroyed. After this, the Babylonians captured Syria and Palestine.
In 605, Nabopolassar's son, Nebuchadnezzar II, became king. He continued his military campaigns, and in 605 BC. e. he captured the Phoenician city of Ascalon, and in 598 he subjugated Northern Arabia. At the same time, Judea rebelled against Babylonia. In 597 BC. e. Nebuchadnezzar besieged and took Jerusalem, taking about 3,000 of its inhabitants captive. After 8 years, the Egyptians captured some Phoenician cities and prompted Judea to revolt again. After a two-year siege, the Babylonians took Jerusalem. The kingdom of Judah was liquidated, and many Jews were resettled to various parts of Mesopotamia, including Babylon. The Babylonians then laid siege to the Phoenician city of Tyre, which they were only able to take in 574 BC.
The reign of Nebuchadnezzar II was a time of economic prosperity and cultural revival in Babylonia. Babylon became the largest city in the Ancient East with a population of about 200,000 people. At one end of the city there was a huge royal palace, and at the other - the main sanctuary of the Babylonians - Esagila. It was a square building, each side measuring 400 meters in length. A single whole with Esagila was a seven-story ziggurat (step pyramid) located to the south, 91 meters high, which was called Etemenanki (temple of the cornerstone of heaven and earth). Called the “Tower of Babel” in the Bible, it was considered in ancient times one of the wonders of the world. At the top of the tower, where an external staircase led, was the sanctuary of the supreme god Marduk. Hanging gardens, which rested on high stone walls holding soil and exotic trees, were also considered one of the wonders of the world. These gardens were intended for Nebuchadnezzar's wife Amytida, who missed her native place in mountainous Media.
Under Nebuchadnezzar II, Babylon became a powerful fortress. It was surrounded by a double wall, the height of which reached 14 meters. The city was surrounded by a deep and wide moat with water. After the death of Nebuchadnezzar II, after a long internecine struggle, Nabonidus (556-539 BC), who came from the family of an Aramaic leader, came to power. He captured in 553 BC. e. city of Harran. Nabonidus actively promoted the cult of the supreme god Sin, which caused discontent among the priesthood. Nabonidus moved his residence to the city of Teima, and left his son Bel-shar-utsuru (biblical Belshazzar) to rule in Babylon.
Soon, a new enemy appeared on the eastern borders of Babylonia - the Persians, who captured Media, Lydia and many other states. In the spring of 639, the Persians began to attack Babylonia. In August of the same year, near the city of Opis, they defeated the Babylonian army, commanded by Prince Bel-shar-utsur. Having no support among the nobility and priesthood, Nabonidus surrendered, and in October 639 the Persian king Cyrus II entered Babylon. At first, the Persian policy was pacifying. All religions were allowed. The peoples displaced during the reign of the Neo-Babylonian dynasty were allowed to return to their homeland. But soon Persian oppression began to intensify, and in 522-521. BC e, in 484-482. BC e. Several uprisings broke out against the Persians. Babylonia turned into one of the satrapies of the Persian state.
Not many people become professional artists, despite the fact that everyone draws as a child. It’s just that some people develop their creative abilities, while for others they remain in their infancy. But sometimes the desire to create suddenly awakens in a person, and he wants to immediately draw a masterpiece. Of course, it is difficult to make such a dream come true, but you can try. Today we will talk about how to draw the coat of arms of Russia step by step with a pencil and become a little closer to your cherished desire - to master the art of drawing.
The history of the creation of the coat of arms of Russia
In this article we will look in detail at how to draw the coat of arms of Russia step by step with a pencil, but in order to draw something, you need to at least know the history. Firstly, it’s interesting, and secondly, after you study all the details, it’s much easier to draw them.
The first drawing of the flag and coat of arms of Russia in the form in which we know it was mentioned in the chronicles of the 15th century. Under Ivan III, the eagle acquired two heads, turned in different directions. What was the state symbol like before? Russian princes borrowed the eagle from Roman culture back in the 12th century. But at that time the bird had only one head and its color was black.
Under Ivan III, the eagle not only acquired a second head. The bird's belly began to be decorated with a shield, in the middle of which Andrei the Victorious dealt a fatal blow to the snake. Why did this change happen? Moscow becomes the capital of the state, and the symbol of the Moscow principality was the shield with St. Andrew the Victorious. The fusion of two symbols gave rise to what we see on the coat of arms today. Gradual changes in state symbols occurred under each king. At first, each eagle head received a crown, and then the third crown began to adorn the coat of arms. In 1589, the eagle acquired an almost modern appearance, and a scepter and orb were given to him.
The meaning of the coat of arms of Russia
After reading about the history of the appearance of state symbols, you need to find out its meaning. We will discuss in detail below how to draw the coat of arms of Russia step by step with a pencil, and now we will find out what hidden meaning is contained in the eagle. Many people are interested in why the two-headed bird holds an orb and a scepter. The state represents power. Moreover, complete and undivided power over the entire country. The scepter represents church power. The bird's two heads show the unity of the Christian faith and the power of the state ruler, now the president.
What does St. George the Victorious mean? This legendary saint was known in Rus' even before the adoption of Christianity. According to legend, he saved the city from a monster that devoured young maidens. The legend says that before the duel with the snake, George offered a prayer to God, and it was with his help that the knight managed to behead the monster. In 988, at the baptism of Vladimir the Red Sun, he received the Christian name George. It is believed that this is why the symbolic hero appeared on the Russian coat of arms.
The correctness of the composition
How to draw the coat of arms of Russia step by step with a pencil? You need to start with construction. In order for the drawing to look harmonious later, the coat of arms must be composed immediately. We choose A4 paper format - this is a landscape sheet. You shouldn't draw a small eagle. In its center is St. George the Victorious, and this figure requires detailed elaboration. Therefore, we leave 5 cm at the bottom and 3 cm at the top, and fill in the rest of the space with an oval. With a thin line we divide the geometric figure into two equal parts. Now you can draw the outline of the eagle. We immediately outline the upper, central crown. If this is not done, it may subsequently go beyond the contours of the oval, and the drawing may move upward by itself. Visually, the coat of arms can be divided into three parts: the tail, the shield in the center and the bird’s head.
At this stage there is no need to do detailed drawing. You just need to arrange the composition proportionally.
Drawing rules
To answer the question “How to draw the coat of arms of Russia?”, you need to know the basic rules of drawing. You need to start working on your creation from the center. Otherwise, there is a high probability that in the future the drawing can be smeared by hand. To prevent this from happening, you need to place a clean sheet of paper under the brush. When working on the eagle's heads, the sheet should be at the bottom, and when drawing the tail, the paper will cover everything drawn above. Hatching should be applied only after the entire drawing has been worked out in detail. Otherwise, the feathers on the wings will lose their presentable appearance, and you will end up with dirt. Small details: eyes, mesh on crowns, etc. are drawn last.
Drawing an eagle
The work must be carried out in stages. How to draw a coat of arms so that it looks like the original? You need to start by drawing the eagle. We draw the head of the bird, to make this easier, we can divide the oval we have already drawn. It looks like a square.
In the upper left part we draw a semicircle from the center to the side. Here you need to not get carried away and remember that at the top is the central crown. Now we draw the left wing. This will be an arc that extends from the middle of the first square and reaches almost to the middle of the bottom one. We mirror the workpiece in the other direction. Now let's move on to the bird's paws. We mark in circles the places where the scepter and orb will be located. Be sure to keep the proportions. Symbols of power are located exactly in the middle of the wings. Next we draw the tail. In the center of the eagle you need to draw a shield. As already written above, in proportions it is equal to the height of the tail. We draw a clear outline of the bird and detail it. The crowns, scepter and orb should be drawn at this stage.
Detailing the drawing
We continue to reveal the secrets of how to draw a coat of arms. The description is step-by-step, so you need to follow the sequence of operations.
We have the outline of the eagle ready, now we need to detail our bird. Before you start drawing out the feathers, you should carefully approach the image of the paws. This is a difficult task, so first you need to draw the right paw, where there are only two “fingers”. Then we move on to drawing the left limb. The main thing here is to convey the grip realistically. Having studied the original picture, you can trace the trend in the arrangement of feathers. Everywhere: on the neck, wings and paws, the plumage is located in three rows. We transfer this to our drawing. The feathers on the necks look like jackdaws. The feathers on the wings are oval, small at the base and gradually lengthen towards the end of the wing. The feathers on the paws are the most difficult to draw. Here you need to count the curls and copy them exactly. You must not miss the moment when the feathers smoothly move from the neck to the wings, and from the wings to the paws.
Drawing St. George the Victorious
The eagle is ready, now you need to draw the central shield. Answering the question “How to draw the coat of arms of Russia?”, we have already said that St. George the Victorious is the center of the composition. You need to start drawing from the horse. The animal occupies 1/3 of the entire shield space. His figure does not need a clear drawing; you can draw the horse like a cartoon character. Georgy himself is also miniature. His body is not entirely proportional, his torso is large and his legs are short. The raised arm is level with the head. And of course, you must not forget about the raincoat. The final touch is the snake, which is spread out at the feet of the winner. The snake's head is under the horse's front hoof, and its tail is under the back hoof. The wings will be located exactly in the middle.
Hatching
The work needs to be completed by applying light and shade and working out small details that could have been worn out during work. To understand what needs to be done, you need to look at the various coats of arms of the Russian Federation. How to draw the final part of the work step by step?
We start with drawing St. George the Victorious. We apply shadows to the horse, rider, and kite. Let's slightly shade the shield itself from the eagle. There should be no sharp boundaries, the shadow should be soft. To achieve this effect, you can rub the lead with a piece of cotton wool. Next, draw the heads of the eagles. Here you need to emphasize the eyes and tongues. Apply small details to the crowns. The final step is drawing the feathers. Here you can experiment and separate all three rows of feathers from each other with a shadow. If you don’t want to do this, then you just need to draw one or two small strokes on each wing.
Drawing in color
So we answered the question of how to draw a coat of arms step by step with a pencil. You can teach your family a lesson in fine art. After several trainings, even schoolchildren can get a very similar image. To make the work look more vibrant, you can draw it with watercolor pencils.
Then, after completing the creative process, you can run a wet brush over the entire drawing. You will get an interesting watercolor sketch effect. True, in this case the small details will have to be drawn again. And this should already be done with a gel pen.
What is a family coat of arms?
The coat of arms, together with the other components (family tree, pedigree) forms the modern concept of Pedigree and is a symbol of your family, and sometimes a symbol of just one person (then we are talking about a Personal Coat of Arms). The family coat of arms is a set of heraldic symbols that represent the main features of the family line. The family coat of arms used to be a privilege of the nobility, but now it is designed to highlight the family, unite all its members, and become a strong link for generations.
Family coat of arms (family coat of arms)- compiled by the whole family and reflects the essence of family life of the clan, its place in society and basic values.
Coat of Arms Personal- describes the personality of a particular person.
The coat of arms is an artistic reflection of the basis of a person, his set of beliefs and views on the family, the world, and life. Very often, a coat of arms is drawn up in order to better understand your family and your place in it.
Coming up with a coat of arms is not an easy task. There is a whole science - heraldry, which knows all the rules for drawing up coats of arms. We will give just a few rules for creating a coat of arms that will help you draw the coat of arms of your family.
Rules for creating a coat of arms
1. Shape of the coat of arms
Any coat of arms or emblem is usually composed of certain parts.
The main part of the coat of arms is shield. The image of a shield is intended to protect a family or a person from enemies both in ancient times and in our time. The heraldic shield was initially no different from the real shield. In ancient times, in the Middle Ages, the shapes of military shields were simply amazing in their diversity - round, oval, pointed towards the bottom, rectangular, crescent-shaped, etc. A diamond-shaped shield usually indicated that the owner of such a coat of arms was a lady.
Suitable materials for making a family coat of arms include whatman paper, cardboard from boxes, and thick colored paper. Together with your child, choose the shape of the future family coat of arms and draw it on whatman paper.
2. Color of the coat of arms
The coat of arms could be of different colors, and each color had its own meaning. In heraldry, colors can reflect natural phenomena, the qualities of the human soul, human character, and even complex philosophical concepts:
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Colors |
Name of color adopted in heraldry |
Natural phenomenon |
Qualities of character, human soul |
Philosophical concepts |
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Generosity, generosity |
Justice |
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Moon, water, snow |
Innocence |
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Chervlen |
Bravery, courage, bravery |
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Loyalty, truthfulness |
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Plants |
Youth, joy |
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Education, modesty |
Humility |
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Violet |
Nobility, dignity |
Wisdom (prudence) |
The shield can be painted in one color. If we want to use several colors, then the shield needs to be divided, for example, into two parts: vertically, horizontally, diagonally. Despite its apparent simplicity, the geometric divisions of the shield field form many options. Following these division rules, the shield can be divided into three, four or more parts.
3.Coat of arms figures
The figures that are placed on top of the shield field are traditionally divided into heraldic and non-heraldic.
In turn, heraldic figures can be main or secondary.
There are eight main heraldic figures– this is the head (occupies the upper part of the shield), the extremity (located at the bottom of the shield), the pillar (located vertically in the middle of the shield), the belt (placed horizontally in the middle of the shield), the belt (located diagonally on the shield and has two options: from left to right and from right to left), rafter, cross and border. 
Minor heraldic figures quite a lot - a square, a rhombus, a shield, etc.
Images of people, animals, plants, natural phenomena, and objects play an important role in the symbolism of coats of arms. They refer to non-heraldic figures, which are divided into natural (natural phenomena, heavenly bodies, plants, animals, humans), artificial (weapons, tools, household items) and mythical (dragons, unicorns, griffins).
Symbolism of the figures:
-leo - strength, courage, generosity;
-eagle - strength, power, independence;
-bear means wisdom and strength;
-dog - loyalty and devotion;
-snake - wisdom, caution;
-the dove symbolizes peace and purity;
- falcon - beauty, courage and intelligence;
-bee – hard work;
-rooster is a symbol of battle;
-dragon - power;
-oak means strength and durability;
-laurel and palm branches - glory, victory;
- olive branches - peace;
- a torch, an open book - symbolize knowledge
The combination of heraldic figures, symbolic images and their colors can serve as a permanent sign, a distinctive sign of a person, family, class, group or institution.
4. Motto of the family coat of arms
Motto- a short saying, usually written on a ribbon at the bottom of the shield. Sometimes mottos are placed in the coat of arms without a ribbon; if the shield is round, the motto is usually written around the shield. Obviously, the basis for the motto could originally have been a knight's war cry (such as "Crom boo", the motto of the Dukes of Fitzgerald, meaning "Crom (the old ancestral castle) forever!"), but the motto could be a short statement reminiscent of some important historical event or expressing the creed of the owner of the coat of arms.The text of the motto can be encrypted and understandable only to the initiated.
Family motto passed down from generation to generation, can guide a person’s actions and model his behavior. The family motto is an analogue of a surname, a family calling card. The verbal motto of the family briefly, in a few words, expresses the family credo, the life rules of the family.
Wonderful mottos for the family have already been invented, or rather, formulated in popular proverbs.
Mottos about family:
“Where there is agreement, there is victory,”
"Family is the pillar of happiness"
“Where there is love and advice, there is no grief”
“A family is strong when there is only one roof over it,”
“The family is in a heap, not even a cloud is scary.”
Mottos about honor:
"The more difficult the matter, the higher the honor"
“Where there is honor, there is truth.”
Labor mottos:
"The master's work is afraid"
“Skill and labor will grind everything down.”
“The one who walks will master the road”
Mottos about friendship:
“In a herd that agrees, even a wolf is not afraid”
"There is safety in numbers".
Mottos about defending the Motherland:
"If the people are united, they are invincible"
"Courage is the sister of victory."
DIY family coat of arms. This is how children aged 5-7 years old came up with a family coat of arms.
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Family, school, group coat of arms templates
Musician family coat of arms template |
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Drawing the coat of arms of Russia is not so easy, since it has many small details that are difficult to depict. But there is still a positive side in terms of his image - he is an almost completely symmetrical figure. And now more details!
Introduction
In order to draw the coat of arms of Russia, you will need a ruler and a pre-lined sheet of paper. Next, the entire drawing process will be focused on the construction lines. To begin with, we will understand Russia step by step with a pencil.
Of course, among other things, you will need enough patience to see the job through to completion. But for those who love drawing and art in general, this will not be an obstacle to learning.
Getting ready
So, first you need to prepare. We will need HB, 2B or 4B pencils, and we will also need an eraser, a ruler and a sheet of thick paper. It is better to take a special landscape sheet intended for drawing, as it will be able to withstand the required number of erases and retain its original properties.
Let's figure out how to draw the coat of arms of Russia step by step with a pencil, because a pencil will be an excellent option to begin with, since you can make changes and amendments. But then, when you have enough experience and dexterity, you can draw without a single correction!
Description
The coat of arms of Russia is with open wings and with a shield with the image of St. George the Victorious located on its chest. The eagle's head is crowned with a common crown, which unites the individual crowns of each head. He also holds a scepter in his right paw and an orb in his left.
Meaning
They mean unity and state power, and the horseman with a spear located on the chest represents the fight against evil. Also, the coat of arms of Russia has its own history. From time to time it was subject to various changes. Basically, these changes are associated with some important events in the history of Russia, for example, with a change of ruler.
History of changes to the coat of arms of Russia
Let's consider history, so to some extent it will be more interesting and easier to solve the question of how to draw the coat of arms of Russia step by step with a pencil. The appearance of the double-headed eagle on the coat of arms of Russia falls on the reign of Ivan 3. From the mid-16th century, during the reign of Ivan 4, a shield was added in the center of the double-headed eagle, on which a horseman is depicted. In times (late 16th - early 17th centuries) the sign of the passion of Christ was added.
There was also an important change in the mid-19th century: St. George began to face left, in accordance with the rules of Western European heraldry. This reform was carried out under the leadership of Baron B. Kene.
In 1917, it was decided to strip the double-headed eagle of almost all symbols of power in order to use it on the seal of the provisional government.
In 1918, the elected government finally replaced the established coat of arms. The double-headed eagle was replaced with a red shield with a sickle, a hammer in the crosshairs and a rising sun depicted on it, which personified the coming changes.
So changes gradually took place. And now you can see exactly this historical result. It has been state owned since 1993. It reflects all the historical value, all the wealth of Russia.
Rules for drawing a coat of arms
First, we need a drawing, an image of the state emblem of the Russian Federation, which, naturally, we will build on in the drawing process. This will be our base, because it is unlikely that a beginner will be able to draw it “out of the head,” that is, from memory.
Next we need a sheet of thick drawing paper. Then it will need to be drawn out. And all your drawing will subsequently be based on this markup. This will be like your landmark in space. With its help it will be easier to arrange the elements of the eagle and maintain symmetry.
The procedure for drawing the coat of arms of Russia
As we said before, at the first stage we need to draw a sheet of paper. To do this, determine the size of the coat of arms that you want to depict. You need to draw a corresponding square - such that, of course, it contains the intended coat of arms. Then we divide this square into four equal parts.
The lines of the square, as you already understood, should not be made clearly drawn, since they need to be erased later. To draw a square, use a hard-soft pencil. Draw the lines without any effort, do not put pressure on the paper, but draw with ease, barely touching the sheet.
Once you have drawn this shape, draw diagonal lines from the outermost corners of each square to the center of the overall shape. But draw these diagonals so that the beginning and end of each line do not come from the corner. It is necessary that there is symmetry in the upper and lower parts. That is, we drew a diagonal in the upper part of the coat of arms from the vertical side line of the square to the horizontal one and also draw the symmetrical part.
The lower part is different from the upper. Here the diagonal must be drawn from vertical line to vertical line. Moreover, on the central vertical line of the square, the lower diagonals meet at one point. The distance from the corners is the same everywhere, with the exception of the lower diagonals, which on the outer vertical lines of the square are located a third above the corner. The rest of the indentation is the same everywhere and insignificant.
Don’t know how to draw the coat of arms of Russia step by step with a pencil? It turns out it's not difficult at all! The main thing is to do everything step by step, then it will work out.
First of all, let's depict the wings and paws of an eagle. Throughout the entire drawing process, we will focus on the construction lines. Pay attention to symmetry.
So, we depict the indicated elements of a double-headed eagle. You need to understand that these drawn lines perfectly help to navigate relative to the elements of the drawing, since there is symmetry here. Next, we will draw a shield with the image of St. George the Victorious.
In place of this shield we will place a rectangle. At the same time, we will place it so that at the top, in the upper part of the large square, there is only a third of this rectangle. Two-thirds, respectively, will be located at the bottom of the large square. After this, draw the eagle’s neck, starting from the diagonals. Then we draw the tail.
So, let’s finish drawing the paws, but for now, instead of claws, we draw the corresponding circles. Do not forget to monitor the symmetry and correct arrangement of elements. The knees are also located approximately at the level of the borders of the shield. Draw the necks with rounded lines.
The main thing in depicting such a figure (a double-headed eagle) is that you need to remember to maintain the correct proportions and monitor symmetry. That's all you need to draw it. And at first, that is, in the first stages of drawing, you don’t need to look at any small details. First you need to draw the basis - the image of the figure. And then, logically, we will add details.
Let's mark the eagle's tail in the form of a fan. We finish drawing the beaks, small crowns on the heads and the overall large crown. Next, we will deal only with complex elements of the drawing, i.e., we will explain how to draw them.
The most important thing in the process of drawing a double-headed eagle, and indeed any figure with many small elements, is the order of the image. That is, in order not to forget anything, everything must be done in order. And in general, when you depict a coat of arms, the original is always before your eyes. And this way not a single detail will be missed. And since corrections and confusion cannot be avoided, then, as you understand, we draw the coat of arms of Russia with a pencil step by step.
In the end, when you learn to draw according to this scheme, according to these rules, and at first it will take a lot of time, you will be able to draw without this scheme. Then there will be a general idea of all the contents of the image. To draw quickly, you need inspiration or at least desire, firstly. Secondly, for speed it is necessary to understand and master the drawing technique (that is, movements along the outlines of the figure should be light and sweeping - as if even repeating each other). Because some people draw like this: they continuously draw the line of the drawing without lifting their hands, i.e. there is some kind of concentration, excessive tension.
When, on the contrary, there should be freedom and lightness, ease of hand movements. That is, when drawing quickly and correctly, the artist’s hand moves, as it were, forward and backward, that is, it returns to its original position. This is the answer to the question of how to quickly draw the coat of arms of Russia. Because first of all it is art, and art is always free, nothing constrains it. It is not subject to anyone's will, it is completely free. There are only conductors of this art who are able to discover and transmit it!
Children's drawing
How to draw the coat of arms of Russia with a pencil step by step for children? The question is more complex. But on the other hand, children are more capable, unlike adults, and, probably, the child will not have difficulties drawing even such a figure.
At the very least, children should be interested in what needs to be done. Then there is a high probability that the child will easily draw the picture he likes. And to begin with, of course, you can show him how it is drawn, i.e., where to start and how to continue. The main thing is to interest!
Russian flag
The rectangular panel, which represents the tricolor, is the flag of the Russian Federation. It is also a state symbol along with the coat of arms and anthem. Its colors are arranged vertically. Let's list them from bottom to top: red, blue and white.
The national flag complies with the standards adopted in 1993. The ratio of width to length is 2:3. It is much easier to depict than the coat of arms of the Russian Federation. All you need is a ruler, pencil and colored markers. And, observing the specified proportion, it will be possible to draw the state flag of the Russian Federation.
History of the Russian flag
The flag that we know today did not appear immediately, of course. And subsequently it was also replaced, for example, during the period of the RSFSR.
Also, today's flag belonged to Russian merchant ships in 1720, when it was approved by the maritime charter.
The most memorable flags are from the times of the Russian Empire (vertical arrangement of colors: white, yellow, black (from bottom to top)) and the government of the RSFSR (its basis is a red banner).
And so we found out how to draw, as well as some information from the history of state symbols.
Before you draw anything from complex things, of course, you need to have at least some experience. It's good when a person has giftedness or talent.
Talent is multiplied talent, its endless nurturing. And then the question of how to draw a red eagle from the coat of arms will disappear. Everything will work out by itself!
