Alternating vowels in the root of a word. Roots with alternation

ALTERNATING VOWELS IN THE ROOT OF A WORD

Writing alternating vowels a/o, e/i, a(i)/im, a(i)/in the root of a word may depend on:

1) from the suffix following the root;

2) from stress;

3) from the letter following the vowel;

4) on the meaning of the word.

Vowel spelling depending on the suffix following the root

1. In roots with alternating e/i (-bir- - -ber-, -blist- - -brist-, -dir- - -der-, -zhig- - -burned-, -world- - -mer-, -pir- - -per -, -steel- — -steel-, -tir- — -ter-, -read- — -even-) is written And -A-, in other cases - e : deputy And army - deputy e talk, st And army - st e howl, bl And become - bl e weave.

Exceptions: combine, combination, couple.

2. In roots with alternating a(i)/im, a(i)/in are written -in-, -im- , if followed by the suffix -A-: zan them at - zan I t, szh them at - szh A t.

3. In the roots -kas- - -kos-, -lag- - -false- is written A , if the root is followed by a suffix -A- , in other cases - O : To A sit down - to O dream, sentence A ha t - sentence O live

Vowel spelling depending on stress

1. In the roots -gar- — -gor- under stress it is written A , without accent - O : zag A r - zag O army.
2. In the roots -zar- — -zor- A , under stress are written A or O h A rya, z A rnitsa, but; h O ri, z Àrevo.

Exception: h O roar.

3. In the roots - clan- — -clone-, -creature- — -creation- in unstressed position it is written O , under stress are written A or O according to pronunciation: pokl O No, no A agree, bow Òn; TV O rѝt, tv A ry, shut up O R.

Exception : utv A ry.

4. In the roots - swim- — - swim- unstressed letter O written in just two words: pl O vec, swimmer. In other cases it is written A : popl A wok, pl A vnik, pl A granddaughter. In a word pl s wun is written s according to pronunciation.

Vowel spelling depending on the letter following the vowel

1. In the roots -growing- - -growing- is written A before st, sch , in other cases - O : R A st i, wed A schenie, p O sla.

Exceptions: R O drain, r O st, r O stockman, vyr O stock, R O stov, R O stislav; negative A sl.

2. In the roots -jump- — -jump- is written A before To ; is written O before h in unstressed roots: sk A to at - sun O h it.

Exceptions: sk A chok, sk A chu.

Vowel spelling depending on the meaning of the word

1. In the roots -mac- — -mok- is written A in words with meaning "immerse in liquid", O - with meaning “to let liquid through, to get wet”: m A kat (bread into milk); you m O whip (in the rain); prom O boiler room (paper), industrial O porridge.

2. In the roots -equal- — -equal- is written A in words with meaning "equal, identical", O- with meaning "even, straight, smooth»: Wed A opinion, wed A to listen; Wed O take heed.

Exceptions: R A vnina; R O vesnik, por O vnu, ur O Ven.

Rule I. Roots with alternating I//E

If the root is followed by a suffix A, then at the root we write the letter AND, but if the suffix A E.

-bir-a // -ber- (with bir at - for bEr eat)
-pir-a // -per- (for feast aet - under per yes)
-dir-a //-der- (with dir at - der yeah)
-tir-a // -ter- (with shooting gallery at - you ter yes)
-zhig-a //-zhech- (with JIG at - with zhEch b)
-blist-a // -brilliant- (blist at - shines yes)
-stil-a // -steel- (reSTYLE at - for STEL eat)
-cheat //-honest- (by cheat at - by hrs you)
-world-a //-mer- (for world al - for MEASURE yes)

Rule II. Roots with alternating A//O

If the root is followed by a suffix A, then at the root we write the letter A, but if the suffix A no, then the letter is written at the root ABOUT.

-kas-a //-kos- (kAc get away - KOS nostalgia)
-lag-a // -false- (by lAg at - by lie it)

Rule III. Roots with alternating A//O

If the root has letters T or SCH, then we write the letter A, but if these letters are not present, then the letter is written in the root ABOUT.

-rast-//-rasch- // -rOs- (yougrows and you rasch enny - you pOs Lee).

Exceptions: height ok, from races l, Height islav , height sheepman, Height ov.

Rule IV. Roots with alternating A//O

If the root ends in TO, then we write the letter A, but if the root ends in H, then the root letter is written ABOUT.

-skak // -skoch- (sk Akat – Sun Clear ).

Stress-dependent alternation

Rule V. Roots with alternating A//O

If on the roots - gAr - And – clan - the emphasis falls, then we write the letter in them A, but if these roots are unstressed, then we write in them ABOUT.

-gAr -//- hor- (for gAr - behind mountains at)
-clan-//-clone- ( clan to be - by clone happen)

Rule VI. Roots with alternating A//O

If to the root - zar - If the accent does NOT fall, then we write the letter in it A, but if this root is stressed, then we write in it ABOUT.

Exceptions: star Yankee, star eat.

-zOR-//-zar- ( zar I - dawn ka)

Alternation depending on the meaning (meaning) of the word

Rule VII. Roots with alternating A//O

If the meaning of the word "immerse in liquid" then we write A, but if the word means "to pass liquid" then we write ABOUT.

-mac -//- mok- ( m ak melt bread into honey – about mOK in the rain)

Rule VIII. Roots with alternating A//O

If the meaning of the word "identical, similar" then we write A, but if the word means "flat, smooth, straight" then we write ABOUT.

-equal -//- equal- ( With equals itcharacters – under exactly make a garden bed).

When different word forms are formed, the sound of a word may change. This phenomenon is usually explained by historical alternation of vowels. This feature should be taken into account in the process of identifying main morphemes or selecting test words of the same root.

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Basic Rules

According to the morphological principle, the spelling of morphemes corresponds to how they sound when they are stressed. Roots with the alternation o-a, e-i, a-i/im, a-i/in do not obey this law. Their spelling is determined by the following conditions:

the presence of the suffix -a-;
consonants coming after a vowel;
position - under or not;
semantic meaning.

Let's consider cases of spelling words where there is alternation of vowels in the root: gor-gar, clone-clan, tvor-tvar, zor-zar. Without stress in the indicated morphemes it is necessary to write “o”, except for -zar-, in which the unstressed alternating vowel “a” is written. Under the accent, of course, we write the letter that we hear. Exceptions are considered: ripening, utensils, burning, dross.

Errors in the spelling under consideration are due to the fact that the verification method is determined incorrectly, since alternating vowels are not checked using stress. An example of a typical mistake: in the verb to bend, they write the letter “ A", choosing the same root word “bow”.

Important! It is necessary to distinguish between unstressed vowels and alternating ones. If, when performing a task, you need to find a word where there is alternation, you should remember that the difference is determined by the semantic meaning.

In “mountainous” there is no alternation, as indicated by its semantic meaning. Here the unstressed vowel is checked thanks to the stressed position: hill, hillock. Nouns: fire victim, spontaneous combustion - are similar in meaning to the verb “burn”, therefore, there is alternation here.

When the choice of writing method depends on consonants

There are morphemes in which the consonants behind it become the condition for choosing the vowels o/a. In the roots -rast-, - rasch-, - grew - it is written “ A" before - “st” or “sch” (plant growing, fusion). If they are absent, the letter “ is written O": young growth. Nouns: rostok, Rostov, Rostislav, moneylender, industry - these are exceptions. The same letter is preserved in related words: Rostislavovich, Rostovites, rostok, usurious, industry worker, teenage.

Failure to apply the rule leads to the following errors:

Sometimes, instead of a word with alternating vowels, another is written, for example, the adjective “luxurious”, without taking into account that - in this case, the syllable, and the root - luxurious - is characterized by the meaning “to grow”.
Often they don’t see the combination “ st", they only notice the consonant “ With", therefore they can write the participle “growing up” with “ O".

Difficulties are caused by the spelling -skak-, -skoch-, in which “ A" used before " To", and the consonant " h" requires writing "O". When applying this rule, it is important to determine which letter ( To or h) is in the infinitive from which the word in question is derived.

Based on the fact that in the indefinite form “jump” at the root of the word before the consonant “ To" the letter "is written" A", in verbs from the phrases “I’ll ride” on one leg or on a horse, you should choose “ A".

In other cases: I’ll drop by for a minute, I’ll slip through the gap - you need to write the letter “ O", since in the indefinite form “drop in” (meaning “run in”) there is also “ O" before the consonant " h".

Presence of the suffix -a-

The spelling of such words is determined by the suffix -a- and the lexical meaning of the word.

Roots	Selection conditions	Examples	Exceptions
kos/kas in the root meaning “to touch, touch”	a – there is a suffix –a-; o – no suffix -a-	touching contact
log/log	a – there is a suffix –a-; o – no suffix -a-	assumption assign	canopy
ter/tir meaning “rubs” mer/world meaning “died, will freeze” glitter/blist stel/steel	and – there is -a-; e – absent -a-	Wiping, wiped railing, prop up will choose, choose extinction, died pulled out, nagging gathering, confusion scorched, burning shining, glittering lay out, bedded subtract, deduction, honors, veneration take over, take over, take over, take over	combination, combine, phrase, marriage and other derivative words

Most often, incorrect spellings occur due to the lack of ability to distinguish homonymous roots with the unstressed and alternating vowel being tested. The following are erroneous reasoning:

The alternation im/in-a/ya is most often not distinguished from an unstressed vowel. You can avoid such mistakes by choosing a paired example of alternation: understand - understand; hugged - embrace, squeeze - squeeze, curse - curse, curses. Having made sure that there is an alternation, you are unlikely to check the verb “remove” with its other form - “removal”.
The alternating root/world means “to die, to freeze.” Only in this case do we write “ And", if there is a suffix - A-, when he's not there - " e". Many people apply this rule to the words: reconcile friends, try on boots, and the result is an error in the test.
This happens when writing the root ter/tir in the meaning “tert”, which is mistakenly combined with the word “lose”, meaning “to lose”.
There are even comical cases: the noun “plumage” is correlated with the verb “to lean”, although their meaning is different, in the first case we write “ e", test words - “feathers”, “feather”, in the second example there is a different spelling - an alternating vowel, the choice of which is determined by the suffix - A-.
Another clear example of an error: in the noun “squint” they find an alternating vowel, but it is formed from the combination “squint eye” and has nothing in common with the word “touch”.

Alternating vowels in the root with the suffix -a-

What rule to apply for -equal-even- and -mak-mok-

The choice of writing method is determined by the lexical meaning of the words. -Mak- can be found in words adjacent in meaning to the verb to dip: to dip dumplings in sour cream. In morphemes -mok-; -wet semantics, it is associated with the verb to get wet, which means “to become saturated with moisture, to become wet,” for example: blotter, waterproof overalls.

The meaning -equal- goes back to the adjectives equal, identical, the morpheme -even- is similar in meaning to the adjectives even, smooth, flat. Let's compare examples:

align the edges of the fabric, trim the hem of the dress (make it even);
equalize rights (make equal), align with the cart (walk at an equal distance with the cart).

Exception: noun “plain”, “equally”.

In other words, if something needs to be made straight, even, we choose the verbs: level. When we are talking about objects that are similar, identical in age, weight, and other characteristics, we write the root -equal-: equation, comparison, alignment with the middle, equivalence, balance.

Attention! Only taking into account the context can one correctly resolve the issue of spelling verbs with -rovn-; -equal-.

Here are some examples:

The path has leveled out. (Became smooth).
Tenth graders were equal in quality of academic performance. (Students became equal in their studies).
The hairdresser trimmed the hair with hot scissors.
The recruits lined up at the command of the platoon leader.

They often make mistakes when using words in a figurative meaning: water level (flat surface), level of education. It must be remembered that the spelling of vowels remains unchanged.

Root -float-

In the morpheme under consideration, which is close in meaning to the verb “swim”, the vowel “ A". The question arises: why is it classified as an alternating root? The fact is that there are nouns “swimmer” and “swimmer” that are spelled differently. Consequently, there is an alternation of o/a (waterfowl, fins). For example, there is no need to mix them with the participle “melting”, which is related to the words: melt, refractory, melting (of metal).

Alternating unstressed vowels in the root

Spelling of alternating vowels O and A in the roots -KOS- and -KAS-

Bottom line

To summarize, we note that all alternating vowels inherently cause certain difficulties. Despite this, errors in writing can be avoided by learning the roots in which this alternation is observed, taking into account the conditions for choosing the vowel and the lexical meaning of the morphemes in question.

Theoretical part

1. Suffixes of adjectives -IV- and -EB-.

In adjectives, the suffix -IV- is written under stress, and -EV- is written without stress:

beautiful, truthful, edge oh, orderly, gauze.

Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.

2. Suffixes of adjectives -CHIV-, -LIV-.

The suffixes -CHIV-, -LIV- are written only with the vowel I (in Russian there are no suffixes -LEV- and -CHEV-):

persistent, caring, touchy, calculating.

BUT: enamel y, diagonal y, gutta-percha y (the consonants Ch and L belong to the root).

3. Adjective suffix -CHAT-.

In the suffix -CHAT- the letter A is written: stepped, membranous.

Before the suffix -CHAT- the final C of the noun stem alternates with T: krupitchchatyy (grain), ciliated (eyelash), imbricated (tile).

4. Adjective suffix -IST-.

The adjective suffix -IST- is written only with the vowel I:

floody, teary, rolling, clayey, broad-shouldered.

5. Suffixes of adjectives -ONK- (-ENK-).

In adjectives, after the consonants G, K, X, the suffix is written -ONK-, after other consonants - ENK-:

young, heavy, dry.

Possible spelling options: easy, easy.

The suffix -INK- is not written in adjectives.

6. Verb suffixes -OVA- (-EVA-), -IVA- (-YVA-)

In the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffix -OVA- (-EVA-) is written on verbs, if in the 1st person singular form of the present or future simple tense this suffix alternates with -УУ (-УУУ):

conversations oh wa l, conversations oh wa I'm talking

potch e va l, potch e va yea - I'll treat you

In the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffix -YVA- (-IVA-) is written on verbs, if in the 1st person singular form of the present or future simple tense this suffix is preserved:

examination y va l, look y va t - look yva Yu

unbuttoned and va l, unbuttoned and va th - unbuttoned willow Yu.

Note. Verbs with the root -VED-, having the 1st person form in -YU (-YUYU)-, are written with the suffix -OVA- in the indefinite form and in the past tense:

confess - confessed, preach - preached, led - led (as I confess, preach, lead),

but: reconnaissance - reconnaissance, vyvydyvat - vyvydyvat, vyvydyvat - vyvydyvat, vyvodyvat - vyvydyvat, visit - visited, vyvydyvat - vyvyvyvat l (since the suffix is preserved).

Verbs with the suffix -EVA-, -IVA- should not be confused with verbs in which the stressed suffix -BA- is combined with the preceding root vowel A or I. Such a root vowel, unlike the suffixal one, is preserved in an indefinite form in verbs without the suffix - VA-:

To entwine - to entwine, to fill - to fill, to overcome - to overcome.

In the verbs to get stuck, to overshadow, to intend, to prolong, to corrupt, the suffix -EVA- is written.

This information, of course, is for reference only and helps to understand the causes of the phenomenon. However, you are naturally concerned about another problem: how to correctly write words that contain alternating sounds. Moreover, the main difficulties relate to unstressed vowels.

Pay attention to the expressions “alternating sounds” and “roots with alternating vowels.” Do you feel the difference?

The difference is that we are moving from a phonetic phenomenon to spelling; it is important for us to be able to write letters in the roots of words, where the sounds [e] and [i], [a] and [o] alternate.

Remember in what positions these vowels can be found?

In a strong position - under stress, in a weak position - in an unstressed position.

Why is it difficult to write vowels in weak position?

Vowels are heard less clearly and unclearly.

What vowel is this - verifiable, unverifiable, alternating?

If it is alternating, then the usual rule for checking vowels through a stressed sound cannot be applied to it and there is no need to select test words.

What are the conditions for writing vowels in roots with alternation?

To write roots with alternation, you need to find out which vowels alternate and in which root.

We have a choice: write the letters “e” or “i”, “a” or “o”.

The type of root depends 1) on the suffix -a- following the root; 2) from the place of stress in the word; 3) from the consonant at the root of the word; 4) from the meaning.

Let's start with the most common case. The spellings e–i in verb roots. The condition for writing and is the suffix -a- after the root.

There are two groups of such roots:

in one group, the vowels are always in an unstressed position (elect - I’ll choose, you’ll choose, choose; lock - lock, lock);

in the other - vowels are either unstressed or stressed (spread - spread - spread; wipe - wipe - rubbed).

We reason like this: to find fault.. to find fault - a root with alternation, an unstressed vowel, it cannot be checked, there is a suffix -a-, which means I write the letter “and” - to find fault; prid..rus - a root with alternation, an unstressed vowel, it cannot be checked, there is no suffix -a-, I write the letter “e” - I’ll find fault.

Most often, you can make a mistake in words with the roots -blist-blest-, -zhig-zheg-, -steel-steel-.

For example, bl..steep in the snow, bl..sleep in the distance, shining snow, glimmers of fire - there is no suffix -a-, write the letter “e” (glitter, sparkle, brilliant, flashes), and in these words “and”: b..become, b..stately, b..becoming.

Another example: light the candles, lost ignition, ignition system - everywhere there is a suffix -a-, so write the letter “and” - light, lighter, ignition. Words without the suffix -a- have the letter “e”: burned the inscription, lit the light, lit a fire, burned a hole, burned the letters.

Remember about nouns with the letter “o”: unpleasant heartburn, barn burning, hand burn, underburning of a brick.

And finally, the combination of the letters of the root and the suffix gives “names”: IRA, ISTA, IGA, ILA, ITA (collect, shine, burn, spread, read; after the root -lag- the suffix -a- follows, the combination AGA is obtained (to add ), no AHA – I write “o” (addition).

And now let’s turn to the root -kas-kos-, there are few words with this root, the vowels a-o in them are always unstressed. Some words do not have prefixes: tangent, touch, touch - touch. They need to be distinguished from similar words with tested vowels: scythe, haymaking, mowing, mower, slope, pigtail, roe deer (deer), sidelong glance, mow.

Most of all, the words with the prefixes pri-, so- raise doubts: touch – touch, touch; touch – come into contact, contact.

We mention the root -lag-lozh- twice. And that's why. You can use two conditions for the correct choice of a vowel: the suffix -a- and the consonants “g” and “zh”.

Just don’t confuse this root with other verifiable roots: false, lie, complex, pretext, moisture, noble!

I would especially like to highlight a group of words with the combinations -a(ya)-im(in)-: remind, conjure, crush, understand, listen, attentive, remove, lift, raise. These combinations are difficult to recognize and remember. But how often do they meet!

Pay attention to the exception words!

The spelling depends on the suffix -a-

Ber-birA-

Der-dirA-

Mer-world-

Per-pirA-

Ter-tira-

Blest-blistA-

Zheg-zhiga-

Stel-stilA-

Chet-cheat-

exceptions:

combine, combination, phrase, couple (pair)

KasA - if there is a suf after the root.

A- touch;

Kos- if there is no suf.-a-

touch

LagA - if there is a suf after the root. -A-

adjective;

False - if there is no suf. -a- offer

exceptions: canopy

A(i)-im(in)-

combinations

written after the suffix -a- compress-compress, remove-remove,

understand-understand

remember-memory

Let's consider another type of roots with alternating vowels a-o.

Let us repeat: you cannot check the stress of an unstressed vowel in the root -gor- (“a” is written only under stress: intoxication, carbon monoxide, tan, soot, cinder, razgar - there are few such words).

There is no point in looking for the suffix -a- after the root. But even if you find it, know that it does not affect the choice of the letter “a” (burn, burn, burn).

The root -gar-gor- is widespread in verbs and words formed from the verb: burn, combustion, burn, flared up, combustion, combustible, tanned, burners (game). The meaning of such words is associated with fire, flame, sunlight.

Distinguish this root from similar twin words: hillock, under the mountain, grief, grieve!

In the root -zar-zor- “a” is written in an unstressed position: dawn, glow, robin (songbird with a bright breast - see photo!), robin, lightning, lightning, lightning, illuminate, illumination, illumination, illuminated, illuminated (in the stressed position less often: glow, radiant). The vowel “o” is written under stress (zorka, zoryushka, zorenka, zori).

The words “robin” and “dawn” cause controversy. Here we rely on the meaning of the word: a bird like a robin is a robin, and the reflections of lightning are a robin.

Don't forget about exception words!

Spelling depends on stress location

tan, burnt

exceptions: fumes, dross, scorch

under stress the letter we hear, without stress -a

dawn, lightning

exceptions: zorevat (not sleeping at dawn), zoryanka (lightning flashes)

Clan-clone-

Creature-creation-

under the stress the letter that we hear, without the stress o: bow, bow, creativity, creature, creator

exceptions: utensils

Swimmer, swimmer

We have already talked about the root -lag-false. It's time to deal with the root -grow-grow-grow-.

It is written in verbs and in all words formed from them: grow, grow, grow, plant, age, increase, fusion, increment, nurtured.

Growth - is found in verbs and past participles: grew, grew, grew up, grew up, grew up, grew up, grew up, grew up, grew up (and also in nouns: undergrowth, algae, thickets).

Similar-sounding words need to be distinguished: melt (melt and prefix dis-), painting (root and prefix ro-), dew (dew), lose (lose and prefix dis-), luxurious (luxury)!

You simply must learn the exception words!

The most difficult and confusing type of roots is based on the lexical meaning of the word.

And again, don't forget about exceptions!

Writing depends on meaning

Poppy - immerse in liquid: dip, dunk, dip

Mok - let liquid through: get wet, get wet, waterproof raincoat

exceptions: blotting paper, blotter

Equal, equal, the same can be weight, age: uniform, equivalent, compare, equalize, equal, equal, equal, equal, all the same, equal

Everything that is straight and smooth is called even: level, level, level, level, level, level

exceptions: plain, equal, peer, equally, level

The table compiled by the students summarizes data on those roots whose spelling is subject to particular laws.

The spelling of the root depends

from the suffix -a-

from the point of impact

from consonant

from the meaning

Ber-bira-

Der-dira-

Mer- world-

Per-pira-

Ter - tira-

Shine - shine -

Burn - burn -

Stele – style-

Chet - read-

exceptions: combine, combination

tan, burnt

exceptions:

fumes, soot, scorch

Grow-grow-grow-

grown, plant

exceptions: sprout, industry, growth, moneylender, Rostov, Rostislav, adolescent, teenage

Mac- immerse in liquid:

dip;

Mok - let liquid through: soak,

exceptions:

blotting paper, blotter

Kasa - if there is a suf after the root.

A- touch;

Kos - if there is no suf.

A- touch

Laga - if after the root there is a suf.-a-

adjective;

False - if there is no suf.-a- sentence

exceptions: canopy

Zar-zor-

under the accent the letter we hear, without the accent -a

dawn, lightning

exceptions:

to dawn,

Zoryanka (lightning flashes)

Jump-jump-

before -k- we will write

And, before -h- we’ll write -o jump, jump out

exceptions: jump, gallop

Equal, weight, age can be the same

Rivn-flat

they call everything straight, smooth: level, level;

exceptions:

plain, equal,

same age, equal, level

A(i)-im(in)- combinations -im(in)-

written after the suffix -a- compress-compress, remove-remove

Clan-clone-

Creature-creation-

under the stress is the letter that we hear, without the stress o: bow, bow, creativity, creator;

exception: utensils

Float - vowel stressed and unstressed: float, floating, float

Swimmer, swimmer

exceptions: quicksand, floating ground (float)

before -g- we will write -a, before -z- we will write –o attach, attach

exceptions: canopy

Training tasks

Fill in the missing letters and explain the spelling:

The days were unbearably hot, hot, but in the small oak forest there was a life-giving freshness. The glossy leaves of the plants are fresh, as if they have just been dipped in shiny wax. Whole families of mushrooms grow in abundance on peaty soil. A hare jumped out of the thicket to the edge of the forest and slowly began to make its way from tree to tree. And ahead lay a plain. The sun's rays touched the treetops.

But here it is evening. Soon the moon will rise, illuminate the entire surrounding area with a mysterious light, and the stars will light up in the sky. And the great mystery of the night will begin.

The letter "i" is written in the word:

a) rest, freeze, die, die, pick up, fucking sleep;

b) light..to burn, to rip..to tear, to read..to, to scrub..to remove, to stop..to pour;

c) freezing, scorching, brilliant, cauterizing.

The letter "e" is written in the word:

a) read a book, rise..toss, bl..steep, spread, subtract..t;

b) collect, wipe, wipe, die, die, erase, lock;

c) marriage, arranged, locked, strayed, became, chosen.

The letter "a" is written in the word:

a) wash out in the rain, wash out all the ink, sleepy, sunburnt, dirty, wet..mush;

b) jump..chock, speed up..kal, touch..sit, melt..sweep, apprehend, m..dump dumplings;

c) urgently, reacted, rashly, rushed, all right, in vain.